Exendin-(9-39) is an inverse agonist of the murine glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: implications for basal intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels and beta-cell glucose competence.

The effect of exendin-(9-39), a described antagonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, was evaluated on the formation of cAMP- and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by the conditionally immortalized murine betaTC-Tet cells. These cells have a basal intracellular cAMP level that can be increased by GLP-1 with an EC50 of approximately 1 nM and can be decreased dose dependently by exendin-(9-39). This latter effect was receptor dependent, as a beta-cell line not expressing the GLP-1 receptor was not affected by exendin-(9-39). It was also not due to the endogenous production of GLP-1, because this effect was observed in the absence of detectable preproglucagon messenger RNA levels and radioimmunoassayable GLP-1. Importantly, GSIS was shown to be sensitive to this basal level of cAMP, as perifusion of betaTC-Tet cells in the presence of exendin-(9-39) strongly reduced insulin secretion. This reduction of GSIS, however, was observed only with growth-arrested, not proliferating, betaTC-Tet cells; it was also seen with nontransformed mouse beta-cells perifused in similar conditions. These data therefore demonstrated that 1) exendin-(9-39) is an inverse agonist of the murine GLP-1 receptor; 2) the decreased basal cAMP levels induced by this peptide inhibit the secretory response of betaTC-Tet cells and mouse pancreatic islets to glucose; 3) as this effect was observed only with growth-arrested cells, this indicates that the mechanism by which cAMP leads to potentiation of insulin secretion is different in proliferating and growth-arrested cells; and 4) the presence of the GLP-1 receptor, even in the absence of bound peptide, is important for maintaining elevated intracellular cAMP levels and, therefore, the glucose competence of the beta-cells.

Benefícios dos Empregados Segundo Nrf 21 e IAS 19 e 26 Perspectivas de Aplicação em Cabo Verde

A problemática do reconhecimento, da mensuração, da divulgação e apresentação dos benefícios dos empregados nas demonstrações financeiras pelas empresas, tem sido uma das grandes preocupações das autoridades, e principalmente das associações profissionais e sindicais. Este trabalho teve como objectivo principal, a análise da IAS 19 – Benefícios dos Empregado e IAS 26- Contabilização e Relato dos Planos de Benefícios de Reforma. Foi efectuado o estudo e a interpretação das normas aplicáveis, realçando os aspectos mais importantes, assentes nos 4 pilares da contabilidade, bem como o destaque da origem, evolução histórica e aspectos jurídico-legais ligados as normas. Deu-se ênfase especial a introdução desta norma em Cabo Verde, através do Novo Normativo Contabilístico e as perspectivas da sua aplicação. Na vertente prática, foi feito um estudo de caso, aquando da separação da função comercial do Banco de Cabo Verde, dando origem ao Banco Comercial do Atlântico, respeitante aos benefícios concedidos por esta Instituição Bancária aos seus funcionários. Os resultados apontam para uma melhor contabilização dos benefícios dos empregados, tendo em conta as orientações do Novo Sistema Contabilístico, principalmente no que tange a apresentação e divulgação desses benefícios.

Con la secularización «se abrió el campo; el que quería venía». La formación de un grupo dirigente en el ámbito local boliviano, 1938/39-1948

Objetivo del artículo es estudiar los cambios más significativos producidos en la región de Guarayos (Noroeste del departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia) como consecuencia de la secularización de las misiones franciscanas en la zona, aprobada en 1938/39, y la implantación de la Delegación Nacional de Guarayos encargada de completar el proceso de incorporación de la población guaraya a la «nacionalidad». En particular, se analiza el papel desempeñado por los «administradores », nuevos «gestores» de los territorios y bienes que entre 1939 y 1948 detentaron todo el poder en cada uno de los poblados y fueron los responsables principales de la decadencia económica y despoblación de la región con la connivencia de sus superiores jerárquicos y la incapacidad del Estado para hacerse presente en la convulsa política boliviana del período marcada por continuados golpes militares.

Friday Facts, October 23, 2009, Vol. 39

Bureau of Nutrition and Health Promotion part of the Iowa Department of Public Health produces of weekly newsletter about the Iowa WIC Program for the State of Iowa citizen.

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, November 27, 2011, Vol. 11. no. 39

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, November 25, 2012, Vol. 12. no. 39

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.