IL-4 instructs TH1 responses and resistance to Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice.

Immunity to infection with intracellular pathogens is regulated by interleukin 12 (IL-12), which mediates protective T helper type 1 (TH1) responses, or IL-4, which induces TH2 cells and susceptibility. Paradoxically, we show here that when present during the initial activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by infectious agents, IL-4 instructed DCs to produce IL-12 and promote TH1 development. This TH1 response established resistance to Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice. When present later, during the period of T cell priming, IL-4 induced TH2 differentiation and progressive leishmaniasis in resistant mice. Because immune responses developed via the consecutive activation of DCs and then T cells, the contrasting effects of IL-4 on DC development and T cell differentiation led to immune responses that had opposing functional phenotypes.

The early IL-4 response to Leishmania major and the resulting Th2 cell maturation steering progressive disease in BALB/c mice are subject to the control of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells.

Susceptibility and development of Th2 cells in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major result from early IL-4 production by Vbeta4Valpha8 CD4+ T cells in response to the Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1 Ag. A role for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the control of this early IL-4 production was investigated by depleting in vivo this regulatory T cell population. Depletion induced an increase in the early burst of IL-4 mRNA in the draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice, and exacerbated the course of disease with higher levels of IL-4 mRNA and protein in their lymph nodes. We further showed that transfer of 10(7) BALB/c spleen cells that were depleted of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells rendered SCID mice susceptible to infection and allowed Th2 differentiation while SCID mice reconstituted with 10(7) control BALB/c spleen cells were resistant to infection with L. major and developed a Th1 response. Treatment with a mAb against IL-4 upon infection with L. major in SCID mice reconstituted with CD25-depleted spleen cells prevented the development of Th2 polarization and rendered them resistant to infection. These results demonstrate that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells play a role in regulating the early IL-4 mRNA and the subsequent development of a Th2 response in this model of infection.

Th2 activities induced during virgin T cell priming in the absence of IL-4, IL-13, and B cells.

Virgin T cells being primed to Th2-inducing or Th1-inducing Ags, respectively, start to synthesize IL-4 or IFN-gamma as they begin to proliferate. Parallel respective induction of B cells to produce gamma1 or gamma2a switch transcripts provides additional evidence of early divergent Th activity. This report concerns the roles of IL-4, IL-13, and B cells in these early events in vivo. Th2 responses were induced in lymph nodes against hapten-protein given s.c. with killed Bordetella pertussis adjuvant. In T cell proliferation in wild-type mice, IL-4 message up-regulation and gamma1 and epsilon switch transcript production were underway 48-72 h after immunization. The absence of IL-4, IL-13, or B cells did not alter the early T cell proliferative response. The gamma1 and epsilon switch transcript production was still induced in the absence of IL-4, IL-13, or both, but at a reduced level, while the dominance of switching to IgG1 in the extrafollicular hapten-specific plasma cell response was retained. The up-regulation of IL-4 message was not reduced or delayed in the absence of B cells and was only marginally reduced by the absence of IL-13. It is concluded that signals delivered by dendritic cells, which are not dependent on the presence of IL-4, IL-13, or B cells, can prime virgin T cells and induce the early Th2 activities studied. These early events that direct virgin T cells toward Th2 differentiation contrast with the critical later role of Th2 cytokines in selectively expanding Th2 clones and driving further IL-4 synthesis.

Functional plasticity of the LACK-reactive Vbeta4-Valpha8 CD4(+) T cells normally producing the early IL-4 instructing Th2 cell development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB / c mice.

Early production of IL-4 by LACK-reactive Vbeta4-Valpha8 CD4(+) T cells instructs aberrant Th2 cell development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB / c mice. This was demonstrated using Vbeta4(+)-deficient BALB / c mice as a result of chronic infection with MMTV (SIM), a mouse mammary tumor virus expressing a Vbeta4-specific superantigen. The early IL-4 response was absent in these mice which develop a Th1 response to L. major. Here, we studied the functional plasticity of LACK-reactive Vbeta4-Valpha8 CD4(+) T cells using BALB/ c mice inoculated with L. major shortly after infection with MMTV (SIM), i. e. before deletion of Vbeta4(+) cells. These mice fail to produce the early IL-4 response to L. major and instead exhibit an IFN-gamma response that occurs within LACK-reactive Vbeta4-Valpha8 CD4(+) T cells. Neutralization of IFN-gamma restores the production of IL-4 by these cells. These data suggest that the functional properties of LACK-reactive Vbeta4-Valpha8 CD4(+) T cells are not irreversibly fixed.

