Modelo conceitual para comissionamento de sistemas prediais.

Atualmente, os edifícios, em função dos avanços tecnológicos dos sistemas prediais, necessitam de maior planejamento, detalhamento de projetos, controles de execução e treinamento dos profissionais de operação e manutenção para atender os requisitos de projeto do proprietário, que têm como premissa os conceitos de sustentabilidade, qualidade e desempenho. A presença dos sofisticados sistemas de controle contribui para facilitar o gerenciamento de insumos como água e energia, porém pequenas falhas podem levar a grandes falhas de desempenho. As falhas na concepção dos edifícios têm início com a má interpretação, por parte da equipe técnica, dos requisitos dos proprietários. Assim, é necessário que na concepção do edifício sejam verificados todos os requisitos solicitados pelos proprietários para o edifício durante o seu ciclo de vida. A falha da comunicação percorre toda a cadeia produtiva do edifício gerando falhas de planejamento, projeto, execução e manutenção. O comissionamento é um processo para atender aos requisitos de projeto do proprietário, documentar as fases do ciclo de vida dos edifícios, capacitar os profissionais de operação e manutenção, com o objetivo de evitar as falhas, diminuir desperdícios e retrabalhos, melhorar a qualidade, o desempenho e a sustentabilidade dos edifícios. O comissionamento é mais difundido em sistemas prediais de ar condicionado e de iluminação tendo como meta a alta eficiência energética e a economia de água, sendo pouco utilizado no Brasil. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um modelo conceitual de comissionamento para sistemas prediais. A metodologia adotada para o desenvolvimento do modelo, utiliza a pesquisa bibliográfica como procedimento técnico. Para elucidar em que fase o comissionamento é aplicado, este foi relacionado com os outros conceitos utilizados no ciclo de vida do edifício como a coordenação de projeto, o gerenciamento de execução, o gerenciamento de facilidades, a qualidade, o desempenho, a sustentabilidade. Para o desenvolvimento do modelo conceitual é apresentado um fluxo das fases do ciclo de vida e respectivas etapas do comissionamento e outro fluxo com a relação de documentos gerados em cada fase. O resultado, ou seja, o modelo conceitual dá as diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de um comissionamento por meio da descrição das atividades, das competências e dos produtos gerados em cada etapa do comissionamento, conforme as fases do ciclo do edifício. Este trabalho contribui para difundir o comissionamento e embasar a sua aplicação em edifícios.

Termografía infrarroja aplicada en cúpulas históricas: identificación y análisis de sistemas constructivos

El uso específico de la termografía infrarroja como técnica no destructiva permite el estudio de sistemas constructivos en edificios históricos (caracterización de materiales, disposición constructiva o identificación de elementos originales). Así, se muestra una aplicación práctica en templos en la provincia de Alicante construidos entre finales del siglo XVII y principios del xix, donde se analiza la complementariedad de las imágenes termográficas de 140 cúpulas (junto con datos recopilados in situ, dibujos originales y levantamiento de planos) como herramienta de estudio en fases de análisis previas a una restauración. En conclusión, la investigación detalla una aplicación termográfica al estudio de distintos aspectos como el reconocimiento de materiales empleados (90,71 % ladrillo macizo, 6,43 % ladrillo hueco y 2,86 % piedra), variaciones de espesor interior y exterior (75,71 % perfil apuntado, 17,86 % perfil semiesférico y 6,43 % perfil rebajado), caracterización de grietas/fisuras (estado de conservación) e identificación de cúpulas originales (96,43 %) o restauradas (3,57 %).

Aplicación del dibujo arquitectónico en 3D para el análisis histórico de los sistemas constructivos industrializados

La condición tridimensional de la construcción edificatoria precisa del uso del dibujo en 3D como la mejor herramienta de proyecto y transmisión de conocimientos técnicos y formales. El objetivo de esta comunicación es mostrar la aplicación de la expresión gráfica en 3D en un análisis histórico sobre la evolución de la envolvente industrializada en arquitectura, identificando sus principales condicionantes técnicos y constructivos. El estudio compara la evolución del uso de sistemas constructivos industrializados mediante un análisis gráfico de las soluciones constructivas más destacables. La metodología empleada se basa en la identificación y estudio de determinados sistemas constructivos industrializados compuestos por materiales ligeros así como de obras de arquitectura representativas por su influencia en la evolución de la envolvente arquitectónica en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La representación gráfica en 3D ayuda a comparar las obras analizadas desde aspectos tecnológicos y formales, constatándose la utilidad del dibujo asistido por ordenador en el análisis constructivo realizado. En conclusión, el uso del dibujo arquitectónico en 3D contribuye, por la mejor comprensión de las características espaciales de las soluciones constructivas, al análisis de las propiedades materiales y funcionales de los sistemas constructivos industrializados y su aplicación al diseño arquitectónico, ayudando a perfeccionar su conocimiento e incrementando la calidad constructiva y compromiso social de las propuestas arquitectónicas.

