Métodos de debicagem em poedeiras comerciais

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Laser frequency measurements and spectroscopic assignments of optically pumped 13CH3OH

A three-laser heterodyne system was used to measure the frequencies of twelve optically pumped laser emissions from 13CH3OH in the far-infrared (FIR) region. These emissions, ranging from 54 to 142 μm, are reported with fractional uncertainties up to ±2 × 10-7 along with their polarization relative to the CO2 pump. Using the 9P32 and 10R14 CO2 lines, complete spectroscopic assignments for two laser systems were confirmed.

Variação da temperatura superficial dos músculos masseter e temporal anterior durante o apertamento dental voluntário com placas interoclusais maxilares de duas diferentes espessuras

Muscle activity has been studied indirectly through analyses of temperature variation in skin surface temperature on the masticatory muscles. These procedure may be an important tool for clinical evaluation and assessment of the evolution of temporomandibular disorders, as well as monitoring the adopted protocol. Thus, its utilization for identified pathological alterations on blood circulation and/or on metabolic activity in subcutaneous tissues, such as the masticatory muscles, is justified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of occlusal splints’ thickness on the variation of surface temperature of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles during rest and clenching. It were analyzed 20 symptomatic subjects (10 males and 10 females) selected through the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) questionnaire. Temperature expressed in degrees Celsius (ºC) was measured on the surface of both muscles measured with the aid of a digital thermometer with an infrared radiation reading system. The surface temperature of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles presented significant reduction during teeth clenching in relation to the mandibular rest position. However, there were no significant differences between conditions with and without occlusal splint or between the different thicknesses of splints analyzed. Masticatory muscles showed a considerable similar behavior for both sides, and no significant distinctions were observed between male and female patients.

Métodos de debicagem: desenvolvimento e desempenho produtivo de poedeiras leves e semipesadas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Métodos de debicagem: desenvolvimento e desempenho produtivo de poedeiras leves e semipesadas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Utilizzo delle bande dell’Infrarosso Termico in tecniche di remote sensing per applicazioni in ambito urbano

Il presente studio si concentra sulle diverse applicazioni del telerilevamento termico in ambito urbano. Vengono inizialmente descritti la radiazione infrarossa e le sue interazioni con l’atmosfera terrestre, le leggi principali che regolano lo scambio di calore per irraggiamento, le caratteristiche dei sensori e le diverse applicazioni di termografia. Successivamente sono trattati nel dettaglio gli aspetti caratteristici della termografia da piattaforma satellitare, finalizzata principalmente alla valutazione del fenomeno dell'Urban Heat Island; vengono descritti i sensori disponibili, le metodologie di correzione per gli effetti atmosferici, per la stima dell'emissività delle superfici e per il calcolo della temperatura superficiale dei pixels. Viene quindi illustrata la sperimentazione effettuata sull'area di Bologna mediante immagini multispettrali ASTER: i risultati mostrano come sull'area urbana sia riscontrabile la presenza dell'Isola di Calore Urbano, anche se la sua quantificazione risulta complessa. Si procede quindi alla descrizione di potenzialità e limiti della termografia aerea, dei suoi diversi utilizzi, delle modalità operative di rilievo e degli algoritmi utilizzati per il calcolo della temperatura superficiale delle coperture edilizie. Tramite l’analisi di alcune esperienze precedenti vengono trattati l’influenza dell’atmosfera, la modellazione dei suoi effetti sulla radianza rilevata, i diversi metodi per la stima dell’emissività. Viene quindi introdotto il progetto europeo Energycity, finalizzato alla creazione di un sistema GeoWeb di supporto spaziale alle decisioni per la riduzione di consumi energetici e produzione di gas serra su sette città dell'Europa Centrale. Vengono illustrate le modalità di rilievo e le attività di processing dei datasets digitali per la creazione di mappe di temperatura superficiale da implementare nel sistema SDSS. Viene infine descritta la sperimentazione effettuata sulle immagini termiche acquisite nel febbraio 2010 sulla città di Treviso, trasformate in un mosaico georiferito di temperatura radiometrica tramite correzioni geometriche e radiometriche; a seguito della correzione per l’emissività quest’ultimo verrà trasformato in un mosaico di temperatura superficiale.

