Struktura fizyczna gruntu, zawartość substancji organicznej oraz skład chemiczny gleb w podłożach 21 stanowisk zieleni miejskiej na terenie Poznania. Część I. Struktura fizyczna gruntu

This article is the first one in the series of four publications describing the condition of soil environment in the area of broadly understood centre of Poznań. The paper presents the results of studies into a ph ph ph ysical structure of the soil collected around horse chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum), growing in various habitats in 21 locations in the area of Poznań. In the majority of cases, 75 per cent of them, the obtained data point to a deficient ph ph ysical structure of subsoils. Only in five cases, out of a general number of 21 locations, the roots of the trees developed in soil conditions that were favourable for the plants, and which enabled them the retention of precipitation water, oxygention of rhizosph ph ere and accumulation of humus.

Producción hortícola : evolución del carbono orgánico edáfico de un argiudol típico con agregado de enmiendas

p.231-236

Fuzzy Boolean nets investigation of the alteration of some physical forest soil properties due to a prescribed fire action

Portuguese northern forests are often and severely affected by wildfires during the summer season. Some preventive actions, such as prescribed (or controlled) burnings and clear-cut logging, are often used as a measure to reduce the occurrences of wildfires. In the particular case of Serra da Cabreira forest, due to extremely difficulties in operational field work, the prescribed (or controlled) burning technique is the the most common preventive action used to reduce the existing fuel load amount. This paper focuses on a Fuzzy Boolean Nets analysis of the changes in some forest soil properties, namely pH, moisture and organic matter content, after a controlled fire, and on the difficulties found during the sampling process and how they were overcome. The monitoring process was conducted during a three-month period in Anjos, Vieira do Minho, Portugal, an area located in a contact zone between a two-mica coarse-grained porphyritic granite and a biotite with plagioclase granite. The sampling sites were located in a spot dominated by quartzphyllite with quartz veins whose bedrock is partially altered and covered by slightly thick humus, which maintains low undergrowth vegetation.

Impact of prescribed fire on the chemical properties of soil

Prescribed fire is a common forest management tool used in Portugal to reduce the fuel load availability and minimize the occurrence of wildfires. In addition, the use of this technique also causes an impact to ecosystems. In this presentation we propose to illustrate some results of our project in two forest sites, both located in Northwest Portugal, where the effect of prescribed fire on soil properties were recorded during a period of 6 months. Changes in soil moisture, organic matter, soil pH and iron, were examined by Principal Component Analysis multivariate statistics technique in order to determine impact of prescribed fire on these soil properties in these two different types of soils and determine the period of time that these forest soils need to recover to their pre-fire conditions, if they can indeed recover. Although the time allocated to this study does not allow for a widespread conclusion, the data analysis clearly indicates that the pH values are positively correlated with iron values at both sites. In addition, geomorphologic differences between both sampling sites, Gramelas and Anjos, are relevant as the soils’ properties considered have shown different performances in time. The use of prescribed fire produced a lower impact in soils originated from more amended bedrock and therefore with a ticker humus covering (Gramelas) than in more rocky soils with less litter covering (Anjos) after six months after the prescribed fire occurrence.

Efecto de la interacción leguminosa-materia orgánica sobre las características nutricionales del suelo.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Studies on fungal flora with special reference to Yeasts in the Cochin backwaters

Man's concern with environmental deterioration is one of the major reasons for the increased interest in marine and estuarine microbes. Microbes form an important link in the biogeochemical cycling and their cyclinq activites often determine to a large measure the potential productivity of an ecosystem In the recycling of the nutrients in the estuary, bacteria and fungi therefore play a particularly significant role.The allochthonous plant materials contain biopolymers such as cellulose, lignin, humus etc., that are difficult to degrade into simpler substances. The fungi have the ability to degrade _substances, thereby making them available for cycling within the system. The present study is devoted to find the composition and the activity of myco populations of Cochin backwater. For convenience the thesis is divided into eight chapters. The opening chapter briefly reviews the literature and projects the importance of work and the main objectives. Second chapter discusses the materials and methods. In the third chapter the systematic and taxonomy of estuarine yeasts are examined in detail since this information is scarcely available for our waters. The general ecological aspects of the yeasts and filamentous fungi in the area of study are examined in the fourth chapter using appropriate statistical techniques. A special reference to the fungi in a small mangrove ecosystem is attempted in the fifth chapter. The biochemical studies are discussed in the sixth chapter and the penultimate chapter provides an overall discussion. In the last chapter the summary of the work is presented.

