867 resultados para Inflation Indexed Swaps


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This paper reports graphical and statistical evidence that the inflation targeting regimes in Canada and the UK - but not in Australia, New Zealand, or Sweden - actually resemble price-level targeting. In particular, the price level closely tracks the path implied by the inflation target, and the time-series predictions of the "bygones-are-bygones" version of inflation targeting are rejected by the data in favor of those implied by price-level targeting. These results indicate heterogeneity in the actual application of inflation targeting across countries and, for Canada and the UK, imply that the characterization of inflation targeting as a policy where shocks are accommodated is at odds with the data. Moreover, up to extent that their current policies already resemble price-level targeting, the welfare gains of replacing inflation with (explicit) price-level targeting are likely to be small.

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Rapport de recherche présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l'obtenion du grade de Maîtrise en sciences économiques.

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The traditional task of a central bank is to preserve price stability and, in doing so, not to impair the real economy more than necessary. To meet this challenge, it is of great relevance whether inflation is only driven by inflation expectations and the current output gap or whether it is, in addition, influenced by past inflation. In the former case, as described by the New Keynesian Phillips curve, the central bank can immediately and simultaneously achieve price stability and equilibrium output, the so-called ‘divine coincidence’ (Blanchard and Galí 2007). In the latter case, the achievement of price stability is costly in terms of output and will be pursued over several periods. Similarly, it is important to distinguish this latter case, which describes ‘intrinsic’ inflation persistence, from that of ‘extrinsic’ inflation persistence, where the sluggishness of inflation is not a ‘structural’ feature of the economy but merely ‘inherited’ from the sluggishness of the other driving forces, inflation expectations and output. ‘Extrinsic’ inflation persistence is usually considered to be the less challenging case, as policy-makers are supposed to fight against the persistence in the driving forces, especially to reduce the stickiness of inflation expectations by a credible monetary policy, in order to reestablish the ‘divine coincidence’. The scope of this dissertation is to contribute to the vast literature and ongoing discussion on inflation persistence: Chapter 1 describes the policy consequences of inflation persistence and summarizes the empirical and theoretical literature. Chapter 2 compares two models of staggered price setting, one with a fixed two-period duration and the other with a stochastic duration of prices. I show that in an economy with a timeless optimizing central bank the model with the two-period alternating price-setting (for most parameter values) leads to more persistent inflation than the model with stochastic price duration. This result amends earlier work by Kiley (2002) who found that the model with stochastic price duration generates more persistent inflation in response to an exogenous monetary shock. Chapter 3 extends the two-period alternating price-setting model to the case of 3- and 4-period price durations. This results in a more complex Phillips curve with a negative impact of past inflation on current inflation. As simulations show, this multi-period Phillips curve generates a too low degree of autocorrelation and too early turnings points of inflation and is outperformed by a simple Hybrid Phillips curve. Chapter 4 starts from the critique of Driscoll and Holden (2003) on the relative real-wage model of Fuhrer and Moore (1995). While taking the critique seriously that Fuhrer and Moore’s model will collapse to a much simpler one without intrinsic inflation persistence if one takes their arguments literally, I extend the model by a term for inequality aversion. This model extension is not only in line with experimental evidence but results in a Hybrid Phillips curve with inflation persistence that is observably equivalent to that presented by Fuhrer and Moore (1995). In chapter 5, I present a model that especially allows to study the relationship between fairness attitudes and time preference (impatience). In the model, two individuals take decisions in two subsequent periods. In period 1, both individuals are endowed with resources and are able to donate a share of their resources to the other individual. In period 2, the two individuals might join in a common production after having bargained on the split of its output. The size of the production output depends on the relative share of resources at the end of period 1 as the human capital of the individuals, which is built by means of their resources, cannot fully be substituted one against each other. Therefore, it might be rational for a well-endowed individual in period 1 to act in a seemingly ‘fair’ manner and to donate own resources to its poorer counterpart. This decision also depends on the individuals’ impatience which is induced by the small but positive probability that production is not possible in period 2. As a general result, the individuals in the model economy are more likely to behave in a ‘fair’ manner, i.e., to donate resources to the other individual, the lower their own impatience and the higher the productivity of the other individual. As the (seemingly) ‘fair’ behavior is modelled as an endogenous outcome and as it is related to the aspect of time preference, the presented framework might help to further integrate behavioral economics and macroeconomics.