Funktionalisierte Bauteile durch Selektives Maskensintern

Das Selektive Maskensintern ist ein neues, pulverbasiertes Additives Fertigungsverfahren. Das schichtweise aufgebrachte Kunststoffpulver wird hier flächig über einen Infrarotstrahler belichtet und aufgeschmolzen. Das Verfahren bietet ein großes Potential dreidimensionale, wärmeleitfähige Bauteile mit beliebiger Geometrie herzustellen. In diesem Beitrag wird darauf eingegangen, wie kommerziell erhältliches Polyamid 12-Pulver mit thermisch leitfähigen Füllstoffen, wie Aluminiumgrieß und Kupferkugeln, modifiziert und funktionalisierte Bauteile hergestellt werden können. Prozessrelevante Materialeigenschaften werden mittels Differential Scanning Kalorimetrie, Rotationsviskosimetrie und der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der modifizierten Pulver bestimmt. An den gefertigten Bauteilen wird die ausgebildete Morphologie, die mechanischen Eigenschaften als auch die Bauteilwärmeleitfähigkeit untersucht.

Modeling the stratospheric warming following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption: uncertainties in aerosol extinctions

In terms of atmospheric impact, the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991) is the best characterized large eruption on record. We investigate here the model-derived stratospheric warming following the Pinatubo eruption as derived from SAGE II extinction data including recent improvements in the processing algorithm. This method, termed SAGE_4λ, makes use of the four wavelengths (385, 452, 525 and 1024 nm) of the SAGE II data when available, and uses a data-filling procedure in the opacity-induced "gap" regions. Using SAGE_4λ, we derived aerosol size distributions that properly reproduce extinction coefficients also at much longer wavelengths. This provides a good basis for calculating the absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation and the resulting stratospheric heating. However, we also show that the use of this data set in a global chemistry–climate model (CCM) still leads to stronger aerosol-induced stratospheric heating than observed, with temperatures partly even higher than the already too high values found by many models in recent general circulation model (GCM) and CCM intercomparisons. This suggests that the overestimation of the stratospheric warming after the Pinatubo eruption may not be ascribed to an insufficient observational database but instead to using outdated data sets, to deficiencies in the implementation of the forcing data, or to radiative or dynamical model artifacts. Conversely, the SAGE_4λ approach reduces the infrared absorption in the tropical tropopause region, resulting in a significantly better agreement with the post-volcanic temperature record at these altitudes.

