Seletividade de herbicidas residuais ao feijão-comum durante o período inicial da fase vegetativa

Avaliou-se neste trabalho a seletividade de herbicidas residuais, aplicados em doses crescentes, na condição de pré-emergência, sobre o crescimento do feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) durante o início da fase vegetativa da cultura. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e com tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, utilizando-se cinco repetições. O cultivar de feijão utilizado para avaliar os efeitos dos tratamentos foi o IPR Graúna. O fator A foi composto de cinco herbicidas de aplicação em pré-emergência do feijoeiro comum, e o fator B, de doses crescentes desses herbicidas. Os herbicidas foram alachlor, dimethenamid, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin e trifluralin, e as doses corresponderam a 0, 100, 150, 200 e 300% da dose máxima registrada para uso na cultura do feijão-comum. As variáveis avaliadas foram emergência de plântulas, intoxicação visual das plantas e massa seca das plantas, aos 05, 20 e 25 dias após a emergência, respectivamente. Alachlor não foi seletivo ao feijão-comum, ao passo que dimethenamid, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin e trifluralin o foram, quando aspergidos até a máxima dose registrada. O nível de seletividade dos herbicidas dimethenamid e S-metolachlor variou de acordo com a dose aplicada, enquanto o de pendimethalin e trifluralin não se modificou.

Nível crítico de dano de papuã em feijão-comum

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estimar níveis críticos de dano de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) em feijão-comum, em situações onde a planta daninha foi manejada precocemente e ocorreu reinfestação, e avaliar as alterações que sofre em decorrência de cultivares de feijão-comum e variáveis explicativas da infestação. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, sendo um com o cultivar UFT-06 (grupo Carioca) e o outro com o cultivar IPR Graúna (grupo Preto). Os níveis de infestação de papuã foram obtidos com quatro herbicidas residuais, aplicados em duas doses cada, mais testemunhas com e sem controle de papuã. A densidade, massa fresca e massa seca do papuã foram avaliadas no início e no final do período crítico de prevenção da interferência, e o rendimento de grãos da cultura foi avaliado por ocasião da colheita. O nível crítico de dano de papuã não teve valor elevado nessa situação (0,4 a 0,7%); todavia, pode haver benefício em controlá-lo de acordo com a infestação e o custo de controle. O nível crítico de dano foi sempre maior para o cultivar IPR Graúna, em relação ao UTF-06. A densidade e as massas fresca e seca das plantas de papuã explicaram adequadamente a perda de produção de feijão-comum pelo modelo de regressão não linear da hipérbole retangular.

[Kirjallisuutta]

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

A strategy for obtaining social benefits from the gene revolution

The strategy described in the present paper offers details about the possibility for Brazil to play a more substantial role in the gene revolution. If successfully applied, the powerful science-based technology currently available in Brazil can contribute to extend the benefits of the gene revolution to the poorest countries, very much like the Green Revolution did in the past, thereby reducing the hunger syndrome which claimed the lives of millions of people in some Asian countries, particularly Pakistan and India, decades ago. In his visit to Brazil in February 2004, Norman Borlaug had the opportunity to witness the success of Brazilian agriculture. At a Conference held at ESALQ - Superior School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, he stated that the 21st century revolution will come from Brazil in the area of agriculture. He also said that reducing hunger is essential for the world to achieve socioeconomic stability. A central question remains unanswered: who will fund this revolution? The FAO 2003-2004 Annual Report listed the barriers preventing the gene revolution from reaching the poorest countries: inadequate regulatory procedures - Intellectual Property Rights and Biosafety, poorly functioning seed delivering systems and weak domestic plant breeding capacity; all are discussed in this paper.