Effects of tillage on processes of organic matter sequestration

To increase the organic matter (OM) content in the soil is one main goal in arable soil management. The adoption of tillage systems with reduced tillage depth and/or frequency (reduced tillage) or of no-tillage was found to increase the concentration of soil OM compared to conventional tillage (CT; ploughing to 20-30 cm). However, the underlying processes are not yet clear and are discussed contradictorily. So far, few investigations were conducted on tillage systems with a shallow tillage depth (minimum tillage = MT; maximum tillage depth of 10 cm). A better understanding of the interactions between MT implementation and changes in OM transformation in soils is essential in order to evaluate the possible contribution of MT to a sustainable management of arable soils. The objectives of the present thesis were (i) to compare OM concentrations, microbial biomass, water-stable aggregates, and particulate OM (POM) between CT and MT soils, (ii) to estimate the temporal variability of water-stable aggregate size classes occurring in the field and the dynamics of macroaggregate (>250 µm) formation and disruption under controlled conditions, (iii) to investigate whether a lower disruption or a higher formation rate accounts for a higher occurrence of macroaggregates under MT compared to CT, (iv) to determine which fraction is the major agent for storing the surplus of OM found under MT compared to CT, and (v) to observe the early OM transformation after residue incorporation in different tillage systems simulated. Two experimental sites (Garte-Süd and Hohes Feld) near Göttingen, Germany, were investigated. Soil type of both sites was a Haplic Luvisol. Since about 40 years, both sites receive MT by a rotary harrow (to 5-8 cm depth) and CT by a plough (to 25 cm depth). Surface soils (0-5 cm) and subsoils (10-20 cm) of two sampling dates (after fallow and directly after tillage) were investigated for concentrations of organic C (Corg) and total N (N), different water-stable aggregate size classes, different density fractions (for the sampling date after fallow only), microbial biomass, and for biochemically stabilized Corg and N (by acid hydrolysis; for the sampling date after tillage only). In addition, two laboratory incubations were performed under controlled conditions: Firstly, MT and CT soils were incubated (28 days at 22°C) as bulk soil and with destroyed macroaggregates in order to estimate the importance of macroaggregates for the physical protection of the very labile OM against mineralization. Secondly, in a microcosm experiment simulating MT and CT systems with soil <250 µm and with 15N and 13C labelled maize straw incorporated to different depths, the mineralization, the formation of new macroaggregates, and the partitioning of the recently added C and N were followed (28 days at 15°C). Forty years of MT regime led to higher concentrations of microbial biomass and of Corg and N compared to CT, especially in the surface soil. After fallow and directly after tillage, a higher proportion of water-stable macroaggregates rich in OM was found in the MT (36% and 66%, respectively) than in the CT (19% and 47%, respectively) surface soils of both sites (data shown are of the site Garte-Süd only). The subsoils followed the same trend. For the sampling date after fallow, no differences in the POM fractions were found but there was more OM associated to the mineral fraction detected in the MT soils. A large temporal variability was observed for the abundance of macroaggregates. In the field and in the microcosm simulations, macroaggregates were found to have a higher formation rate after the incorporation of residues under MT than under CT. Thus, the lower occurrence of macroaggregates in CT soils cannot be attributed to a higher disruption but to a lower formation rate. A higher rate of macroaggregate formation in MT soils may be due to (i) the higher concentrated input of residues in the surface soil and/or (ii) a higher abundance of fungal biomass in contrast to CT soils. Overall, as a location of storage of the surplus of OM detected under MT compared to CT, water-stable macroaggregates were found to play a key role. In the incubation experiment, macroaggregates were not found to protect the very labile OM against mineralization. Anyway, the surplus of OM detected after tillage in the MT soil was biochemically degradable. MT simulations in the microcosm experiment showed a lower specific respiration and a less efficient translocation of recently added residues than the CT simulations. Differences in the early processes of OM translocation between CT and MT simulations were attributed to a higher residue to soil ratio and to a higher proportion of fungal biomass in the MT simulations. Overall, MT was found to have several beneficial effects on the soil structure and on the storage of OM, especially in the surface soil. Furthermore, it was concluded that the high concentration of residues in the surface soil of MT may alter the processes of storage and decomposition of OM. In further investigations, especially analysis of the residue-soil-interface and of effects of the depth of residue incorporation should be emphasised. Moreover, further evidence is needed on differences in the microbial community between CT and MT soils.