Influence de l’interleukine-4 sur le recrutement des neutrophiles équins dans un modèle inflammatoire sous-cutané

Plusieurs conditions allergiques, dont certains phénotypes d’asthme et le souffle équin, sont caractérisées par une infiltration neutrophilique. L’interleukine-4 (IL-4), une cytokine clé de la réponse allergique, pourrait contribuer au recrutement de ces cellules inflammatoires lors de ces pathologies. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer si l’administration sous-cutanée d’IL-4 chez des chevaux sains favorise une réponse neutrophilique locale. Trois études ont été réalisées pour 1) évaluer l’effet de concentrations cytokiniques différentes (10 ng, 250 ng et 500 ng) et 2) évaluer l’effet de la durée d'incubation (3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 48 h et 7 jours) sur le recrutement des neutrophiles chez 18 chevaux sains. Le matrigel, une matrice protéique solubilisée, a servi de véhicule pour l’administration des cytokines. Un grade histologique semi-quantitatif a été élaboré pour évaluer la neutrophilie tissulaire pour toutes les études, mais nous avons, en outre, ajouté une analyse par cytométrie de flux dans la troisième étude pour valider les grades histologiques. Nos résultats démontrent que 1) l'IL-4 ne parvient pas à induire une migration neutrophilique significative dans les tissus sous-cutanés de chevaux sains ; 2) la cytométrie de flux s’est révélée être une méthode plus fiable pour estimer la migration des neutrophiles en comparaison avec l'analyse moins sensible des scores histologiques. Nous avons de plus observé que 3) le matrigel entraîne une réaction inflammatoire potentiellement de nature immunogène chez les chevaux. Cette étude est la première incorporant le matrigel et IL-4 dans un protocole in vivo impliquant des chevaux. Ces données suggèrent que l’IL-4 seule ne permet pas le recrutement sous-cutané de neutrophiles chez des chevaux sains.

Acute exhaustive exercise regulates IL-2, IL-4 and MyoD in skeletal muscle but not adipose tissue in rats

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exhaustive exercise on proteins associated with muscle damage and regeneration, including IL-2, IL-4 and MyoD, in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles and mesenteric (MEAT) and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (RPAT). Methods: Rats were killed by decapitation immediately (E0 group, n = 6), 2 (E2 group, n = 6) or 6 (E6 group, n = 6) hours after the exhaustion protocol, which consisted of running on a treadmill at approximately 70% of VO(2max) for fifty minutes and then at an elevated rate that increased at one m/min every minute, until exhaustion. Results: The control group (C group, n = 6) was not subjected to exercise. IL-2 protein expression increased at E0 in the soleus and EDL; at E2, this cytokine returned to control levels in both tissues. In the soleus, IL-2 protein expression was lower than that in the control at E6. IL-4 protein levels increased in EDL at E6, but the opposite result was observed in the soleus. MyoD expression increased at E6 in EDL. Conclusion: Exhaustive exercise was unable to modify IL-2 and IL-4 levels in MEAT and RPAT. The results show that exhaustive exercise has different effects depending on which muscle is analysed.

IL-4 and IL-13 inhibit IL-1β and TNF-α induced kinin B 1 and B2 receptors through a STAT6-dependent mechanism

Background and Purpose Bone resorption induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) is synergistically potentiated by kinins, partially due to enhanced kinin receptor expression. Inflammation-induced bone resorption can be impaired by IL-4 and IL-13. The aim was to investigate if expression of B1 and B2 kinin receptors can be affected by IL-4 and IL-13. Experimental Approach We examined effects in a human osteoblastic cell line (MG-63), primary human gingival fibroblasts and mouse bones by IL-4 and IL-13 on mRNA and protein expression of the B1 and B2 kinin receptors. We also examined the role of STAT6 by RNA interference and using Stat6-/- mice. Key Results IL-4 and IL-13 decreased the mRNA expression of B1 and B2 kinin receptors induced by either IL-1β or TNF-α in MG-63 cells, intact mouse calvarial bones or primary human gingival fibroblasts. The burst of intracellular calcium induced by either bradykinin (B2 agonist) or des-Arg10-Lys-bradykinin (B1 agonist) in gingival fibroblasts pretreated with IL-1β was impaired by IL-4. Similarly, the increased binding of B1 and B2 ligands induced by IL-1β was decreased by IL-4. In calvarial bones from Stat6-deficient mice, and in fibroblasts in which STAT6 was knocked down by siRNA, the effect of IL-4 was decreased. Conclusions and Implications These data show, for the first time, that IL-4 and IL-13 decrease kinin receptors in a STAT6-dependent mechanism, which can be one important mechanism by which these cytokines exert their anti-inflammatory effects and impair bone resorption. © 2013 The Authors. British Journal of Pharmacology © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society.

