Dynamics of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Local Use and Conservation of Native Trees and Shrubs in the Bolivian Andes

Native trees and shrubs are essential components of rural landscapes in the semi-arid inner-Andean valleys of Bolivia. They can be found as hedges and bushes in various agroecosystems such as terrace walls, slopes, field boundaries and fallow land. Their distribution and floristic composition are the result of dynamic spatial and temporal interactions between local farmers and the environment. Local uses of natural resources and biodiversity reflect the constantly evolving Andean culture, which can be generally characterised as an intertwining of the human, natural, and spiritual worlds. The aim of the present ethnobotanical study was to analyse the dynamics of traditional ecological knowledge, to ascertain local farmers’ perceptions and uses of native woody species in Andean communities and to associate the results with local conservation activities for the trees and shrubs concerned. Our case study was carried out within two communities of the Tunari National Park (Dept. Cochabamba) in Bolivia. For data collection, research methods from social science (semi-structured interviews, participative observation, participatory mapping) as well as vegetation surveys were combined. Local actors included women and men of all ages as well as families from different social categories and altitudinal levels of permanent residence. Our study indicates that, due to a multitude of socio-economic pressures (e.g. migration of young people) as well as changes in use of biodiversity (e.g. replacement of native by exotic introduced species), the traditional ecological knowledge base of native trees and shrubs and their respective uses has become diminished over time. In many cases it has led to a decline in people’s awareness of native species and as a consequence their practical, emotional and spiritual relationships with them have been lost. However, results also show that applied traditional ecological knowledge has led to local conservation strategies, which have succeeded in protecting those tree and shrub species which are most widely regarded for their multifunctional, constant and exclusive uses (e.g. Schinus molle, Prosopis laevigata, Baccharis dracunculifolia). The presentation will discuss the question if and how applied traditional ecological knowledge positively contributes to local initiatives of sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity in rural areas.

Jatropha mahafalensis for rural energy supply in south-western Madagascar?

In many parts of the eastern African region wood-based fuels will remain dominant sources of energy in coming decades. Pressure on forests, especially in semi-arid areas will therefore continue increasing. In this context, the role of liquid biofuels as substitutes for firewood and charcoal, to help reducing pressure on woody biomass and contributing to a better energy security of rural communities, has remained controversial among researchers and practitioners. At household level, the economic and technical feasibility of straight vegetable oil (SVO) was assessed mainly on Jatropha curcas, with unpersuasive results. So far nothing is known about the suitability as an energy carrier of Jatropha mahafalensis Jum. & H. Perrier, the only endemic representative of the Jatropha genus in Madagascar. This paper explores the potential of this plant as a biofuel feedstock in the agro-pastoral area of Soalara, in the semi-arid south-western part of Madagascar. Only hedge-based production was considered to rule out competition over land with food crops. Yield data, the length of currently existing hedges and energy consumption patterns of households were used to assess the quantitative potential and economic viability of J. mahafalensis SVO for lighting and cooking. Tests were conducted with cooking and lighting devices to assess their technical suitability at household level. The paper concludes that J. mahafalensis hedges have some potential to replace paraffin for lighting (though without much economic benefit for the concerned households), but not to replace charcoal or firewood for cooking. The paper recommends that rural energy strategies in similar contexts do not focus only on substituting current fuels with SVO, but should also take into consideration other alternatives. In the case of cooking, there seems to be substantially more potential in increasing the efficiency of current fuel production and consumption technologies (kilns and stoves); and in the case of lighting, solutions based on SVO need to be compared against other options such as portable solar devices.

High Yield of Soybeans Study

The research project was designed to study soybean plant and yield responses to certain products. Soybean producers generally look to maximize profit, and with increased soybean prices, financial returns have been obtained from even smaller yield responses. The project began in 2011 as a two-year study designed to look at the effects of both seed and foliar treatments applied to soybeans.

Aproximación, mitigación y optimismo : El caso de 'dentro de todo'

El presente trabajo abordará el estudio del comportamiento de la expresión dentro de todo. Enmarcada en el enfoque cognitivo prototípico, nuestra reflexión parte del principio de la estructuración de nuestro conocimiento según Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (Lakoff 1987) y, en este caso particular, de esquemas de imagen (Johnson 1987). Con un criterio de progresión que correlaciona semánticamente los empleos libres y los cohesionados, se analizarán secuencias tales como "dentro del armario", "la necesaria turbulencia que debe existir dentro de todo horno de gas o leña"; "cuestiones dentro de todo sencillas" y "No, a mí dentro de todo me parece bien lo que dijiste". Un estudio contextual a partir de usos auténticos y el relevamiento de la cantidad de empleos libres versus cohesionados permitirá establecer el grado de fijación de la expresión en el discurso. A partir de este estudio, se propondrá una modelización del valor semántico-pragmático de dentro de todo atendiendo al semantismo predominante de la forma preposicional dentro, a saber, la marcación perimetral, que se perfilará con ciertas especificidades según su empleo como adverbio o como marcador discursivo. En su uso adverbial, la expresión orienta el establecimiento de un campo en cuyo interior se negocian, según grados de aproximación, instancias de validación positiva. Juega un rol particular en la interpretación de estos empleos el concepto de hedges (Lakoff 1972) o aproximación. Como marcador discursivo, dentro de todo sugiere visibilización de límites de aceptabilidad que llevan a una reconsideración de los elementos evaluados. En esta reconsideración, juegan un rol particular la mitigación y la orientación positiva que el hablante busca dar a su discurso