Fütterungsbedingte mikrobielle Zusammensetzung von Rinderkot und deren Einfluss auf Gasemissionen und N-Mineralisierung im Boden

Um die Nährstoffeffizienz im Boden zu erhöhen und klimarelevante Gasemissionen zu minimieren, sind quantitative Informationen zu den C- und N-Fraktionen im Kot sowie deren Mineralisierungspotential nötig. Da über die Hälfte des fäkalen N mikrobiell gebunden ist, sind Methoden zur Bestimmung der mikrobiellen Kotqualität hilfreich. Ziele der ersten Publikation waren die Anwendung der CFE-Methode zur Bestimmung der mikrobiellen Biomasse in Rinderkot, Ergosterolbestimmung als Marker für die pilzliche Biomasse und Aminozuckernachweis zur Analyse der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaftsstruktur (pilzliches Glucosamin und bakterielle Muramin-säure). Mit Hilfe der CFE-Methode sollten lebende Mikroorganismen im Kot, inklusive Bakterien, Pilze und Archaeen, erfasst werden. Verschiedene Extraktionsmittel wurden für diese Methode getestet, um stabile Extrakte und reproduzierbare mikrobielle Biomasse-C- und -N-Gehalte zu erhalten. Der Einsatz von 0.05 M CuSO4 als Extraktionsmittel löste vorherige Probleme mit der Extraktion CHCl3-labiler N-Komponenten und sorgte für stabile Kotextrakte. Die Methoden wurden in einem Kotinkubationsexperiment bei 25 °C verglichen. Mikrobielle Parameter zeigten dynamische Charakteristika und mögliche Verschiebungen innerhalb der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft. Im Kot von Färsen betrug das mittlere C/N-Verhältnis 5,6 und der mittlere Cmik/Corg-Quotient 2,2%, das Verhältnis von Ergosterol zum mikrobiellen Biomasse-C war 1,1‰. Ergosterol und Aminozuckeranalyse ergaben einen signifikanten Pilzanteil von über 40% des mikrobiellen Gesamt-C. Für die Analyse mikrobieller Parameter in Rinderkot erwiesen sich alle getesteten Methoden als geeignet. Diese wurden für die folgenden Fütterungsversuche weiter unabhängig voneinander angewendet und verglichen. Die zweite Publikation verglich eine N-defizitäre (ND) und eine ausgeglichene N-Bilanz (NB) bei der Fütterung von Milchkühen unter Berücksichtigung der Kot-inhaltsstoffe, der mikrobiellen Parameter und der Verdaulichkeit. Unterschiede zwischen Individuen und Probennahmetagen wurden ebenfalls miteinbezogen. Mittlerer mikrobieller Biomasse-C- und -N-Gehalt war 37 bzw. 4,9 mg g-1 TM. Der Pilzanteil lag diesmal bei 25% des mikrobiellen Gesamt-C. Die Fütterung zeigte signifikante Effekte auf die Kotzusammensetzung. Das fäkale C/N-Verhältnis der NB-Fütterung war signifikant niedriger als bei ND. Gleiches gilt für das C/N-Verhältnis der mikrobiellen Biomasse mit jeweils 9.1 und 7.0 für ND und NB. Auch die Verdaulichkeit wurde durch die Fütterung beeinflusst. Unverdauter Futterstickstoff, Faserstoffe (NDF) und Hemi-cellulose waren in der ND-Behandlung signifikant erhöht. Einige Parameter zeigten nur einen Einfluss der Probennahmetage, mit den angewendeten Methoden gelang jedoch der eindeutige Nachweis der Fütterungseffekte auf mikrobielle Parameter im Rinderkot, wobei sich die Fütterung in nur einer Variable unterschied. Weitere Fütterungseinflüsse auf die Kotqualität wurden schließlich auch für Rinder unterschiedlicher Leistungsstufen erforscht. Hier waren die Unterschiede in der Fütterung wesentlich größer als in den vorhergehenden Experimenten. Der Kot von Färsen, Niederleistungs- und Hochleistungskühen sowie dessen Einfluss auf N2O-Emissionen, N-Mineralisierung und pflanzliche N-Aufnahme wurden untersucht. Die Färsenfütterung mit geringem N- und hohem ADF-Anteil führte zu pilzdominiertem Kot. Besonders im Vergleich zum Kot der Hochleistungskühe war der Gehalt an mikrobiellem Biomasse-C niedrig, in Verbindung mit einem breiten mikrobiellen C/N-Verhältnis und hohem Ergosterolgehalt. Eingemischt in Boden zeigte Färsenkot die niedrigste CO2-Produktion und höchste N-Immobilisierung sowie niedrigste N2O-Emissionen während einer 14-tägigen Inkubation bei 22 °C. In einem 62-Tage-Gefäßversuch mit Welschem Weidelgras waren der Trocken-masseertrag und die pflanzliche Stickstoffaufnahme in den Färsenbehandlungen am niedrigsten. Die Stickstoffaufnahme durch die Pflanzen korrelierte positiv mit der Stickstoffkonzentration im Kot und negativ mit dem Rohfasergehalt, aber auch negativ mit dem C/N-Verhältnis der mikrobiellen Biomasse und dem Verhältnis von pilzlichem zu bakteriellem C. Mikrobielle Parameter im Kot zeigten einen größeren Zusammen-hang mit der pflanzlichen Stickstoffaufnahme als die mikrobiellen Bodenparameter.

