Évolution des pratiques alimentaires en cours de vie : une étude isotopique multi-matérielle de la population du cimetière Saint-Matthew (Québec, 1771-1860)

En tant que population majoritairement immigrante, les protestants inhumés au cimetière Saint-Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860) ont dû s'adapter à un nouvel environnement à leur arrivée au Québec, et donc à de nouvelles ressources. Parallèlement, les 18e et 19e siècles sont marqués par un contexte socio-économique en pleine mutation avec l'arrivée graduelle de la période industrielle, et la ville de Québec, avec son contexte portuaire, a ainsi été au coeur de ces changements. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'évaluer si la géochimie des isotopes stables appliquée à plusieurs matériaux du squelette humain (collagène et apatite de l'os, collagène de la dentine, et carbonate de l'émail) permet de mieux comprendre comment les comportements alimentaires des individus analysés provenant de ce cimetière cosmopolite (n=40) ont évolué en cours de vie. L'alimentation étant influencée par des conditions socio-économiques, culturelles et environnementales, cela peut nous informer indirectement sur les processus d'adaptation et l'identité d'un individu. C'est dans cette perspective d'écologie culturelle que nous avons interprété les données recueillies lors de ce projet, en complément aux analyses effectuées précédemment par Morland (2009) et Caron (2013). Nos résultats corroborent les tendances déjà observées, soit des pratiques alimentaires semblables à celles que l'on retrouve en Europe, et des immigrants provenant majoritairement des Îles Britanniques. Ils démontrent également une légère augmentation de la consommation de ressources C4, comme le maïs et la canne à sucre, à l'âge adulte pour 90% des individus analysés, de même qu'une baisse du niveau de protéines. Par ailleurs, les individus étudiés ont généralement eu tendance à conserver le même niveau alimentaire les uns par rapport aux autres tout au cours de leur vie, même si les pratiques étaient moins diversifiés à l'âge adulte. Finalement, on constate des similarités de comportements avec les populations irlandaises et britanniques plus pauvres durant l'enfance, alors qu'ils ressemblent davantage à ceux visibles dans la vallée laurentienne en fin de vie, notamment en ce qui concerne l'apport en protéines. Nos résultats suggèrent donc des changements alimentaires significatifs, fort possiblement liés aux processus de migration et à une adaptation constante à un nouvel environnement de la part des individus étudiés.

Spray Pyrolysed Tin Chalcogenide Thin Films: Optimization of optoelectronic properties of SnS for possible photovoltaic application as an absorber layer

In the early 19th century, industrial revolution was fuelled mainly by the development of machine based manufacturing and the increased use of coal. Later on, the focal point shifted to oil, thanks to the mass-production technology, ease of transport/storage and also the (less) environmental issues in comparison with the coal!! By the dawn of 21st century, due to the depletion of oil reserves and pollution resulting from heavy usage of oil the demand for clean energy was on the rising edge. This ever growing demand has propelled research on photovoltaics which has emerged successful and is currently being looked up to as the only solace for meeting our present day energy requirements. The proven PV technology on commercial scale is based on silicon but the recent boom in the demand for photovoltaic modules has in turn created a shortage in supply of silicon. Also the technology is still not accessible to common man. This has onset the research and development work on moderately efficient, eco-friendly and low cost photovoltaic devices (solar cells). Thin film photovoltaic modules have made a breakthrough entry in the PV market on these grounds. Thin films have the potential to revolutionize the present cost structure of solar cells by eliminating the use of the expensive silicon wafers that alone accounts for above 50% of total module manufacturing cost.Well developed thin film photovoltaic technologies are based on amorphous silicon, CdTe and CuInSe2. However the cell fabrication process using amorphous silicon requires handling of very toxic gases (like phosphene, silane and borane) and costly technologies for cell fabrication. In the case of other materials too, there are difficulties like maintaining stoichiometry (especially in large area films), alleged environmental hazards and high cost of indium. Hence there is an urgent need for the development of materials that are easy to prepare, eco-friendly and available in abundance. The work presented in this thesis is an attempt towards the development of a cost-effective, eco-friendly material for thin film solar cells using simple economically viable technique. Sn-based window and absorber layers deposited using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique have been chosen for the purpose

