Tuberculosis in Texas correctional facilities between 2005--2009

It has been well documented that inmates incarcerated in prisons and correctional facilities exhibit higher incidence and prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) disease than the general population. This has public health implications because correctional systems may serve as reservoirs for TB disease that can lead to TB outbreaks in the facilities or can be spread to the general public once inmates are released. Although Texas has one of the largest correctional systems in both the US and the world, little is known about TB prevalence and incidence among Texas inmates. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between TB incidence and incarceration in Texas correctional facilities and investigate differences in various demographic factors. ^ The study used the national TB database from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to calculate and compare the overall incidences of TB disease among correctional facility inmates and similar non-inmates in Texas during 2005–2009. Data were also stratified by age, gender, race/ethnicity, birth status, and HIV status and compared between inmates and non-inmates using chi-squared analysis and relative risks with 95% confidence intervals to assess any significant differences. ^ Results suggest that the overall TB incidence among Texas correctional facility inmates per year (88.6 per 100,000) was significantly higher than that of Texas non-inmates (6.3 per 100,000); a 14 fold difference. Relative risk analyses by gender, race/ethnicity, and those with HIV infection found that the TB incidences for all these demographics were significantly and consistently higher in inmates compared to non-inmates. In particular, Hispanic inmates were more likely to develop TB than their non-inmate counterparts by a relative risk of 23.9 (95% CI 19.4–29.4). Likewise, both male and female inmates were more likely to develop TB than non-inmates (RR = 10.2, 95% CI 8.5–12.2; RR = 20.8, 95% CI 12.2–25.3, respectively), although female inmates unconventionally exhibited a higher TB incidence and relative risk than males inmates, which has not been shown. Among those with HIV infections, correctional facility inmates were 2.6 times were likely to develop TB disease than non-inmates (95% CI 1.5–4.4). ^ Inmates in Texas correctional facilities have a higher incidence of TB than non-inmates. Part of this higher risk may be because a large proportion of inmates come from populations already at high risks for TB, such as foreign born immigrants, those infected with HIV, and low SES groups such as many racial/ethnic minorities. Thus, these results may be used as a basis for more controlled and detailed research in the area, and to further characterize incarceration as a risk factor for TB incidence. They may also bring much needed attention about this health disparity to public health officials, legislators, and health administrators to expand and improve TB control in Texas correctional facilities, particularly among inmates released to the community, and reduce the risk of TB transmission to the general population.^

Nushagak: an historic trading center in southwestern Alaska / [by] James W. VanStone.

v.62(1972)

Chicago and vicinity, Illinois, 1953 (Image 3 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, topographic paper map entitled: Chicago and vicinity, Ill.-Ind. : sheet no. 3 of 3 (Blue Island), 1953, mapped, edited, and published by the Geological Survey. It was published in 1957. Scale 1:24,000. The source map was compiled from 1:24,000 scale maps of Calumet Lake, Blue Island, Palos Park, Sag Bridge, Mokena, Tinley Park, Harvey, and Calumet City 1953 7.5 minute quadrangles. Hydrography from U.S. Lake Survey Chart 755 (1:15,000). This layer is image 3 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Illinois East State Plane Coordinate System NAD27 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1201). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 5 feet. Depths shown by isolines and soundings. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Update--HIV/AIDS in correctional facilities /

Mode of access: Internet.

Earth science field trip, guide leaflet : Metropolis area : Massac, Pope and Johnson Counties : Paducah, Brownfield, Vienna and La Center Quadrangles.

"April 11, 1959."

The Illinois consumer's role in energy conservation /

"This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation."

Geology and mineral resources of the Joliet quadrangle ... /

Reprinted from Illinois. State geological survey. Bulletin no. 51.

The PAX II picture processing system at the University of Illinois, programming manual;

"C00-1018-1174."

Semi-annual technical report of the Center for Advanced Computation : October 1, 1972 - March 31, 1973 /

Includes bibliographies (p. 17-18).

Waste Management and Research Center annual report fiscal year 1997 /

"Illinois Waste Management and Research Center annual report fiscal year 1997"--Cover.

Waste Management and Research Center annual report fiscal year 1996 /

"Illinois Waste Management and Research Center annual report fiscal year 1996"--Cover.

User-side subsidies for shared ride taxi service in Danville, Illinois : phase I /

Mode of access: Internet.

Joint Conference of the Illinois Coal Operators Association, the Coal Operators Association of the Fifth and Ninth Districts of Illinois, the Central Illinois Coal Operators Association and the United Mine Workers of America, District No. 12. Peoria, Illinois, April 2 to May 5, 1914.

Mode of access: Internet.

Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books.

Latest issue consulted: Vol. 59, no. 1 (Sept. 2005)

Annual report of the Illinois State Dairymen's Association.

Description based on: 33rd (1907).