Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company Official Guide, 1902

Descriptive of that delightful trip down the River St. Lawrence and up the world-famed Saguenay. The finest inland water trip in the world.

Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company Official Guide, 1903

Descriptive of that delightful trip down the River St. Lawrence and up the world-famed Saguenay. The finest inland water trip in the world.

Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company Official Guide, 1904

Descriptive of that delightful trip down the River St. Lawrence and up the world-famed Saguenay. The finest inland water trip in the world.

Lake Superior to the Sea (1913)

An inland water voyage on the great lakes and far-famed St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers.

Past, present and future precipitation in the Middle East: insights from models and observations

Anthropogenic changes in precipitation pose a serious threat to society—particularly in regions such as the Middle East that already face serious water shortages. However, climate model projections of regional precipitation remain highly uncertain. Moreover, standard resolution climate models have particular difficulty representing precipitation in the Middle East, which is modulated by complex topography, inland water bodies and proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. Here we compare precipitation changes over the twenty-first century against both millennial variability during the Holocene and interannual variability in the present day. In order to assess the climate model and to make consistent comparisons, this study uses new regional climate model simulations of the past, present and future in conjunction with proxy and historical observations. We show that the pattern of precipitation change within Europe and the Middle East projected by the end of the twenty-first century has some similarities to that which occurred during the Holocene. In both cases, a poleward shift of the North Atlantic storm track and a weakening of the Mediterranean storm track appear to cause decreased winter rainfall in southern Europe and the Middle East and increased rainfall further north. In contrast, on an interannual time scale, anomalously dry seasons in the Middle East are associated with a strengthening and focusing of the storm track in the north Mediterranean and hence wet conditions throughout southern Europe.

Habitat associations and breeding bird community composition within the city of Bristol, UK

Capsule: Different urban breeding bird communities are associated with different habitat types, but, although community species diversity varies significantly, total bird density does not. Aims: To investigate the association between breeding bird communities and habitats within Bristol, UK and how these communities vary in terms of species diversity and total bird abundance. Methods: Breeding density data for 70 species in the metropolitan area of Bristol, UK were subjected to de-trended correspondence analysis to identify the number of different communities present and their indicator species. These data were then used to identify patterns of habitat association with each community and differences in species richness and total bird density. Results: Three communities were identified: a rural community associated with woodland, managed grassland and inland water; a suburban community associated with buildings and residential gardens; and an intermediate community that shared some of these habitat characteristics. Species richness, but not total bird abundance, was lowest in the suburban community. Conclusion: The diversity of species in urban areas appears to be most dependent upon the availability of patches of natural and semi-natural habitats. Residential gardens support fewer species, but those species that are present may be found at high densities.

The compositional and configurational heterogeneity of matrix habitats shape woodland carabid communities in wooded-agricultural landscapes

Landscape heterogeneity (the composition and configuration of matrix habitats) plays a major role in shaping species communities in wooded-agricultural landscapes. However, few studies consider the influence of different types of semi-natural and linear habitats in the matrix, despite their known ecological value for biodiversity. Objective To investigate the importance of the composition and configuration of matrix habitats for woodland carabid communities and identify whether specific landscape features can help to maintain long-term populations in wooded-agricultural environments. Methods Carabids were sampled from woodlands in 36 tetrads of 4 km2 across southern Britain. Landscape heterogeneity including an innovative representation of linear habitats was quantified for each tetrad. Carabid community response was analysed using ordination methods combined with variation partitioning and additional response trait analyses. Results Woodland carabid community response was trait-specific and better explained by simultaneously considering the composition and configuration of matrix habitats. Semi-natural and linear features provided significant refuge habitat and functional connectivity. Mature hedgerows were essential for slow-dispersing carabids in fragmented landscapes. Species commonly associated with heathland were correlated with inland water and woodland patches despite widespread heathland conversion to agricultural land, suggesting that species may persist for some decades when elements representative of the original habitat are retained following landscape modification. Conclusions Semi-natural and linear habitats have high biodiversity value. Landowners should identify features that can provide additional resources or functional connectivity for species relative to other habitat types in the landscape matrix. Agri-environment options should consider landscape heterogeneity to identify the most efficacious changes for biodiversity.