Materials Managenent Practices in Major Public Sector Undertakings in India

One of the basic functions of management is to employ capital efficiently so as to provide maximum customer service and earn a profit in the proces1s. It is possible to achieve these objectives in different ways with the given amount of capital, either by maximising the output or by maximising the margin of profit or by a combination of both these methods. This would mean that the management must try to make this capital work as fast as possible, which is often difficult to achieve under the present conditions of the factors of production. It is also not possible to increase extensively the margin of profit due to competition in business and in this process the capital turn over and productivity of capital often becomes totally ineffective. Several modern techniques have been developed and employed by managers to remedy this situation. Among these, materials management has become one of the most effective methods to achieve both the above goals. Materials management enables a manager to improve productivity of capital by reducing material costs, preventing blocking up of large working capital for long periods and improving the capital turn over This study examines the working of materials management departments in public sector undertakings in India and Suggests méthods to improve its efficiency.

Implementation Workshop: High Performance Work Organizations

Since the rise of the industrial revolution, there are few challenges that compare in scale and scope with the challenge of implementing lean principles in order to achieve high performance work systems. This report summarize key insights and learning by representatives from a cross section of organizations who are on this journey. Specifically, we report on findings from the first Lean Aircraft Initiative (LAI) Implementation Workshop, which was held on February 5-6, 1997.

Implementation Workshop: High Performance Work Organizations

Since the rise of the industrial revolution, there are few challenges that compare in scale and scope with the challenge of implementing lean principles in order to achieve high performance work systems. This report summarize key insights and learning by representatives from a cross section of organizations who are on this journey. Specifically, we report on findings from the first Lean Aircraft Initiative (LAI) Implementation Workshop, which was held on February 5-6, 1997. The report is not a “cookbook” or a “how to” manual. Rather, it is a summary of the first phase in a learning process. It is designed to codify lessons learning, facilitate diffusion among people not at the session, and set the stage for further learning about implementation.

La tecnología del hidrógeno, una oportunidad estratégica para la perdurabilidad del sector energético en Colombia

El incremento de la actividad humana en el último siglo y el desarrollo de tecnologías ligadas con el petróleo como vector energético, han generado efectos medioambientales adversos que aunados con las limitadas reservas mundiales de crudo y su estrecha relación con el crecimiento económico mundial ha generado presiones economías, políticas y sociales en todos los países. Esta situación ha dinamizado la investigación y desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías basadas en el hidrogeno como un nuevo vector energético tecnológicamente compatible que permita la portabilidad de energía con el menor impacto ambiental y económico a la luz de la prospectiva de consumo y la perdurabilidad energética. Este trabajo identifica las experiencias más relevantes respecto a la tecnología del hidrogeno a nivel mundial con el fin de consolidar un plan estratégico para la incorporación del hidrógeno como vector energético al portafolio productivo colombiano mediante la aplicación de un modelo que permite el análisis del nivel de integración de los sectores educativo, empresarial y gubernamental, teniendo como base los resultados del análisis estructural y análisis de actores.

Emoción, publicidad y mercadeo: análisis del concepto Top-of-Heart

Con la llegada de la revolución industrial a mediados del siglo XVIII cambió completamente la relación productor-consumidor; la creciente competitividad, ha incrementado cada vez más la dificultad del productor para poder vender y del consumidor para poder elegir entre tantos productos nuevos y comprar. Las industrias han tenido que desarrollar diferentes estrategias a lo largo del tiempo para llegar al consumidor y persuadirlo; antes se exaltaban los beneficios del producto junto con sus características, lo cual constituye una persuasión cognoscitiva. Si antes se atraía al cliente por medio de razones, en la actualidad se lo conquista por medio de emociones. Conceptos como marketing emocional o publicidad emocional, no son más que el reflejo del creciente protagonismo que las emociones han cobrado en nuestra sociedad. En este contexto, top-of- heart es una medida de impacto de marca a nivel emocional, es el listado de las marcas más queridas, es decir aquellas que son del afecto de las personas. En el presente trabajo se examina la utilización de las emociones en el contexto publicitario, teniendo en cuenta que éstas son un medio que las empresas utilizan para poder alcanzar una posición en el top-of-heart.

Seasons, savings and GDP

The industrial revolution and the subsequent industrialization of the economies occurred Orst in temperate regions. We argue that this and the associated positive correlation between absolute latitude and GDP per capita is due to the fact that countries located far from the equator suffered more profound seasonal auctuations in climate, namely stronger and longer winters. We propose a growth model of biased innovations that accounts for these facts and show that countries located in temperate regions were more likely to create or adopt capital intensive modes of production. The intuition behind this result is that savings are used to smooth consumption; therefore, in places where output auctuations are more profound, savings are bigger. Because the incentives to innovate depend on the relative supply factors, economies where savings are bigger are more likely to create or adopt capital intensive technologies.