Progress and Research in Cybersecurity - Supporting a resilient and trustworthy system for the UK

Executive summary
Digital systems have transformed, and will continue to transform, our world. Supportive government policy, a strong research base and a history of industrial success make the UK particularly well-placed to realise the benefits of the emerging digital society. These benefits have already been substantial, but they remain at risk. Protecting the benefits and minimising the risks requires reliable and robust cybersecurity, underpinned by a strong research and translation system.
Trust is essential for growing and maintaining participation in the digital society. Organisations earn trust by acting in a trustworthy manner: building systems that are reliable and secure, treating people, their privacy and their data with respect, and providing credible and comprehensible information to help people understand how secure they are.
Resilience, the ability to function, adapt, grow, learn and transform under stress or in the face of shocks, will help organisations deliver systems that are reliable and secure. Resilient organisations can better protect their customers, provide more useful products and services, and earn people’s trust.
Research and innovation in industry and academia will continue to make important contributions to creating this resilient and trusted digital environment. Research can illuminate how best to build, assess and improve digital systems, integrating insights from different disciplines, sectors and around the globe. It can also generate advances to help cybersecurity keep up with the continued evolution of cyber risks.
Translation of innovative ideas and approaches from research will create a strong supply of reliable, proven solutions to difficult to predict cybersecurity risks. This is best achieved by maximising the diversity and number of innovations that see the light of day as products.
Policy, practice and research will all need to adapt. The recommendations made in this report seek to set up a trustworthy, self-improving and resilient digital environment that can thrive in the face of unanticipated threats, and earn the trust people place in it.
Innovation and research will be particularly important to the UK’s economy as it establishes a new relationship with the EU. Cybersecurity delivers important economic benefits, both by underpinning the digital foundations of UK business and trade and also through innovation that feeds directly into growth. The findings of this report will be relevant regardless of how the UK’s relationship to the EU changes.
Headline recommendations
● Trust: Governments must commit to preserving the robustness of encryption, including end-to-end encryption, and promoting its widespread use. Encryption is a foundational security technology that is needed to build user trust, improve security standards and fully realise the benefits of digital systems.
● Resilience: Government should commission an independent review of the UK’s future cybersecurity needs, focused on the institutional structures needed to support resilient and trustworthy digital systems in the medium and longer term. A self-improving, resilient digital environment will need to be guided and governed by institutions that are transparent, expert and have a clear and widely-understood remit.
● Research: A step change in cybersecurity research and practice should be pursued; it will require a new approach to research, focused on identifying ambitious high-level goals and enabling excellent researchers to pursue those ambitions. This would build on the UK's existing strengths in many aspects of cybersecurity research and ultimately help build a resilient and trusted digital sector based on excellent research and world-class expertise.
● Translation: The UK should promote a free and unencumbered flow of cybersecurity ideas from research to practical use and support approaches that have public benefits beyond their short term financial return. The unanticipated nature of future cyber threats means that a diverse set of cybersecurity ideas and approaches will be needed to build resilience and adaptivity. Many of the most valuable ideas will have broad security benefits for the public, beyond any direct financial returns.

O projeto de arquitetura de espaços temporários com o uso de sistema construtivo remontável: um estudo exploratório

The purpose of this research is to study the portable or reassemblable architectures, which, different from conventional architecture (whose designs are of permanent buildings), corresponds to the designing of spaces with temporary purposes. The focus of the study is the architectural design of spaces that are produced from building systems that can to be moved to different places (process of assembly / disassembly / reassembly) in order to identify the types of spaces generated and the processes used in their design / projecting. The aim is to investigate relationships between the initial project conceived based on a Reassemblable Construction System (RCS) and its application in the architectural design of professionals and students in order to contribute to the understanding of the specificities of this type of design activity. To this end it was developed the exploratory research based on multimedia methods, which includes: documentary analysis, technical visits, interviews, surveys, academic exercise and documentation by images. Although the study is not conclusive, the results indicate significant differences between the point of view of the RCS´s designers and its users (architects and architecture students) since the users demonstrated to have some difficulty to access the features provided for the first group, in particular the students. It is also demonstrated that the use of RCSs seems to change the appreciation / hierarchization of the conditions of project design, since, unlike what happens in traditional architectural design, the designers who use them seem to be more concerned with constructive issues, especially the structural elements (support and covering), instead of functionality, aesthetics and even physical characteristics of the site

Construction Innovation Futures - Industry and Environmental Opportunities.