Application of submerged membrane bioreactor for aquaculture effluent reuse

Discharging the nutrient rich aquaculture effluents into inland water bodies and oceans is becoming a serious concern due to the adverse effect that brings in the form of eutrophication and subsequent damages to those waters. A laboratory scale biological reactor consisting of a denitrifying compartment followed by a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) compartment was used to treat 40 L d−1 of aquaculture effluent with an average concentration of 74 mg L−1 nitrate (NO3 − ). Sugar was added to the aquaculture effluent in order that to enter into the denitrifying compartment at a carbon: nitrogen ratio (C:N) of 2:1 and 4:1. A hollow fibre membrane with a pore size of 0.4 μm and a filtration area of 0.20 m2 was used in the SMBR and was operated at an average flux of 0.20 m3 m−2 d−1. An intermittent suction period of 12 min followed by a relaxation period of 3 min was maintained in the SMBR throughout the experiment. Different aeration rates of 1, 3, 5 and 10 Lpm were applied to the SMBR to determine the rate of membrane fouling and 5 Lpm aeration rate was found to be optimum with respect to the rate of fouling of membrane at a C:N ratio of 4:1. The average rate of fouling at 1, 3, 5 and 10 Lpm were 1.17, 0.70, 0.48 and 0.52 kPa d−1, respectively. The increase in the rate of fouling when the aeration was increased from 5 to 10 Lpm may be due to the breakage of suspended particles into finer particles which could have increased the fouling of membrane. It was also found that increasing the C:N ratio from 2:1 to 4:1 resulted in more cake being formed on the membrane surface as well as an increase in the reduction of NO3 − from 64% to 78%. Preliminary calculations show that 2.4 to 3.2 g of suspended solids could be accumulated per square meter of membrane surface before physical cleaning of membrane is required (at a transmembrane pressure of 20 kPa).

Phytoplankton assemblages in a reservoir cascade of a large tropical - subtropical river (SE, Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de cultivares de soja submetidos a déficit hídrico induzido por peg 6000

In soybean culture water deficit is one of the most limiting factors to the maximum yield obtained. Genotypes identification with drought tolerance capacity is fundamental to solve this problem. The objective in this paper was analyze the physiological quality and physiological and biochemical responses of soybeans cultivars (MG/BR 46 Conquista, UFUS Carajás, UFUS Impacta, UFUS Riqueza and UFUS Xavante) submitted to water stress with PEG 6000 solutions in different levels of osmotic potentials (0; -0,1; -0,2; -0,3 and -0,4 MPa). Physiological quality of cultivars were evaluated by seedling length test and fresh and dry biomass. The biochemical responses were evaluated by detection of indol-acetic acid (IAA), by saccharose content and seedling water transportation. UFUS Riqueza presented the best performance in physiological quality tests, saccharose content, absorption and water absorption velocity in seedling. UFUS Xavante showed the highest IAA's concentration and the greater weight of seedling in water transportation test.

La clasificación fluvial como herramienta de planificación y políticas públicas: conceptos de base y propuestas para América del Sur

El presente Boletín Fal está dedicado al tema de la clasificación de las vías de navegación interior en América del Sur. El Boletín describe los sistemas existentes de clasificación (CEMT/ CEPE), destacando su rol en el desarrollo del transporte fluvial. Sobre esa base, se discuten las lecciones aprendidas y se presenta una propuesta preliminar sobre la clasificación para América Latina.