Comparação de dados clínicos e imunológicos entre indivíduos geneticamente suscetíveis à periodontite pela presença de um haplótipo no gene interleucina 4 e indivíduos geneticamente protegido contra a periodontite

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Participação das citocinas Interleucina-12, Interferon-γ, Interleucina-4 e Interleucina-10 e investigação de polimorfismos nos genes do INF-γ (IFNG+874) e da IL-10 (IL10-1082) na malária causada por Plasmodium vivax

A resposta imune na malária é complexa, e os mecanismos de ativação e regulação de linfócitos T efetores e de memória ainda são pouco compreendidos. No presente estudo, determinamos a concentração das citocinas Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Interleucina-10 (IL-10), Interleucina-4 (IL-4) e Interleucina-12 (IL-12) no soro de indivíduos infectados por Plasmodium vivax, investigamos os polimorfismos no gene do IFN-γ (IFNG+874) e da IL-10 (IL10-1082) e analisamos a associação destes polimorfismos com a concentração das citocinas e com a densidade parasitária. A concentração das citocinas foi determinada por ELISA, e a genotipagem dos polimorfismos IFNG+874 e IL10-1082 foi realizada pelas técnicas de ASO-PCR e PCR-RFLP, respectivamente. Os indivíduos infectados apresentaram níveis séricos de IFN-γ e IL-10 aumentados. A produção de IFN-γ foi maior nos indivíduos primoinfectados, porém não foi associada com a redução da parasitemia. A produção de IL-10 foi alta e associada com altas parasitemias. As citocinas IL-4 e IL-12 não foram detectadas. As freqüências dos genótipos homozigoto mutante AA, heterozigoto AT e selvagem TT do gene do IFN-γ foram 0,51, 0,39 e 0,10, respectivamente. As freqüências dos genótipos homozigoto mutante AA, heterozigoto AG e selvagem GG para IL10 foram 0,49, 0,43 e 0,08, respectivamente. Apenas o polimorfismo do IFN-γ foi associado com níveis reduzidos desta citocina. Na malária causada por P. vivax, houve produção de citocina que caracteriza o perfil Th1 (IFN-γ), com possível participação da IL-10 na imunorregulação.

Humoral immune responses against the malaria vaccine candidate antigen Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 and IL-4 gene polymorphisms in individuals living in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Investigação da funcionalidade de haplótipos no gene Interleucina 4

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Die Regulation des Interleukin-12 p40 Promotors in Monozyten und Makrophagen

Interleukin-12 ist ein Schlüsselregulator zellvermittelter Immunantworten. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Regulation des IL-12 p40 Promotors in Monozyten und Makrophagen untersucht. Mit Hilfe von 'In Vivo Footprinting'-, Bandshift- und Transfektionsexperimenten konnte eine wichtige Funktion der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-kappaB, C/EBP-beta und PU.1 bei der Aktivierung des Promotors gezeigt werden. 'In Vivo Footprinting'-Experimente führten auch zur Identifikation eines bisher nicht beschriebenen regulatorischen Elementes im IL-12 p40 Promotor. Dieses GA-12 genannte Motiv war in unstimulierten primären Monozyten protektiert, nicht jedoch in Zellen, die mit LPS oder LPS/ Interferon-gamma stimuliert wurden. Eine genauere Charakterisierung ergab, daß dieses Motiv eine repressorische Funktion auf den Promotor ausübt und in unstimulierten, nicht jedoch in stimulierten Monozyten und Makrophagen von einem spezifischen GATA-ähnlichen Komplex (GAP-12) erkannt wird. Zudem führte die Behandlung von Monozyten mit Interleukin-4 und Prostaglandin-E2, Inhibitoren der IL-12 Produktion, zu einer Verstärkung der Komplexbildung am GA-12 Motiv. Zur Analyse der Promotorregulation im nukleosomalen Umfeld wurden außerdem IL-12 p40 Promotor/ Luziferase transgene Mäuse hergestellt. Die Analyse dieser Mäuse zeigte, daß der proximale Promotor ausreichend Sequenzinformation beinhaltet, um in vivo die stimulations- und gewebespezifische Regulation des Gens zu gewährleisten. Anhand der erhobenen Daten konnte ein Modell der Regulation des IL-12 p40 Promotors in Monozyten und Makrophagen entworfen werden.