The best practices in the formation phase of Sino-Finnish joint ventures in China: For Finnish software companies

This study discusses the formation phase of Chinese-Finnish joint ventures in China. The purpose of this thesis is to create best practices for Finnish software companies in forming a joint venture with a local Chinese company in China. Therefore, the main research question, in what are the best practices for forming Sino-Finnish joint ventures in China for Finnish software firms, is examined through four different themes within the joint venture formation phase; the motives, the partner se- lection, the choice of a joint venture type and joint venture negotiations. The theoretical background of the study consists of literature relating to the establishment process of Sino-Western joint ventures in China. The empirical research conducted for this study is based on the expert interviews. The empirical data was gathered via nine semi-structured interviews with both Chinese and Finnish experts in software and technology industry, who have experience or knowledge in establishing Sino-Finnish joint ventures in China. Thematic analysis was used to cat- egorize and interpret the interview data. In addition, a thematic network was built to act as a basis of the analysis. According to the main findings, the main motives for Finnish software companies to establish a joint venture in China are lack of skills or experience, little resources to enter on their own, and China’s large market. The main motives for Chinese companies are to gain new technology or man- agerial skills, and expand internationally. The intellectual property rights (IPR) have recently im- proved a lot in China, but the Finnish companies’ knowledge on IPR is inadequate. The Finnish software companies should conduct a market and industry research in order to understand their po- sition in the market and to find a suitable location and potential joint venture partners. It is essential to define partner selection criteria and partner attributes. In addition, it is important to build the joint venture around complementary motives and a win-win situation between the joint venture partners. The Finnish companies should be prepared that the joint venture negotiations will be challenging and they will take a long time. The challenges can be overcome by gaining understanding about the Chinese culture and business environment. The findings of this study enhance understanding of the joint venture formation phase in China. This study provides guidelines for Finnish software companies to establish a joint venture in China. In addition, this study brings new insights to the Sino-Western joint venture literature with its soft- ware industry context. Future research is, however, necessary in order to gain an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of a joint venture as an entry mode into China for Finnish soft- ware companies

Concentrações salinas combinadas com tempos de hidratação: efeito no tempo de cocção em feijão

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da adição de diferentes doses de NaCl na água de hidratação, durante diferentes tempos, buscando uma redução no tempo de cocção. O Brasil, embora seja considerado um grande produtor e um dos maiores consumidores de feijão, está reduzindo gradativamente o consumo. Sendo assim, é necessário dispor de técnicas que facilitem o preparo do feijão, podendo dessa forma reverter a tendência de consumo e como consequência incentivar a produção. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto de Melhoramento e Genética Molecular da UDESC - IMEGEM, em Lages - SC. Foram avaliados os efeitos de três concentrações de NaCL (0, 50 e 125 g.L-1) em dois genótipos de feijão (Pérola e IPR Uirapuru) hidratados durante três tempos (0,5, 9 e 18 horas). Os resultados revelaram um efeito significativo das doses de NaCl na redução do tempo de cocção. A adição de 56,50 g.L-1 de NaCl foi suficiente para reduzir significativamente o tempo de cocção. A hidratação dos grãos de feijão propiciou a redução no tempo de cocção, sendo necessárias 12,5 horas para a máxima hidratação, independente dos genótipos avaliados.

Effect of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits, and subunits of gliadin on physicochemical parameters of different wheat genotypes

Identification of functional properties of wheat flour by specific tests allows genotypes with appropriate characteristics to be selected for specific industrial uses. The objective of wheat breeding programs is to improve the quality of germplasm bank in order to be able to develop wheat with suitable gluten strength and extensibility for bread making. The aim of this study was to evaluate 16 wheat genotypes by correlating both glutenin subunits of high and low molecular weight and gliadin subunits with the physicochemical characteristics of the grain. Protein content, sedimentation volume, sedimentation index, and falling number values were analyzed after the grains were milled. Hectoliter weight and mass of 1000 seeds were also determined. The glutenin and gliadin subunits were separated using polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The data were evaluated using variance analysis, Pearson's correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The IPR 85, IPR Catuara TM, T 091015, and T 091069 genotypes stood out from the others, which indicate their possibly superior grain quality with higher sedimentation volume, higher sedimentation index, and higher mass of 1000 seeds; these genotypes possessed the subunits 1 (Glu-A1), 5 + 10 (Glu-D1), c (Glu-A3), and b (Glu-B3), with exception of T 091069 genotype that possessed the g allele instead of b in the Glu-B3.