Technical education in England, Germany and France in the nineteenth century: a comparison

Este documento describe el desarrollo de la educación técnica en Inglaterra, Alemania y Francia durante el siglo XIX, contrastando sus similaridades y diferencias. También analiza el papel del Estado en la provisión de educación técnica en estos países. El artículo sugiere que el alto estándar científico y técnico en la enseñanza, contribuyó significativamente para que el país se convirtiera en una potencia económica. Por ejemplo, la creciente superioridad técnica de los alemanes sobre los británicos en actividades como producción química, tinturas, hierro y acero, ha sido atribuida al hecho de que los británicos persistieron en el uso de métodos empíricos que representaban una barrera para alcanzar mejoras y adaptación, mientras que los alemanes desarrollaron un sistema de educación universitario y politécnico con fuertes lazos industriales que le permitían convertirse en la potencia industrial mas grande de Europa al inicio del Siglo XX.

Jardins Verticais : um contributo para os espaços verdes urbanos e oportunidade na reabilitação do edificado

O Homem tem privilegiado a vida no meio urbano, em detrimento do rural, por mais oportunidade de emprego e melhores condições de vida. As cidades cresceram de forma acelerada, sobretudo depois da Revolução Industrial do século XVIII, crescimento sem controlo, repercutindo-se num desajustado planeamento urbano, ambiental, humano, social e económico. De uma forma, as paisagens verdes e naturais, foram substituídas por densas manchas cinzentas de construção, criando afastamento crescente do Homem com a Natureza. Os Jardins Verticais poderão ter um papel fundamental revestindo de forma verde e natural as fachadas dos edifícios, numa tentativa de colmatar o afastamento entre ambos. Para além destes aspectos, os Jardins Verticais proporcionam inúmeras vantagens para o edifício, de que se destacam a eficiência energética e acústica, a protecção da estrutura do edificado ou a melhoria da qualidade do ar interior. Estes também importantes para a envolvente, como na redução do efeito ilha de calor, no aumento da biodiversidade, na melhoria da qualidade do ar exterior, mas sobretudo porque proporcionam ao Homem uma sensação de saúde e conforto, exclusivo da Natureza. Tendo em conta o estado de degradação do edificado nas grandes cidades, e tomando como exemplo particular a cidade do Porto, o recurso aos Jardins Verticais poderá ser uma solução viável para a reabilitação urbana, mudando a imagem de degradação, propondo uma imagem mais “verde” e contribuindo para o nível de sustentabilidade. Partindo deste pressuposto, propõe-se como aplicação do conhecimento adquirido no estudo desenvolvido e aqui apresentado, o recurso a Jardins Verticais como estratégia de reabilitação de edifícios da cidade do Porto. Inspirado na técnica e mestria de Patrick Blanc, resultou um “pormenor-tipo”, como base para a aplicação de Jardins Verticais no edificado social da cidade, experimentado em 10 estudos práticos, tirando-se partido das vantagens supra-mencionadas.

A farmácia e a cosmética no século XIX em Portugal

Os cosméticos sempre estiveram presentes desde os primórdios da Humanidade, existindo actualmente uma enorme panóplia de produtos ao alcance dos consumidores. Desde sempre o homem se preocupou com a sua aparência e para tal utilizou os cosméticos como forma de realçar a sua beleza. Durante o século XIX a área dos cosméticos e da farmácia sofreu uma grande evolução devido à revolução industrial e ao aparecimento de novas tecnologias. No século XIX surgiram pela primeira vez métodos de eliminação de rugas, de embelezamento do rosto e na higiene deu-se importância aos banhos com a criação dos balneários públicos. A crescente procura de beleza levou à criação de produtos cosméticos diversos, alguns dos quais perigosos para a saúde, sendo este um dos pontos a abordar nesta tese. Os cosméticos serão abordados como um bem de luxo num país que vivia em extrema pobreza. Serão abordados outros pontos como a importância de produtos cosméticos estrangeiros e efectuar-se-á uma comparação entre um cosmético actual e um do século XIX. A Farmácia em Portugal sofreu profundas alterações no século XIX. A botica deu lugar à farmácia e a produção de medicamentos que anteriormente era feita artesanalmente, passou a ser feita industrialmente. A extinção das ordens religiosas em Portugal em 1834 foi crucial para o desenvolvimento das farmácias. O encerramento das farmácias dos mosteiros originou uma maior viabilização e abrangência territorial dos estabelecimentos privados. Este foi o momento na história da farmácia em Portugal que levou à formação do associativismo. O avanço da produção científica e da literatura técnico profissional que se verificava por toda a Europa também se repercutiu em Portugal. Como exemplo da Literatura Farmacêutica Portuguesa neste século temos a publicação do Codigo Pharmaceutico lusitano. Com o surgimento da era industrial e consequente aumento dos bens produzidos, aperfeiçoou-se a técnica publicitária que deixou de ser unicamente informativa para ser mais persuasiva e agressiva levando o consumidor a comprar. Com esta tese de mestrado tenta-se demonstrar o impacto da revolução industrial no Farmacêutico em Portugal e avaliar a sua resposta às necessidades de mercado. O profissional de saúde deverá apreender rapidamente conhecimento de modo a não perder a sua identidade.