Application of biogas slurries from energy crops to arable soils and their impact on carbon and nitrogen dynamics

The use of renewable primary products as co-substrate or single substrate for biogas production has increased consistently over the last few years. Maize silage is the preferential energy crop used for fermentation due to its high methane (CH4) yield per hectare. Equally, the by-product, namely biogas slurry (BS), is used with increasing frequency as organic fertilizer to return nutrients to the soil and to maintain or increase the organic matter stocks and soil fertility. Studies concerning the application of energy crop-derived BS on the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics are scarce. Thus, this thesis focused on the following objectives: I) The determination of the effects caused by rainfall patterns on the C and N dynamics from two contrasting organic fertilizers, namely BS from maize silage and composted cattle manure (CM), by monitoring emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 as well as leaching losses of C and N. II) The investigation of the impact of differences in soil moisture content after the application of BS and temperature on gaseous emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4) and leaching of C and N compounds. III) A comparison of BS properties obtained from biogas plants with different substrate inputs and operating parameters and their effect on C and N dynamics after application to differently textured soils with varying application rates and water contents. For the objectives I) and II) two experiments (experiment I and II) using undisturbed soil cores of a Haplic Luvisol were carried out. Objective III) was studied on a third experiment (experiment III) with disturbed soil samples. During experiment I three rainfall patterns were implemented including constant irrigation, continuous irrigation with periodic heavy rainfall events, and partial drying with rewetting periods. Biogas slurry and CM were applied at a rate of 100 kg N ha-1. During experiment II constant irrigation and an irrigation pattern with partial drying with rewetting periods were carried out at 13.5°C and 23.5°C. The application of BS took place either directly before a rewetting period or one week after the rewetting period stopped. Experiment III included two soils of different texture which were mixed with ten BS’s originating from ten different biogas plants. Treatments included low, medium and high BS-N application rates and water contents ranging from 50% to 100% of water holding capacity (WHC). Experiment I and II showed that after the application of BS cumulative N2O emissions were 4 times (162 mg N2O-N m-2) higher compared to the application of CM caused by a higher content of mineral N (Nmin) in the form of ammonium (NH4+) in the BS. The cumulative emissions of CO2, however, were on the same level for both fertilizers indicating similar amounts of readily available C after composting and fermentation of organic material. Leaching losses occurred predominantly in the mineral form of nitrate (NO3-) and were higher in BS amended soils (9 mg NO3--N m-2) compared to CM amended soils (5 mg NO3--N m-2). The rainfall pattern in experiment I and II merely affected the temporal production of C and N emissions resulting in reduced CO2 and enhanced N2O emissions during stronger irrigation events, but showed no effect on the cumulative emissions. Overall, a significant increase of CH4 consumption under inconstant irrigation was found. The time of fertilization had no effect on the overall C and N dynamics. Increasing temperature from 13.5°C to 23.5°C enhanced the CO2 and N2O emissions by a factor of 1.7 and 3.7, respectively. Due to the increased microbial activity with increasing temperature soil respiration was enhanced. This led to decreasing oxygen (O2) contents which in turn promoted denitrification in soil due to the extension of anaerobic microsites. Leaching losses of NO3- were also significantly affected by increasing temperature whereas the consumption of CH4 was not affected. The third experiment showed that the input materials of biogas plants affected the properties of the resulting BS. In particular the contents of DM and NH4+ were determined by the amount of added plant biomass and excrement-based biomass, respectively. Correlations between BS properties and CO2 or N2O emissions were not detected. Solely the ammonia (NH3) emissions showed a positive correlation with NH4+ content in BS as well as a negative correlation with the total C (Ct) content. The BS-N application rates affected the relative CO2 emissions (% of C supplied with BS) when applied to silty soil as well as the relative N2O emissions (% of N supplied with BS) when applied to sandy soil. The impacts on the C and N dynamics induced by BS application were exceeded by the differences induced by soil texture. Presumably, due to the higher clay content in silty soils, organic matter was stabilized by organo-mineral interactions and NH4+ was adsorbed at the cation exchange sites. Different water contents induced highest CO2 emissions and therefore optimal conditions for microbial activity at 75% of WHC in both soils. Cumulative nitrification was also highest at 75% and 50% of WHC whereas the relative N2O emissions increased with water content and showed higher N2O losses in sandy soils. In summary it can be stated that the findings of the present thesis confirmed the high fertilizer value of BS’s, caused by high concentrations of NH4+ and labile organic compounds such as readily available carbon. These attributes of BS’s are to a great extent independent of the input materials of biogas plants. However, considerably gaseous and leaching losses of N may occur especially at high moisture contents. The emissions of N2O after field application corresponded with those of animal slurries.