Equação de viabilidade para determinar a longevidade de sementes de trigo sob condições diferenciadas em armazenamento convencional

O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a equação simplificada de viabilidade desenvolvida por Andreoli (1998) para predizer a longevidade de sementes de trigo das cultivares BRS 210, BRS 208, CD 104, IAPAR 78 e IPR 85, em condições de armazenamento convencional, nos municípios de Mauá da Serra e Londrina, PR. A equação simplificada é dada pelo modelo, Vp = Vi - (tgbeta).p, em que Vp é a viabilidade em ‘probit’ no período p, Vi é a germinação inicial do lote, e tgbeta é a taxa de deterioração da semente para cada cultivar. Os lotes de sementes escolhidos ao acaso foram divididos em quatro partes, embalados em sacaria de polipropileno trançado e armazenados por 300 dias em armazéns convencionais nos dois municípios. Os dados de germinação foram transformados em ‘probit’ e a declividade da reta (tgbeta) foi calculada entre 0 e 30 dias. As taxas de deterioração variaram de 0,4 x 10-3 a 1,3 x 10-3, sendo que nas condições de Londrina as taxas foram maiores, indicando que a germinação da semente declinou mais rapidamente do que em Mauá da Serra. O modelo prediz com acurácia a longevidade das sementes de trigo, independente do genótipo, em armazém convencional. A germinação inicial das sementes (V1) não afetou a taxa de deterioração.

Adequação do teste de germinação para sementes de nabo forrageiro

O estabelecimento de condições ideais para condução do teste de germinação de sementes de nabo forrageiro é extremamente útil para avaliação da qualidade de lotes. Para definir a temperatura ótima e substrato ideal para a avaliação da germinação de sementes de nabo forrageiro, foram utilizadas sementes de diferentes lotes das cultivares CATI AL-1000 e IPR 116. A semeadura foi efetuada nos substratos papel e areia, e as sementes, mantidas em seis regimes de temperatura constante (15ºC; 20ºC; 25ºC; 30ºC; 35ºC) e um alternado (20ºC-30ºC). A qualidade das sementes de nabo forrageiro foi avaliada pelas determinações do grau de umidade, teste de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, emergência, estande inicial, índice de velocidade de emergência e teste de sanidade. A temperatura de 20ºC-30ºC e o substrato areia são condições adequadas para a realização do teste de germinação das sementes de nabo forrageiro das cultivares CATI AL-1000 e IPR 116.

Proteína e qualidade de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em função da adubação nitrogenada em plantio direto

Além de limitar a produtividade do feijoeiro, a deficiência de nitrogênio pode resultar na produção de sementes com baixo teor de proteína e baixo potencial fisiológico. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura sobre o teor de proteína e o potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão das cultivares (cv.) IPR Juriti e Pérola, cultivadas em parcelas (solo tipo = Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico), em sistema de plantio direto sob densa palhada de milheto na Estação Experimental da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, em Selvíria, MS (classificação climática de Köppen = Aw), durante o outono (março/junho) e inverno (junho/setembro) de 2005. Para cada cultivar foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e o arranjo fatorial (5 x 2) entre doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg.ha-1) aplicadas em cobertura (na forma de uréia, contendo 45% de N) nos estádios fenológicos V4-3 e V4-6, correspondentes à completa emissão da terceira e sexta folha trifoliolada da haste principal. A aplicação de até 120 kg.ha-1 de N no estádio fenológico V4-3 promoveu maior acúmulo de proteína bruta na semente (dose 0 = 17,6% e 16,3%; 120 kg.ha-1 de N = 24,1% e 22,3% para as cv. IPR Juriti e Pérola, respectivamente) em relação ao estádio fenológico V4-6 (dose 0 = 19,2% e 18,3%; 120 kg.ha-1 de N = 21,3% e 20,3% para as cv. IPR Juriti e Pérola, respectivamente). O teor de proteína solúvel correspondeu a cerca de 90% da proteína bruta da semente da cv. IPR Juriti, contra 72% da cv. Pérola. As albuminas e as glutelinas representaram cerca de 80% da proteína solúvel da semente e as prolaminas a menor fração, 0,6%. Conclui-se que a aplicação de até 120 kg.ha-1 de N no estádio fenológico V4-3, em sistema de plantio direto sob densa quantidade de palha de milheto, propicia maior acúmulo de proteína bruta na semente de feijão em relação à aplicação no estádio V4-6. A dose de 90 kg.ha-1 de N propicia maior acúmulo de proteína solúvel na semente, sem, contudo, exercer influência acentuada sobre o seu potencial fisiológico.