During the next two decades global construction investment will top $100 trillion (US). New directions in construction innovation will be driven by industry to address challenges in skills, environmental regulations and maximise the benefits of low carbon building systems. Growth productivity catalysts such as offsite construction, higher BIM levels and multi-skill operatives will be instrumental contributors in achieving some of these aims. The increasing use of timber architecture across domestic, public and commercial buildings also opens new pathways. This event will discuss some of the key changes taking place in the UK and parallels with Hong Kong’s ambitions towards delivering a sustainable legacy in this sector.

Estudo da incorporação da cal em composições binárias de solo-cimento para produção de tijolos maciços

The use of binders in the soil for the production of solid bricks is an old construction technique that has been used by several civilizations over time. At the same time, the need for environmental preservation and the tendency of scarcity of natural resources make the construction invest in researching new concepts, methods and materials for building systems for the sustainability of their economic activities. Thus arises the need to obtain building materials with low power consumption, capable of reducing the growing housing shortage of rural and urban population. Currently, research has been conducted on this topic to better understand the cementitious and pozzolanic reactions that occur in the formation of the microstructure of the soil-cement when added to other materials such as, for example, lime, and the relationship between microstructure and formed interfaces with the physical, mechanical and chemical analysis in compounds made from these ternary compositions. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the results of the influence of the incorporation of lime to the soil-cement to form a ternary mixture to produce soil-cement bricks and mortar without structural purposes. From the inclusion of contents of 6 %, 8 %, 10% and 12% lime to the soil, and soil-cement mixes in amounts of 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 % were shaped-bodies of -cylindrical specimens to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry apparent specific weight. Then they were cured, and subjected to the tests of compressive strength, absorption and durability modified. Compositions obtained the best results in the tests performed on the bodies-of-proof cylindrical served as a parameter for molding of solid bricks, which underwent the same experimental methodology previously cited. The raw materials used, as well as compositions in which the bricks were molded solid, were characterized by physical and chemical tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained in the study indicate that the compositions studied, that showed the best results in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and durability ternary composition was soil, 10 % cement and 2 % lime

O projeto de arquitetura de espaços temporários com o uso de sistema construtivo remontável: um estudo exploratório

The purpose of this research is to study the portable or reassemblable architectures, which, different from conventional architecture (whose designs are of permanent buildings), corresponds to the designing of spaces with temporary purposes. The focus of the study is the architectural design of spaces that are produced from building systems that can to be moved to different places (process of assembly / disassembly / reassembly) in order to identify the types of spaces generated and the processes used in their design / projecting. The aim is to investigate relationships between the initial project conceived based on a Reassemblable Construction System (RCS) and its application in the architectural design of professionals and students in order to contribute to the understanding of the specificities of this type of design activity. To this end it was developed the exploratory research based on multimedia methods, which includes: documentary analysis, technical visits, interviews, surveys, academic exercise and documentation by images. Although the study is not conclusive, the results indicate significant differences between the point of view of the RCS´s designers and its users (architects and architecture students) since the users demonstrated to have some difficulty to access the features provided for the first group, in particular the students. It is also demonstrated that the use of RCSs seems to change the appreciation / hierarchization of the conditions of project design, since, unlike what happens in traditional architectural design, the designers who use them seem to be more concerned with constructive issues, especially the structural elements (support and covering), instead of functionality, aesthetics and even physical characteristics of the site

Efeito da adição de fibras da palma do licuri (syagrus coronata) no comportamento físico e mecânico de compósitos de matriz cimentícia

This research was motivated by the requirement of asbestos s replacement in building systems and the need to generate jobs and income in the country side of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The project aimed at using fibers from licuri leaves (syagrus coronata), an abundant palm in the region, to produce composites appropriate for the sustainable production of cement fibre reinforced products in small plants. The composites were produced in laboratory using Portland cement CP-II-F32, sand, water, licuri palm fiber contents of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% by weight of binder (two different fiber length) and metakaolin. The latter was chosen as an additional binder for its efficiency to reduce the alkalinity of cementitious matrixes therefore preventing the degradation of vegetable fibers. The characterization of the composite components was carried out by sieving and laser particle size analyses, thermal analysis, fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The composites performance was evaluated by 3- point-bending tests, compressive strength, ultrasound module of elasticity, free and restrained shrinkage, water capillarity absorption and apparent specific gravity. It has been found that the addition of fibers increased the time to onset of cracking over 200.00% and a 25% reduction in cracks opening in the restrained shrinkage test. The capillary absorption reduced about 25% when compared to fiber-free composites. It was also observed with regard to flexural strength, compressive strength and specific gravity, that the addiction of fibers did not affect the composite performance presenting similar results for compounds with and without fibers. In general it can be stated that the reinforced composite fibers of palm licuri presents physical and mechanical characteristics which enable them to be used in the intended proposals of this research