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La crisis financiera hipotecaria de 2008 en la que se declaró en quiebra el banco de inversión Lehman Brothers, se desarrolló en un ambiente que contemplaba apalancamientos financieros excesivos y el uso de derivados financieros de crédito innovadores. Razón por la cual, a partir del estudio de caso de quiebra de este banco de inversión y el análisis de las causas y consecuencias del ambiente desregulatorio que surgió en Estados Unidos desde la década de los 30 hasta el 2000, se orienta la investigación a indagar sobre lo que sucede en términos regulatorios y empresariales en el mercado de valores colombiano y así lograr definir objetivos que permitan el crecimiento del mercado de derivados exóticos en Colombia bajo un marco de responsabilidad financiera y ética empresarial.

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Este artículo evalúa el vínculo entre la independencia del banco central y la inflación, para el caso de Colombia. Se desarrolla un marco teórica relacionada con la independencia del Banco Central y la inflación. La conclusión es que la independencia del Banco Central es una característica importante de cara a la reducción de la inflación y con el fin de resolver parcialmente el problema de la inconsistencia temporal, y asumiendo la existencia de un régimen monetario dominante la independencia del Banco Central ha llevado a una reducción de la inflación y de su variabilidad en Colombia. No obstante, los resultados de la inflación en el último periodo no han sido tan impresionantes. Este artículo sugiere explicaciones alternativas a este resultado. La independencia real del Banco Central colombiano puede ser más baja que su independencia formal. Adicionalmente, otros factores pueden contribuir a explicar una inflación más elevada que la esperada, particularmente la existencia de un déficit fiscal financiado con recursos externos.

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El presente trabajo aunque de naturaleza técnica, pretende dos cosas fundamentales: familiarizar al lector con los denominados “instrumentos derivados” que tienen volúmenes gigantescos de negociación en su mercado propio (el OTC) ascendiendo “ … a finales de junio de 2009 a 605 billones de dólares (10 veces el PIB mundial)”1; y, revisar con más profundidad uno de aquellos, una innovación financiera derivada de los contratos de permuta financiera que toma el nombre de Credit Default Swaps. Esta innovación o evolución sobre los instrumentos derivados ordinarios, representa un tipo de contratos altamente estandarizados y tecnificados que fueron creados como una nueva forma de protección sobre incumplimientos de crédito viabilizando la transmisión de uno, varios o todos los riesgos asociados con la posibilidad de incumplimiento de pago de operaciones crediticias a terceros quienes los reciben en virtud de un precio. Como se verá en del transcurso del trabajo, el loable objetivo de protección para el que fueron originalmente creados, se desnaturalizó hasta convertir a estos instrumentos en independientes de las obligaciones que amparaban y permitir su acceso a especuladores financieros que amasaron grandes fortunas apostando a favor y en contra de obligaciones y fracturando, de esta manera, la transparencia que es principio fundamental de los mercados financieros. La evolución insidiosa y el descontrol de estos instrumentos, sin embargo, ha permitido su proliferación e interferencia, no solo en obligaciones particulares sino que ha contaminado los mismos mercados de deuda soberana, incluyendo la ecuatoriana como se verá en su momento y muy recientemente la denominada “crisis griega”; los especuladores han utilizado estos complejos productos para aprovecharse de los ingentes beneficios que les proporcionan en desmedro de las economías de países en dificultades multiplicando sus pérdidas y causando alarma y conmoción tanto interna como externa al punto que muy pocos días antes de la presentación de este trabajo, Francia, Alemania, Luxemburgo, la afectada Grecia y el mismísimo Presidente de la CEE, han llamado a la comunidad financiera internacional a limitar su uso.