The best practices in the formation phase of Sino-Finnish joint ventures in China: For Finnish software companies

This study discusses the formation phase of Chinese-Finnish joint ventures in China. The purpose of this thesis is to create best practices for Finnish software companies in forming a joint venture with a local Chinese company in China. Therefore, the main research question, in what are the best practices for forming Sino-Finnish joint ventures in China for Finnish software firms, is examined through four different themes within the joint venture formation phase; the motives, the partner se-lection, the choice of a joint venture type and joint venture negotiations. The theoretical background of the study consists of literature relating to the establishment process of Sino-Western joint ventures in China. The empirical research conducted for this study is based on the expert interviews. The empirical data was gathered via nine semi-structured interviews with both Chinese and Finnish experts in software and technology industry, who have experience or knowledge in establishing Sino-Finnish joint ventures in China. Thematic analysis was used to cat-egorize and interpret the interview data. In addition, a thematic network was built to act as a basis of the analysis. According to the main findings, the main motives for Finnish software companies to establish a joint venture in China are lack of skills or experience, little resources to enter on their own, and China’s large market. The main motives for Chinese companies are to gain new technology or man-agerial skills, and expand internationally. The intellectual property rights (IPR) have recently im-proved a lot in China, but the Finnish companies’ knowledge on IPR is inadequate. The Finnish software companies should conduct a market and industry research in order to understand their po-sition in the market and to find a suitable location and potential joint venture partners. It is essential to define partner selection criteria and partner attributes. In addition, it is important to build the joint venture around complementary motives and a win-win situation between the joint venture partners. The Finnish companies should be prepared that the joint venture negotiations will be challenging and they will take a long time. The challenges can be overcome by gaining understanding about the Chinese culture and business environment. The findings of this study enhance understanding of the joint venture formation phase in China. This study provides guidelines for Finnish software companies to establish a joint venture in China. In addition, this study brings new insights to the Sino-Western joint venture literature with its soft-ware industry context. Future research is, however, necessary in order to gain an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of a joint venture as an entry mode into China for Finnish soft-ware companies.

Pk-yrityksen jatkajaksi mielivän kasvuorientaatio

In Finland, entrepreneurship policy priorities are encouragement and support for business innovation, growth and internationalization. SMEs are having economically significant employment and wealth creation potential. During the following years, there will be plenty of businesses for sale on the Finnish market. The challenge is to find and identify growth-oriented, talented, innovative, capable to rapid experimentation new entrepreneurs, in whose hands the company's growth targets are going to be realized. In these research is examined frameworks of the company's growth and the factors influencing growth on the basis of previous studies and literature. In addition, the aim is to create a suitable framework to identify the early stage of entrepreneurs, who are growth-oriented. The other aim is create the supposed directions of influences for growth-orientation. The objectives of the work of the results is to act as an umbrella topic, contextual analysis and forming a new applied framework for further studies. The results of these research are the background variables, the desire for growth are composed of motives, attitudes and desires; the skills for growth are composed of capabilities, experiences, self-efficacy and the willingness for risk-taking; the opportunities for growth are composed of IPR, financing, megatrends and other observed chances.

Multinational drug corporations, intellectual property rights and the Canadian state : a historical and critical analysis

This study critically analyzes the historical role and influence of multinational drug cotpOrations and multinational corporations in general; the u.s. government and the Canadian state in negotiating the global recognition ofIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) under GATT/NAFTA. This process began in 1969 when the Liberal government, in response to high prices for brand-name drugs amended the Patent Act to introduce compulsory licensing by reducing monopoly protection from 20 to seven years. Although the financial position ofthe multinational drug industry was not affected, it campaigned vigorously to change the 1969 legislation. In 1987, the Patent Act was amended to extend protection to 10 years as a condition for free trade talks with the u.s. Nonetheless, the drug industry was not satisfied and accused Canada of providing a bad example to other nations. Therefore, it continued to campaign for global recognition ofIPR laws under GATT. Following the conclusion of the GATTI Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement (TRIPS) in 1991, the multinational drug industry and the American government, to the surprise of many, were still not satisfied and sought to implement harsher conditions under NAFTA. The Progressive Conservative government readily agreed without any objections or consideration for the social consequences. As a result, Bill C-91 was introduced. It abandoned compulsory licenses and was made retroactive from December 21, 1991. It is the contention of this thesis that the economic survival of multinational corporations on a global scale depends on the role and functions of the modem state. Similarly, the existence of the state depends on the ideological-political and socioeconomic assistance it gives to multinational corporations on a national and international scale. This dialectical relation of the state and multinational corporations is explored in our theoretical and historical analysis of their role in public policy.