Las poderosas bolitas de nendo dango.

En una escuela infantil catalana ponen en marcha una actividad de reforestación llamada nendo dango. Se trata de una técnica japonesa en la que los niños hacen bolitas de arcilla, donde envuelven semillas con humus, las dejan secar y las esparcen por el campo. La actividad se proyecta en el carnaval y en la fiesta de clausura del curso. Por último, se intenta implicar a los padres tanto en la excursión como en talleres.

Contributions of matric and osmotic potentials to the unfrozen water content of frozen soils

Recent reports show that biogeochemical processes continue when the soil is frozen, but are limited by water availability. However, there is little knowledge about the interactive effects of soil and environmental variables on amounts of unfrozen water in frozen soils. The aims of this study were to determine the contributions of matric and osmotic potentials to the unfrozen water content of frozen soil. We determined the effects of matric and osmotic potential on unfrozen water contents of frozen mineral soil fractions (ranging from coarse sand to fine silt) at -7 degrees C, and estimated the contributions of these potentials to liquid water contents in samples from organic surface layers of boreal soils frozen at -4 degrees C. In the mineral soil fractions the unfrozen water contents appeared to be governed solely by the osmotic potential, but in the humus layers of the sampled boreal soils both the osmotic and matric potentials control unfrozen water content, with osmotic potential contributing 20 to 69% of the total water potential. We also determined pore size equivalents, where unfrozen water resides at -4 degrees C, and found a strong correlation between these equivalents and microbial CO2 production. The larger the pores in which the unfrozen water is found the larger the microbial activity that can be sustained. The osmotic potential may therefore be a key determinant of unfrozen water and carbon dynamics in frozen soil. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Results from the Covered Catchment Experiment at Gårdsjön, Sweden, after ten years of clean precipitation treatment