Modulation of allergy incidence in icelandic horses is associated with a change in IL-4-producing T cells

BACKGROUND: Equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction provoked by insect-derived allergens. Icelandic horses living in Iceland do not have IBH due to absence of relevant insects, but acquire it at high frequency after being imported to mainland Europe. In contrast, their offspring born in mainland Europe has reduced IBH incidence. T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells and cytokines were determined in Icelandic horses born in Iceland and on the continent and which either have IBH or are healthy. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these horses were stimulated for 18 h during summer and winter with polyclonal T cell stimuli, IBH allergen(s) or irrelevant allergen(s). Cells were analysed by flow cytometry for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4); RNA was analysed for IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA. RESULTS: During summer, but not during winter, IBH PBMC stimulated polyclonally showed reduced IFN-gamma mRNA and IFN-gamma-producing cells when compared with those of healthy horses, regardless of origin. PBMC stimulated polyclonally or with IBH allergen showed increased IL-4 mRNA levels and higher numbers of IL-4-producing cells when born in Iceland or showing IBH symptoms. IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA were modulated neither by disease nor by origin. Abrogation of IL-4 production in healthy horses born in mainland Europe may be due, at least in part, to IL-10. There was an increased level of IL-10 in supernatants from PBMC of healthy horses born in mainland Europe and stimulated polyclonally or with IBH allergen. CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of IBH incidence is governed by altered Th1/Th2 ratio, which might be influenced by IL-10.

Transcription factor Tfec contributes to the IL-4-inducible expression of a small group of genes in mouse macrophages including the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor

Expression of the mouse transcription factor EC (Tfec) is restricted to the myeloid compartment, suggesting a function for Tfec in the development or function of these cells. However, mice lacking Tfec develop normally, indicating a redundant role for Tfec in myeloid cell development. We now report that Tfec is specifically induced in bone marrow-derived macrophages upon stimulation with the Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, or LPS. LPS induced a rapid and transient up-regulation of Tfec mRNA expression and promoter activity, which was dependent on a functional NF-kappa B site. IL-4, however, induced a rapid, but long-lasting, increase in Tfec mRNA, which, in contrast to LPS stimulation, also resulted in detectable levels of Tfec protein. IL-4-induced transcription of Tfec was absent in macrophages lacking Stat6, and its promoter depended on two functional Stat6-binding sites. A global comparison of IL-4-induced genes in both wild-type and Tfec mutant macrophages revealed a surprisingly mild phenotype with only a few genes affected by Tfec deficiency. These included the G-CSFR (Csf3r) gene that was strongly up-regulated by IL-4 in wild-type macrophages and, to a lesser extent, in Tfec mutant macrophages. Our study also provides a general definition of the transcriptome in alternatively activated mouse macrophages and identifies a large number of novel genes characterizing this cell type.

Distinct roles for interleukin-12p40 and tumour necrosis factor in resistance to oral candidiasis defined by gene-targeting

Cell-mediated immunity is important for anti-Candida host defence in mucosal tissues. In this study we used cytokine-specific gene knockout mice to investigate the requirement for T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines in recovery from oral candidiasis. Knockout mice used in this study included interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). The mice were challenged either orally or systemically with Candida albicans yeasts, and levels of colonization were determined. IL-12p40 knockout mice developed chronic oropharyngeal candidiasis, but were not more susceptible to systemic challenge. On the other hand, TNF knockout mice displayed increased susceptibility to both oral and systemic challenge, but only in the acute stages of infection. TNF apparently has a protective effect in the acute stages of both oral and systemic candidiasis, whereas IL-12p40 is essential for recovery from oral but not systemic candidiasis. The role of IL-12p40, and its relation to T-cell-mediated responses remain to be determined.