Análise dos circuitos de produção, reprodução e subsistência do transporte hidroviário de passageiros nas ilhas da Região Metropolitana de Belém: uma contribuição para a revitalização do setor

O objetivo desta pesquisa é descrever e analisar a funcionalidade do sistema de transporte hidroviário de passageiros nas ilhas da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB). Buscou-se uma construção teórica baseada, principalmente, nas abordagens de Milton Santos, Pierre Bourdieu, Associação Nacional de Transportes Públicos e Eduardo Vasconcellos. A partir desse referencial a tese explica que as condições de transporte hidroviário em geral estão relacionadas com teorias de divisão do espaço onde o poder de consumo e renda é o que determina a integração espacial do indivíduo. E que, portanto, o serviço de transporte nas ilhas da RMB, operado pela lógica do mercado, exclui espacialmente quem não tem esse poder. O conhecimento dessa realidade foi baseado em pesquisa de campo em 20 ilhas da RMB. Utilizaram-se as técnicas de observação e entrevista para explicar a dinâmica dos deslocamentos dos ribeirinhos, identificando circuitos de produção, reprodução e subsistência. Os primeiros assemelham-se com a teoria de Milton Santos de circuito superior, representado por Belém, e inferior, representado pelas ilhas. O circuito de subsistência nasce dentro do circuito inferior a partir da forte relação que existe entre as próprias ilhas, sendo uma estratégia de deslocamento dos ribeirinhos para receber auxílios básicos de saúde, educação e transportes. Utilizou-se a análise fatorial para obter um ranking das ilhas segundo as condições de transporte e a análise de regressão para explicar que a demanda por viagens nas ilhas aumenta, basicamente, quando a renda e a população aumentam. As propostas para revitalização do setor do transporte hidroviário resultou na identificação de novas rotas de transporte e melhorias na infraestrutura de trapiches e embarcações.

Ferramenta de avaliação do transporte hidroviário de passageiros da região amazônica

A Amazônia brasileira detém mais de 60% da água doce disponível no Brasil, por onde passa um dos maiores rios do mundo, o Rio Amazonas, tanto em extensão como em volume de água, além de abrigar uma das maiores redes hidroviárias do Planeta, com centenas de rios caudalosos. É nesse sistema que a presente pesquisa se propôs a fazer uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa da frota de embarcações, terminais e demanda de passageiros que são transportados pelos rios da Amazônia brasileira, visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do transporte hidroviário de passageiros na região. Através de um método matemático para o cálculo do valor da tarifa por passageiro, que leva em consideração as características físicas e operacionais de cada linha, buscou-se analisar os valores praticados, assim como otimizou-se os parâmetros de uma embarcação com as condições ideais e de menor custo por passageiro transportado. Neste aspecto verificou-se ainda, que o custo do transporte do passageiro pode ser reduzido com um projeto de embarcação mais adequado para cada linha e respectiva demanda. Os dados, informações e previsões sobre a produção do transporte hidroviário de passageiros são apresentados para melhor entendimento do setor de maneira a possibilitar propostas de transportes mais eficientes, de acordo com as características da via navegável e do ambiente operacional. Com o método de avaliação de custo proposto foi possível verificar que o custo do transporte hidroviário de passageiro na Amazônia não é homogêneo, em virtude da grande diversidade de embarcações que operam em cada linha, e que, a otimização do projeto adequado para cada linha pode ter grande reduções no custo do passageiro transportado.

Modelización del cálculo de Indicadores Ambientales, a partir de sensores ópticos de alta resolución temporal a bordo de satélite