The Covered Catchment Experiment at Gordsjon is a large scale forest ecosystem manipulation, where acid precipitation was intercepted by a 7000 m(2) plastic roof and replaced by 'clean precipitation' sprinkled below the roof for ten years between 1991 and 2001. The treatment resulted in a strong positive response of runoff quality. The runoff sulphate, inorganic aluminium and base cations decreased, while there was a strong increase in runoff ANC and a moderate increase in pH. The runoff continued to improve over the whole duration of the experiment. The achieved quality was, however, after ten years still considerably worse than estimated pre-industrial runoff at the site. Stable isotopes of sulphur were analysed to study the soil sulphur cycling. At the initial years of the experiment, the desorption of SO4 from the mineral soil appeared to control the runoff SO4 concentration. However, as the experiment proceeded, there was growing evidence that net mineralisation of soil organic sulphur in the humus layer was an additional source of SO4 in runoff. This might provide a challenge to current acidification models. The experiment convincingly demonstrated on a catchment scale, that reduction in acid deposition causes an immediate improvement of surface water quality even at heavily acidified sites. The improvement of the runoff appeared to be largely a result of cation exchange processes in the soil due to decreasing concentrations of the soil solution, while any potential change in soil base saturation seemed to be less important for the runoff chemistry over the short time period of one decade. These findings should be considered when interpreting and extrapolating regional trends in surface water chemistry to the terrestrial parts of ecosystems.

Retrospective application of remote sensing to the Tasmanian lakeland

This thesis describes the research undertaken for a degree of Master of Science in a retrospective study of airborne remotely sensed data registered in 1990 and 1993, and field captured data of aquatic humus concentrations for ~ 45 lakes in Tasmania. The aim was to investigate and describe the relationship between the remotely sensed data and the field data and to test the hypothesis that the remotely sensed data would establish further evidence of a limnological corridor of change running north-west to south- east. The airborne remotely sensed data consisted of data captured by the CSIRO Ocean Colour Scanner (OCS) and a newly developed Canadian scanner, a compact airborne spectrographic imager (CASI). The thesis investigates the relationship between the two kinds of data sources. The remotely sensed data was collected with the OCS scanner in 1990 (during one day) and with both the OCS and the CASI in 1993 (during three days). The OCS scanner registers data in 9 wavelength bands between 380 nm and 960 nm with a 10-20 nm bandwidth, and the CASI in 288 wavelength bands between 379.57 nm and 893.5 nm (ie. spectral mode) with a spectral resolution of 2.5 nm. The remotely sensed data were extracted from the original tapes with the help of the CSIRO and supplied software and digital sample areas (band value means) for each lake were subsequently extracted for data manipulation and statistical analysis. Field data was captured concurrently with the remotely sensed data in 1993 by lake hopping using a light aircraft with floats. The field data used for analysis with the remotely sensed data were the laboratory determined g440 values from the 1993 water samples collated with g440 values determined from earlier years. No spectro-radiometric data of the lakes, data of incoming irradiance or ancillary climatic data were captured during the remote sensing missions. The sections of the background chapter in the thesis provide a background to the research both in regards to remote sensing of water quality and the relationship between remotely sensed spectral data and water quality parameters, as well as a description of the Tasmanian lakes flown. The lakes were divided into four groups based on results from previous studies and optical parameters, especially aquatic humus concentrations as measured from field captured data. The four groups consist of the ‘green” clear water lakes mostly situated on the Central Plateau, the ‘brown” highly dystrophic lakes in western Tasmania, the ‘corridor” lakes situated along a corridor of change lying approximately between the two lines denoting the Jurassic edge and 1200 mm isohyet, and the ‘eastern, turbid” lakes make up the fourth group. The analytical part of the research work was mostly concerned with manipulating and analysing the CASI data because of its higher spectral resolution. The research explores methods to apply corrections to this data to reduce the disturbing effects of varying illumination and atmospheric conditions. Three different methods were attempted. In the first method two different standardisation formulas are applied to the data as well as ‘day correction” factors calculated from data from one of the lakes, Lake Rolleston, which had data captured for all three days of the remote sensing operations. The standardisation formulas were also applied to the OCS data. In second method an attempt to reduce the effects of the atmosphere was performed using spectro-radiometric captured in 1988 for one of the lakes flown, Great Lake. All the lake sample data were time normalised using general irradiance data obtained from the University of Tasmania and the sky portion as calculated from Great Lake upwelling irradiance data was then subtracted. The last method involved using two different band ratios to eliminate atmospheric effects. Statistical analysis was applied to the data resulting from the three methods to try to describe the relationship between the remotely sensed data and the field captured data. Discriminant analysis, cluster analysis and factor analysis using principal component analysis (pea) were applied to the remotely sensed data and the field data. The factor scores resulting from the pca were regressed against the field collated data of g440 as were the values resulting from last method. The results from the statistical analysis of the data from the first method show that the lakes group well (100%) against the predetermined groups using discriminant analysis applied to the remotely sensed CASI data. Most variance in the data are contained in the first factor resulting from pca regardless of data manipulation method. Regression of the factor scores against g440 field data show a strong non- linear relationship and a one-sided linear regression test is therefore considered an inappropriate analysis method to describe the dataset relationships. The research has shown that with the available data, correction and analysis methods, and within the scope of the Masters study, it was not possible to establish the relationships between the remotely sensed data and the field measured parameters as hoped. The main reason for this was the failure to retrieve remotely sensed lake signatures adequately corrected for atmospheric noise for comparison with the field data. This in turn is a result of the lack of detailed ancillary information needed to apply available established methods for noise reduction - to apply these methods we require field spectroradiometric measurements and environmental information of the varying conditions both within the study area and within the time frame of capture of the remotely sensed data.