The Mersey Basin: an historical assessment of water quality from an anecdotal perspective

The freshwaters of the Mersey Basin have been seriously polluted for over 200 years. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the water quality was relatively clean before the start of the Industrial Revolution. The development of the cotton and chemical industries increased the pollution load to rivers, and consequently a decline in biota supported by the water was observed. Industrial prosperity led to a rapid population increase and an increase in domestic effluent. Poor treatment of this waste meant that it was a significant pollutant. As industry intensified during the 19th century, the mix of pollutants grew more complex. Eventually, in the 1980s, the government acknowledged the problem and more effort was made to improve the water quality. Knowledge of social and economic history, as well as anecdotal evidence, has been used in this paper to extrapolate the changes in water quality that occurred. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Nitrogen management is essential to prevent tropical oil palm plantations from causing ozone pollution

More than half the world's rainforest has been lost to agriculture since the Industrial Revolution. Among the most widespread tropical crops is oil palm (Elaeis guineensis): global production now exceeds 35 million tonnes per year. In Malaysia, for example, 13% of land area is now oil palm plantation, compared with 1% in 1974. There are enormous pressures to increase palm oil production for food, domestic products, and, especially, biofuels. Greater use of palm oil for biofuel production is predicated on the assumption that palm oil is an “environmentally friendly” fuel feedstock. Here we show, using measurements and models, that oil palm plantations in Malaysia directly emit more oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds than rainforest. These compounds lead to the production of ground-level ozone (O3), an air pollutant that damages human health, plants, and materials, reduces crop productivity, and has effects on the Earth's climate. Our measurements show that, at present, O3 concentrations do not differ significantly over rainforest and adjacent oil palm plantation landscapes. However, our model calculations predict that if concentrations of oxides of nitrogen in Borneo are allowed to reach those currently seen over rural North America and Europe, ground-level O3 concentrations will reach 100 parts per billion (109) volume (ppbv) and exceed levels known to be harmful to human health. Our study provides an early warning of the urgent need to develop policies that manage nitrogen emissions if the detrimental effects of palm oil production on air quality and climate are to be avoided.

Nitrogen management is essential to prevent tropical oil palm plantations from causing ground-level ozone pollution

More than half the world's rainforest has been lost to agriculture since the Industrial Revolution. Among the most widespread tropical crops is oil palm (Elaeis guineensis): global production now exceeds 35 million tonnes per year. In Malaysia, for example, 13% of land area is now oil palm plantation, compared with 1% in 1974. There are enormous pressures to increase palm oil production for food, domestic products, and, especially, biofuels. Greater use of palm oil for biofuel production is predicated on the assumption that palm oil is an "environmentally friendly'' fuel feedstock. Here we show, using measurements and models, that oil palm plantations in Malaysia directly emit more oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds than rainforest. These compounds lead to the production of ground-level ozone (O-3), an air pollutant that damages human health, plants, and materials, reduces crop productivity, and has effects on the Earth's climate. Our measurements show that, at present, O-3 concentrations do not differ significantly over rainforest and adjacent oil palm plantation landscapes. However, our model calculations predict that if concentrations of oxides of nitrogen in Borneo are allowed to reach those currently seen over rural North America and Europe, ground-level O-3 concentrations will reach 100 parts per billion (10(9)) volume (ppbv) and exceed levels known to be harmful to human health. Our study provides an early warning of the urgent need to develop policies that manage nitrogen emissions if the detrimental effects of palm oil production on air quality and climate are to be avoided.