Ecotoxicity of insecticides of frequent use in tomatoes on Trichogramma achaeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Since Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was detected in 2006 as a new pest in tomato crops in Spain, several natural enemies have been reported tocontrol this pest. In biological control programs, the native parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja&Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is used against T.absoluta. However, the most common control practice is based on use of pesticides,and in the frame of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, the knowledge on the activity of insecticides towards beneficial insects is needed for its joint use. In thiswork, we evaluated lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides commonly applied on tomato crops on adults of T. achaeae. Pesticides were sprayed on tomato plants or T. Absoluta eggs till run off at their maximum field recommended concentration. Mortality was scored after 24, 48 and 72 hours, as well as beneficial capacity and percentage of emergence.

Multiresidue Analysis of Insecticides and Other Selected Environmental Contaminants in Poultry Manure by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination in poultry manure of 41 organic contaminants belonging to different chemical classes: pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Poultry manure was extracted with a modified QuEChERS method, and the extracts were analyzed by isotope dilution GC/MS. Recovery of these contaminants from samples spiked at levels ranging from 25 to 100 ng/g was satisfactory for all the compounds. The developed procedure provided LODs from 0.8 to 9.6 ng/g. The analysis of poultry manure samples collected on different farms confirmed the presence of some of the studied contaminants. Pyrethroids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the main contaminants detected.

Alternatives for reducing insecticides on cotton and corn : economic and environmental impact /

"Grant no. R802518-02."

Insecticides for the control of insects of public health importance.

Mode of access: Internet.

Common spray materials and other insecticides /

WI docs no.: Agr.3:3

The more important insecticides and repellents /

Issued originally without number, by Entomological Survey Division.

Pest control materials, 1950: fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, companies, uses and active ingredients

Mode of access: Internet.

[Insecticides : miscellaneous publications]

Includes bibliographies.

[Organic insecticides - tests and bibliographies, miscellaneous "E" series]

Made-up set; title supplied.

The chemistry and toxicology of insecticides,

Mode of access: Internet.

Chemistry and mode of action of insecticides /

"R-801837."

Results of screening tests with materials evaluated as insecticides, miticides, and repellents at the Orlando, Fla., laboratory, April 1942 to April 1947.

Processed.

Containers and packages for household insecticides (liquid spray type). Effective date, January 1, 1944.

Mode of access: Internet.

Methods of analyzing organophosphorus insecticides (Trichlorometaphos and carbophos) in aerosol containers and in air,

Translated from Moscow, Trudy Tsentralʹnogo Nauchno-issledovatelʹskogo Dezinfektsinonnogo Instituta, Russian, no. 18, Part 3, 1967, pp. 21-24.

Les insecticides agricoles; l'arséniate ferreux et les sels arsénicaux,

Mode of access: Internet.