The gastric caeca of pentatomids as a house for actinomycetes

Abstract Background Microbes are extensively associated with insects, playing key roles in insect defense, nutrition and reproduction. Most of the associations reported involve Proteobacteria. Despite the fact that Actinobacteria associated with insects were shown to produce antibiotic barriers against pathogens to the hosts or to their food and nutrients, there are few studies focusing on their association with insects. Thus, we surveyed the Actinobacteria diversity on a specific region of the midgut of seven species of stinkbugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) known to carry a diversity of symbiotically-associated Proteobacteria. Results A total of 34 phylotypes were placed in 11 different Actinobacteria families. Dichelops melacanthus held the highest diversity with six actinobacteria families represented by nine phylotypes. Thyanta perditor (n = 7), Edessa meditabunda (n = 5), Loxa deducta (n = 4) and Pellaea stictica (n = 3) were all associated with three families. Piezodorus guildini (n = 3) and Nezara viridula (n = 3) had the lowest diversity, being associated with two (Propionibacteriaceae and Mycobacteriaceae) and one (Streptomyceataceae) families, respectively. Corynebacteriaceae and Mycobacteriaceae were the most common families with phylotypes from three different insect species each one. Conclusions Many phylotypes shared a low 16S rRNA gene similarity with their closest type strains and formed new phyletic lines on the periphery of several genera. This is a strong indicative that stinkbug caeca can harbor new species of actinobacteria, which might be derived from specific associations with the species of stinkbugs studied. Although the well-known role of actinobacteria as a source of biomolecules, the ecological features of these symbionts on the stinkbugs biology remain unknown.

London, England, 1742 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: London surveyed, or, a new map of the cities of London and Westminster and the borough of Southwark : shewing the several streets and lanes with the most of the alleys & thorough fairs with the additional new buildings to this present year 1742. It was printed for John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill in 1742. Scale [ca. 1:5,280]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings (some shown pictorially), built-up areas, docks, city district boundaries, and more. Relief is shown pictorially. Includes illustrations, tables of fares, and views: South prospect of London -- North prospect of St. Paul's Cathedral -- Bank of England -- Front of the Royal Exchange -- Banqueting House -- Treasury. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

The black house /

A novel.

The house of the fighting-cocks /

Mode of access: Internet.

The book of the fly; a nature study of the house-fly and its kin, the fly plague and a cure.

Mode of access: Internet.

How to build a house : an architectural novelette /

Translation of Histoire d'une maison.

The Charles Butler collections : Catalogue of the collection of coins and medals formed by the late Charles Butler, esq., comprising ancient Greek coins in gold and silver...Roman Republican and Imperial coins...English coins in gold, silver and bronze, foreign coins, etc., which will be sold by auction by messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge at their house...Monday 3rd July, 1911.

Mode of access: Internet.

A speech delivered in the House of Lords ... on the new plan of national education in Ireland.

Mode of access: Internet.

A catalogue of pictures by British artists, in the possession of Sir John Fleming Leicester, bart., with etchings from the whole collection. Including the pictures in his gallery at Tabley House, Cheshire; executed by permission of the proprietor; and accompanied with historical and biographical notices.

Mode of access: Internet.

Sir Robert Peel's currency plan, a lecture delivered at the British Coffee-house, in Cockspurstreet, on Thursday the 13th of Junem 1844, on the currency plan of Sir Robert Peel; showing its tendency and probable effects,

Mode of access: Internet.

Six letteer of Publicola on the liberty of the subject and the privileges of the House of Commons.

Mode of access: Internet.

The old house on the bridge of Notre Dame. A drama, in three acts.

Mode of access: Internet.