Germinação de sementes e otimização de técnicas de micropropagação de umbuzeiro (spondias tuberosa, arr.) anacardiaceae

The brazilian-plum (Spondias tuberosa, His) is a tropical fruit tree that has been consolidated in the market for agribusiness processing, due to its characteristic flavor of fruit. Accordingly, studies to optimize the propagation of plants are necessary for production of seedlings with agronomic and quality assurance measures. This study aimed at determining the efficient techniques for uniform seed germination, as brazilian-plum seed present mechanical dormancy, and establish optimal culture media for multiplication of shoots from the in vitro micropropagation. Firstly, in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, was evaluated the influence of different methods of breaking dormancy in the emergence of seedlings of brazilian-plum and speed of germination (IVG) of seeds. After 60 days of cultivation, it was found that splay in the distal portion of the seed was the best treatment, with rates of 85.33% in germinability and 3.415 of IVG, compared with the treatment of seed-soaking in water for 12h + humus and the control group. Subsequently, new sources of seedling explants were obtained in studies of tissue culture. Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology that the university, was used stem apex, nodal segments and internodes in search of decontamination with various concentrations of calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and micropropagation, inoculating them in half WPM (1980) with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). We used 10 sample units with three replications for different concentrations of [Ca(OCl)2], BAP and explants type. After thirty days, which was observed for the control of contamination, during the establishment in vitro, concentrations of [Ca(OCl)2] between 0.5% and 2.0% were effective in combating exogenous contamination of the apex. In nodal segments and internodes, concentrations of [Ca(OCl)2] between 1.0% and 2.0% and 1.5% and 2.0% were respectively, sufficient to reduce the percentage of losses in these infestations explants. For micropropagation, the culture medium supplemented with 0.1 mg.L-1 BAP promotes better development of multiple shoots per explants from nodal segment. However, success does not get to shoot training in internodal segment

Crescimento, produtividade e qualidade de raízes de rabanete cultivadas sob diferentes fontes e doses de adubos orgânicos

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de doses de húmus de minhoca e de esterco bovino no crescimento de rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.), cultivar Crimson Giant, de agosto a setembro de 2002. Fez-se semeadura direta do rabanete com desbaste nove dias após, para adequar ao espaçamento de 0,20 x 0,08 m. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos (15; 30 e 45 t ha-1 de húmus de minhoca e esterco bovino curtido, além do controle sem adição de fertilizante), em três repetições. Houve maior acúmulo de massa seca nas folhas em relação aos demais órgãos da planta, com acúmulo contínuo até os 13 dias após a semeadura, com posterior redução, quando ocorreu o desenvolvimento da raiz. As doses e fontes de adubos orgânicos aplicados pouco influenciaram no crescimento e nas produtividades total e comercial de raízes. O húmus de minhoca apresentou a menor porcentagem de raízes rachadas e isoporizadas nas doses de 9,2 e 20,4 t ha-1, respectivamente. A dose de esterco bovino, de 21,3 t ha-1 promoveu a maior porcentagem de raízes rachadas e a de 45 t ha-1 proporcionou redução em relação à de 15 t ha-1.