Reconocimiento de objetos a partir de imágenes termográficas

La termografía es un método de inspección y diagnóstico basado en la radiación infrarroja que emiten los cuerpos. Permite medir dicha radiación a distancia y sin contacto, obteniendo un termograma o imagen termográfica, objeto de estudio de este proyecto. Todos los cuerpos que se encuentren a una cierta temperatura emiten radiación infrarroja. Sin embargo, para hacer una inspección termográfica hay que tener en cuenta la emisividad de los cuerpos, capacidad que tienen de emitir radiación, ya que ésta no sólo depende de la temperatura del cuerpo, sino también de sus características superficiales. Las herramientas necesarias para conseguir un termograma son principalmente una cámara termográfica y un software que permita su análisis. La cámara percibe la emisión infrarroja de un objeto y lo convierte en una imagen visible, originalmente monocromática. Sin embargo, después es coloreada por la propia cámara o por un software para una interpretación más fácil del termograma. Para obtener estas imágenes termográficas existen varias técnicas, que se diferencian en cómo la energía calorífica se transfiere al cuerpo. Estas técnicas se clasifican en termografía pasiva, activa y vibrotermografía. El método que se utiliza en cada caso depende de las características térmicas del cuerpo, del tipo de defecto a localizar o la resolución espacial de las imágenes, entre otros factores. Para analizar las imágenes y así obtener diagnósticos y detectar defectos, es importante la precisión. Por ello existe un procesado de las imágenes, para minimizar los efectos provocados por causas externas, mejorar la calidad de la imagen y extraer información de las inspecciones realizadas. La termografía es un método de ensayo no destructivo muy flexible y que ofrece muchas ventajas. Por esta razón el campo de aplicación es muy amplio, abarcando desde aplicaciones industriales hasta investigación y desarrollo. Vigilancia y seguridad, ahorro energético, medicina o medio ambiente, son algunos de los campos donde la termografía aportaimportantes beneficios. Este proyecto es un estudio teórico de la termografía, donde se describen detalladamente cada uno de los aspectos mencionados. Concluye con una aplicación práctica, creando una cámara infrarroja a partir de una webcam, y realizando un análisis de las imágenes obtenidas con ella. Con esto se demuestran algunas de las teorías explicadas, así como la posibilidad de reconocer objetos mediante la termografía. Thermography is a method of testing and diagnosis based on the infrared radiation emitted by bodies. It allows to measure this radiation from a distance and with no contact, getting a thermogram or thermal image, object of study of this project. All bodies that are at a certain temperature emit infrared radiation. However, making a thermographic inspection must take into account the emissivity of the body, capability of emitting radiation. This not only depends on the temperature of the body, but also on its surface characteristics. The tools needed to get a thermogram are mainly a thermal imaging camera and software that allows analysis. The camera sees the infrared emission of an object and converts it into a visible image, originally monochrome. However, after it is colored by the camera or software for easier interpretation of thermogram. To obtain these thermal images it exists various techniques, which differ in how heat energy is transferred to the body. These techniques are classified into passive thermography, active and vibrotermografy. The method used in each case depends on the thermal characteristics of the body, the type of defect to locate or spatial resolution of images, among other factors. To analyze the images and obtain diagnoses and defects, accuracy is important. Thus there is a image processing to minimize the effects caused by external causes, improving image quality and extract information from inspections. Thermography is a non-­‐destructive test method very flexible and offers many advantages. So the scope is very wide, ranging from industrial applications to research and development.Surveillance and security, energy saving, environmental or medicine are some of the areas where thermography provides significant benefits. This project is a theoretical study of thermography, which describes in detail each of these aspects. It concludes with a practical application, creating an infrared camera from a webcam, and making an analysis of the images obtained with it. This will demonstrate some of the theories explained as well as the ability to recognize objects by thermography.

A study of selected warning devices for reducing truck speeds.

Texas Department of Transportation, Austin

Driver's enhanced vision systems (DEVS). Final report.

Federal Aviation Administration, Atlantic City International Airport, N.J.

Evaluation of sensors for monitoring truck speeds.

Texas Department of Transportation, Austin

Survey of non-destructive tire inspection techniques. Preliminary memorandum.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

An infared experiment on a road wheel during an FMVSS 109 type compliance test.

Mode of access: Internet.

Abaxial Anthocyanin Layer in Leaves of Tropical Rain Forest Plants: Enhancer of Light Capture in Deep Shade

The permanent pigmentation of the leaves of tropical rain forest herbs with anthocyanin has traditionally been viewed as a mechanism for enhancing transpiration by increased heat absorption. We report measurements to ?+0.1?0C on four Indo-mal- esian forest species polymorphic with respect to color. There were no detectable differences in temperature between cyanic and green leaves. In deeply shaded habitats, any temperature difference would arise from black-body infrared radiation which all leaves absorb and to which anthocyanins are transparent. Reflectance spectra of the lower leaf surfaces of these species re- vealed increased reflectance around 650-750 nm for cyanic leaves compared with green leaves of the same species. In all spe- cies anthocyanin was located in a single layer of cells immediately below the photosynthetic tissue. These observations provide empirical evidence that the cyanic layer can improve photosynthetic energy capture by back-scattering additional light through the photosynthetic tissue.