Développement, mise à l'essai et évaluation d'une intervention de pratique réflexive avec des infirmières oeuvrant auprès de personnes âgées hospitalisées

Cette recherche visait à développer, mettre à l’essai et évaluer les effets d’une intervention de pratique réflexive (IPR) avec des infirmières œuvrant auprès d’aînés hospitalisés. Fondée sur la théorie du Human Caring de Watson (1979) et sur le modèle de réflexion structurée de Johns (2006), l’étude a été réalisée au moyen d’un devis mixte. Le développement et la mise à l’essai de l’IPR ont été réalisés au moyen d’une approche qualitative de type recherche-action. L’évaluation de l’intervention a été effectuée à l’aide d’une approche qualitative et d’une approche quantitative de type quasi-expérimental avec groupe de comparaison (GC). Au terme de l’IPR, les infirmières étaient invitées à décrire les retombées perçues de cette intervention, soit les habiletés et les savoirs infirmiers développés suite à une pratique réflexive (PR), ainsi que leur perception de la PR comme moyen d’amélioration de leur pratique professionnelle. De plus, comparativement à un GC, trois hypothèses étaient formulées : les infirmières du groupe expérimental (GE) ayant bénéficié d’une IPR amélioreraient significativement leurs attitudes et leurs connaissances à l’égard des aînés; identifieraient davantage d’interventions infirmières adaptées à la clientèle âgée hospitalisée, et obtiendraient un niveau de réflexion supérieur. L’étude a été effectuée auprès de 43 infirmières (GE = 22; GC = 21) travaillant dans un centre hospitalier universitaire. L’IPR s’est déroulée sur une période de 22 semaines. Elle comprenait huit ateliers thématiques d’une durée de 75 minutes chacun, dispensés aux trois semaines, combinés à des lectures et à des exercices individuels. L’IPR portait sur trois thèmes centraux du séjour hospitalier des aînés : la médication, la mobilisation et la planification du congé. Des données qualitatives et quantitatives ont été colligées par le biais de questionnaires ouverts (vignettes, écrit réflexif) et standardisés (Kogan’s Attitudes Toward Old People Scale, Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz) pré et post intervention pour les deux groupes. Les infirmières du GE ont également complété un questionnaire sur l’expérience de la PR et certaines d’entre elles ont participé à des groupes de discussion focalisée. Une analyse de contenu thématique, selon l’approche de Miles et Huberman (2003), a été réalisée sur les données qualitatives, alors que des tests de classement de Wilcoxon ont été effectués sur les données quantitatives. Les résultats soulignent que les infirmières ont développé différentes habiletés nécessaires à une PR telles que l’introspection, l’ouverture aux autres et l’analyse critique. Les participantes reconnaissent que l’IPR leur a notamment permis de développer des savoirs empirique, éthique, esthétique, personnel et émancipatoire. De plus, elles perçoivent que l’IPR est un moyen d’amélioration de la pratique professionnelle puisqu’elle peut, entre autres, contrer la routinisation des soins. Par ailleurs, comparativement au GC, les infirmières du GE ont amélioré significativement leurs attitudes et leurs connaissances à l’égard des aînés. Cependant, aucune différence significative entre le GE et le GC n’a été révélée suite à l’IPR quant au nombre d’interventions adaptées aux situations vécues par les aînés hospitalisés et au niveau de réflexion atteint. Les hypothèses de recherche ont ainsi été partiellement soutenues. Cette étude démontre le potentiel d’une IPR comme approche de développement professionnel novateur qui valorise l’expérience des infirmières, tout en leur permettant de modifier positivement leurs attitudes à l’égard des aînés et d’ajuster leurs connaissances aux besoins de cette clientèle hautement fragile et vulnérable.