Arquitectura flotante. Propuesta de intervención y mantenimiento de las edificaciones flotantes en madera del Río Babahoyo

Alrededor del mundo se han identificado al menos dos maneras de habitar sobre el agua, las cuales difieren entre si principalmente por el sistema constructivo y tipo de movilidad: i) viviendas sobre pilotes y, ii) viviendas flotantes. Las viviendas flotantes, son también llamadas casas botes o vivienda anfibia, dependiendo del contexto territorial de estudio.En la actualidad la vivienda flotante, tiene plena vigencia tanto en países considerados desarrollados, como en vías de desarrollo. Presenta una variedad de tipologías, sistemas constructivos, materiales, donde la creatividad, manifestaciones culturales, avances tecnológicos y condiciones ambientales han condicionado las formas arquitectónicas resultantes. En Ecuador las viviendas flotantes emplazadas sobre el río Babahoyo han sido construidas de manera irregular (en términos legales), con un sistema artesanal predominante, donde se observan problemáticas sociales y de salubridad entre sus ocupantes.A pesar de ser un caso único en el país, y de interés arquitectónico, paisajístico y cultural, estas edificaciones se han visto afectadas por inadecuadas intervenciones de reparación y/o mantenimiento por parte de sus ocupantes. En este sentido, sepresenta una propuesta de intervención para las viviendas flotantes de Babahoyo, que supera los problemas actuales identificados en relación a la práctica constructiva e integra estrategias para mejorar las condiciones de confort interior. El documento contempla una primera aproximación al origen y evolución de la vivienda flotante en el contexto internacional y local, para luego presentar un análisis de la vivienda flotante en Babahoyo, identificando los factores de deterioro de los componentes constructivos y evaluando el confort interior bajo cuatro parámetros de análisis: radiación, iluminación, temperatura y CO2. Finalmente, se definenestrategias de intervención que mejoran la práctica constructiva y aproximan a las temperaturas óptimas para garantizar el confort interior dentro de estas edificaciones.

Analyse comparative de systèmes de construction industrialisés et leur applicabilité à une habitation multifamiliale verticale pour la classe moyenne à Recife (Brésil).

Depuis le début du XXe siècle, les architectes et ingénieurs anticipaient et idéalisaient l'industrialisation des bâtiments afin que les pièces des édifices puissent être conçues dans une usine de montage pour procéder ensuite à leur assemblage sur les chantiers. À l'heure actuelle, grâce à des chercheurs dédiés, cette industrialisation s’est concrétisée et de nombreux systèmes de construction industrialisés existent dans le monde entier, adaptés à des environnements particuliers. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a pour but d'analyser comparativement plusieurs systèmes à l’aide de certains critères d’évaluation, et de sélectionner, deux systèmes préfabriqués les mieux adaptés aux habitations multifamiliales verticales destinées à une population de classe moyenne aisée de la ville de Recife, au Brésil. La méthodologie s’inspire de l'approche systémique, utilisée par White (1970) et Richard (2002), les deux se caractérisant par une démarche évaluative. Ainsi avons-nous choisi comme étant les plus appropriés, parce que répondant bien au cadre général de Recife, le système préusiné en panneaux DESCON ainsi que celui de poutres et colonnes, commercialisé par les entreprises T&A et PDI, les deux en béton.

Analyse comparative de systèmes de construction industrialisés et leur applicabilité à une habitation multifamiliale verticale pour la classe moyenne à Recife (Brésil)

Depuis le début du XXe siècle, les architectes et ingénieurs anticipaient et idéalisaient l'industrialisation des bâtiments afin que les pièces des édifices puissent être conçues dans une usine de montage pour procéder ensuite à leur assemblage sur les chantiers. À l'heure actuelle, grâce à des chercheurs dédiés, cette industrialisation s’est concrétisée et de nombreux systèmes de construction industrialisés existent dans le monde entier, adaptés à des environnements particuliers. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a pour but d'analyser comparativement plusieurs systèmes à l’aide de certains critères d’évaluation, et de sélectionner, deux systèmes préfabriqués les mieux adaptés aux habitations multifamiliales verticales destinées à une population de classe moyenne aisée de la ville de Recife, au Brésil. La méthodologie s’inspire de l'approche systémique, utilisée par White (1970) et Richard (2002), les deux se caractérisant par une démarche évaluative. Ainsi avons-nous choisi comme étant les plus appropriés, parce que répondant bien au cadre général de Recife, le système préusiné en panneaux DESCON ainsi que celui de poutres et colonnes, commercialisé par les entreprises T&A et PDI, les deux en béton.