La presente tesis doctoral tiene por objeto el estudio y análisis de técnicas y modelos de obtención de parámetros biofísicos e indicadores ambientales, de manera automatizada a partir de imágenes procedentes de satélite de alta resolución temporal. En primer lugar se revisan los diferentes programas espaciales de observación del territorio, con especial atención a los que proporcionan dicha resolución. También se han revisado las metodologías y procesos que permiten la obtención de diferentes parámetros cuantitativos y documentos cualitativos, relacionados con diversos aspectos de las cubiertas terrestres, atendiendo a su adaptabilidad a las particularidades de los datos. En segundo lugar se propone un modelo de obtención de parámetros ambientales, que integra información proveniente de sensores espaciales y de otras fuentes auxiliares utilizando, en cierta medida, las metodologías presentadas en apartados anteriores y optimizando algunas de las referidas o proponiendo otras nuevas, de manera que se permita dicha obtención de manera eficiente, a partir de los datos disponibles y de forma sistemática. Tras esta revisión de metodologías y propuesta del modelo, se ha procedido a la realización de experimentos, con la finalidad de comprobar su comportamiento en diferentes casos prácticos, depurar los flujos de datos y procesos, así como establecer las situaciones que pueden afectar a los resultados. De todo ello se deducirá la evaluación del referido modelo. Los sensores considerados en este trabajo han sido MODIS, de alta resolución temporal y Thematic Mapper (TM), de media resolución espacial, por tratarse de instrumentos de referencia en la realización de estudios ambientales. También por la duración de sus correspondientes misiones de registro de datos, lo que permite realizar estudios de evolución temporal de ciertos parámetros biofísicos, durante amplios periodos de tiempo. Así mismo. es de destacar que la continuidad de los correspondientes programas parece estar asegurada. Entre los experimentos realizados, se ha ensayado una metodología para la integración de datos procedentes de ambos sensores. También se ha analizado un método de interpolación temporal que permite obtener imágenes sintéticas con la resolución espacial de TM (30 m) y la temporal de MODIS (1 día), ampliando el rango de aplicación de este último sensor. Asimismo, se han analizado algunos de los factores que afectan a los datos registrados, tal como la geometría de la toma de los mismos y los episodios de precipitación, los cuales alteran los resultados obtenidos. Por otro lado, se ha comprobado la validez del modelo propuesto en el estudio de fenómenos ambientales dinámicos, en concreto la contaminación orgánica de aguas embalsadas. Finalmente, se ha demostrado un buen comportamiento del modelo en todos los casos ensayados, así como su flexibilidad, lo que le permite adaptarse a nuevos orígenes de datos, o nuevas metodologías de cálculo. Abstract This thesis aims to the study and analysis of techniques and models, in order to obtain biophysical parameters and environmental indicators in an automated way, using high temporal resolution satellite data. Firstly we have reviewed the main Earth Observation Programs, paying attention to those that provide high temporal resolution. Also have reviewed the methodologies and process flow diagrams in order to obtain quantitative parameters and qualitative documents, relating to various aspects of land cover, according to their adaptability to the peculiarities of the data. In the next stage, a model which allows obtaining environmental parameters, has been proposed. This structure integrates information from space sensors and ancillary data sources, using the methodologies presented in previous sections that permits the parameters calculation in an efficient and automated way. After this review of methodologies and the proposal of the model, we proceeded to carry out experiments, in order to check the behavior of the structure in real situations. From this, we derive the accuracy of the model. The sensors used in this work have been MODIS, which is a high temporal resolution sensor, and Thematic Mapper (TM), which is a medium spatial resolution instrument. This choice was motivated because they are reference sensors in environmental studies, as well as for the duration of their corresponding missions of data logging, and whose continuity seems assured. Among the experiments, we tested a methodology that allows the integration of data from cited sensors, we discussed a proposal for a temporal interpolation method for obtaining synthetic images with spatial resolution of TM (30 m) and temporal of MODIS (1 day), extending the application range of this one. Furthermore, we have analyzed some of the factors that affect the recorded data, such as the relative position of the satellite with the ground point, and the rainfall events, which alter the obtained results. On the other hand, we have proven the validity of the proposed model in the study of the organic contamination in inland water bodies. Finally, we have demonstrated a good performance of the proposed model in all cases tested, as well as its flexibility and adaptability.

South America, 1807 (Image 2 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 2 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the northern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.