Synthesis of new zirconium diketiminate complexes and catalytic applications

Résumé: Dans le but de préparer des complexes de Zr pour la catalyse homogène de la polymérisation des lactides et de l’hydroamination des olefines, l’elaboration et l’optimisation d’une méthode systématique et efficace de synthèse des ligands dikétimines ayant différents substituants alkyles (R) à la position N,N’ a été realisée. Des dikétimines (nacnacRH) symétriques ont été obtenus avec une pureté de plus de 95 % et un rendement de 65 % lorsque R = Me et des rendements allant de 80 à 95 % lorsque le groupe R = n-Pr, i-Pr, i-Bu, Bu, Cy et (+)-CH(Me)Ph. La synthèse des dikétimines ayant des substituants N-alkyls différents, dite asymétriques, donne toujours un mélange statistique de trois ligands: nacnacR,R’H, nacnacR,RH et nacnacR’,R’H qui n’ont pu être separés. Seuls les dikétimines asymétriques avec un substituant N-alkyl et un autre N-aryl (nacnacR,ArH) ont été obtenus avec des rendements plus élevés que celui du mélange statistique. Par la suite, la complexation de ces ligands bidentés au Zr, la caractérisation de ces complexes et l’investigation de la réactivité ont été étudiés. Les complexes de Zr de type (nacnacR)2ZrCl2 ont été obtenus par deux voies de synthèse principales: la première consiste à traiter le sel de lithium du ligand avec le ZrCl4. La seconde est la réaction du ligand avec les complexes neutres d’alkyl-zirconium(IV) par protonation de l'alkyle coordonné. En solution, les complexes obtenus de (nacnacR)2ZrX2 possèdent un comportement dynamique via un « Bailar-twist » et les paramètres d'activation de cette isomérisation ont été calculés. Le complexe octaèdrique (nacnacBn)2ZrCl2 n'est pas réactif dans la carbozirconation et son alkylation n'était pas possible par l’échange des chlorures avec les alkyles. L’analogue diméthylé (nacnacBn)2ZrMe2 peut être préparé par alkylation du ZrCl4 avant la complexation du ligand. On a également observé que ce dernier n’est pas réactif dans la carbozirconation. L‘analogue diéthoxyde (nacnacBn)2Zr(OEt)2 est obtenu par échange des diméthyles avec les éthoxydes. La polymérisation du lactide avec celui-ci en tant que précurseur est relativement lente et ne peut être effectuée que dans le monomère fondu. Par conséquent, pour résoudre les problèmes rencontrés avec les complexes de zirconium (dikétiminates non-pontés), un ligand dikétimines pontés par le diaminocyclohexane, (±)-C6H10(nacnacXylH)2, LH2, (Xyl = 2,6-diméthylphényle) a été préparé. La complexation de ce ligand tetradenté au metal a été réalisée par deux voies de synthèse; la première est la réaction du sel de lithium de ce ligand avec le ZrCl4(THF)2. La deuxième est la déprotonation du ligand neutre avec le Zr(NMe2)4 et l’élimination du diméthylamine. Des complexes du type: (±)-C6H10(nacnacXylH)2ZrX2 avec X = Cl, NMe2 ont été obtenus. Les ligands de chlorure sont dans ce cas facilement remplaçables par des éthoxydes ou des méthyles. On a observé l’activité la plus élevée jamais observée pour un complexe d’un métal du groupe 4 avec le complexe de (±)-C6H10(nacnacXylH)2Zr(OEt)2 dans la polymérisation de lactide. L'étude cinétique a montré que la loi de vitesse est du premier ordre en catalyseur et en monomère et la constante de vitesse est k = 14 (1) L mol-1 s-1. L'analyse des polymères a montré l’obtention de masses moléculaires faibles et l’abscence de stéréocontrôle. La réaction de (±)-C6H10(nacnacXylH)2ZrCl2 avec le triflate d’argent donne le (±)-C6H10(nacnacXylH)2Zr(OTf)2. Le complexe bis-triflate obtenu possède une activité catalytique elevée pour les additions du type aza-Michael. L’utilisation du R,R-C6H10(nacnacXylH)2Zr(OTf)2 énantiopur comme catalyseur, dans les additions du type aza-Michael asymétriques donne le produit desiré avec un excès énantiomérique de 19%.