The Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Pain Protocol in Long Term Care

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of (1) dissemination strategies to improve clinical practice behaviors (eg, frequency and documentation of pain assessments, use of pain medication) among health care team members, and (2) the implementation of the pain protocol in reducing pain in long term care (LTC) residents. Design: A controlled before-after design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the pain protocol, whereas qualitative interviews and focus groups were used to obtain additional context-driven data. Setting: Four LTC facilities in southern Ontario, Canada; 2 for the intervention group and 2 for the control group. Participants: Data were collected from 200 LTC residents; 99 for the intervention and 101 for the control group. Intervention: Implementation of a pain protocol using a multifaceted approach, including a site working group or Pain Team, pain education and skills training, and other quality improvement activities. Measurements: Resident pain was measured using 3 assessment tools: the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate, the Pain Assessment in the Communicatively Impaired Elderly, and the Present Pain Intensity Scale. Clinical practice behaviors were measured using a number of process indicators; for example, use of pain assessment tools, documentation about pain management, and use of pain medications. A semistructured interview guide was used to collect qualitative data via focus groups and interviews. Results: Pain increased significantly more for the control group than the intervention group over the 1-year intervention period. There were significantly more positive changes over the intervention period in the intervention group compared with the control group for the following indicators: the use of a standardized pain assessment tool and completed admission/initial pain assessment. Qualitative findings highlight the importance of reminding staff to think about pain as a priority in caring for residents and to be mindful of it during daily activities. Using onsite champions, in this case advanced practice nurses and a Pain Team, were key to successfully implementing the pain protocol. Conclusions: These study findings indicate that the implementation of a pain protocol intervention improved the way pain was managed and provided pain relief for LTC residents.

Public knowledge and perceptions of connected health

Rationale, aims and objectives: This study aims to examine the public's knowledge and perceptions of connected health (CH).

Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered by face-to-face interview to an opportunistic sample of 1003 members of the public in 11 shopping centres across Northern Ireland (NI). Topics included public knowledge of CH, opinions about who should provide CH and views about the use of computers in health care. Multivariable analyses were conducted to assess respondents' willingness to use CH in the future.

Results: Sixty-seven per cent of respondents were female, 31% were less than 30 years old and 22% were over 60 years. Most respondents had never heard of CH (92%). Following a standard definition, the majority felt CH was a good idea (≈90%) and that general practitioners were in the best position to provide CH; however, respondents were equivocal about reductions in health care professionals' workload and had some concerns about the ease of device use. Factors positively influencing willingness to use CH in the future included knowledge of someone who has a chronic disease, residence in NI since birth and less concern about the use of information technology (IT) in health care. Those over 60 years old or who felt threatened by the use of IT to store personal health information were less willing to use CH in the future.

Conclusion: Increased public awareness and education about CH is required to alleviate concerns and increase the acceptability of this type of care.

Use of the child health utility and strengths and difficulties outcome measures in economic evaluations of school-based interventions: data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Northern Ireland

Background There is growing evidence linking early social and emotional wellbeing to later academic performance and various health outcomes including mental health. An economic evaluation was designed alongside the Roots of Empathy cluster-randomised trial evaluation, which is a school-based intervention for improving pupils’ social and emotional wellbeing. Exploration of the relevance of the Strengths and Diffi culties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D) in school-based health economic evaluations is warranted. The SDQ is a behavioural screening questionnaire for 4–17-year-old children, consisting of a total diffi culties score, and also prosocial behaviour,
which aims to identify positive aspects of behaviour. The CHU9D is a generic preference-based health-related quality of life instrument for 7–17-year-old children.

Realist synthesis: Critical care rapid response systems.

Background Rapid Response Systems (RRS) consist of four interrelated and interdependent components; an event detection and trigger mechanism, a response strategy, a governance structure and process improvement system. These multiple components of the RRS pose problems in evaluation as the intervention is complex and cannot be evaluated using a traditional systematic review. Complex interventions in healthcare aimed at changing service delivery and related behaviour of health professionals require a different approach to summarising the evidence. Realist synthesis is such an approach to reviewing research evidence on complex interventions to provide an explanatory analysis of how and why an intervention works or doesn’t work in practice. The core principle is to make explicit the underlying assumptions about how an intervention is suppose to work (ie programme theory) and then use this theory to guide evaluation. Methods A realist synthesis process was used to explain those factors that enable or constrain the success of RRS programmes. Results The findings from the review include the articulation of the RRS programme theories, evaluation of whether these theories are supported or refuted by the research evidence and an evaluation of evidence to explain the underlying reasons why RRS works or doesn’t work in practice. Rival conjectured RRS programme theories were identified to explain the constraining factors regarding implementation of RRS in practice. These programme theories are presented using a logic model to highlight all the components which impact or influence the delivery of RRS programmes in the practice setting. The evidence from the realist synthesis provided the foundation for the development of hypothesis to test and refine the theories in the subsequent stages of the Realist Evaluation PhD study [1]. This information will be useful in providing evidence and direction for strategic and service planning of acute care to improve patient safety in hospital. References: McGaughey J, Blackwood B, O’Halloran P, Trinder T. J. & Porter S. (2010) Realistic Evaluation of Early Warning Systems and the Acute Life-threatening Events – Recognition and Treatment training course for early recognition and management of deteriorating ward-based patients: research protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66 (4), 923-932.

Formação continuada de professores para a educação em ciências no 2º CEB : conceções e práticas de índole experimental

A Formação Continuada de Professores de Ciências assume-se como uma via capaz de ajudar os alunos a desenvolver competências, como as de resolução de problemas. Nesta perspetiva, a Educação em Ciências deve visar o desenvolvimento de cidadãos cada vez mais participativos, responsáveis, capazes de tomar decisões conscientes, exigindo-se o desenvolvimento da literacia científica como uma meta a alcançar pelas escolas. Uma das estratégias considerada como potenciadora do desenvolvimento de tais competências é o trabalho experimental desenvolvido com os alunos, durante as aulas de Ciências de 2.º CEB. Neste contexto, desenvolveu-se um Programa de Formação Continuada de Professores em Ensino Experimental das Ciências no 2.º CEB, procurando-se avaliar o seu impacte nas conceções e práticas de índole experimental de quatro professores. Assim, formularam-se as seguintes questões de investigação: Qual o impacte do Programa de Formação para uma Educação em Ciências de base experimental: a) na (re)construção das conceções dos professores do 2.º CEB acerca do Trabalho Experimental?; b) e na promoção intencional, por parte dos professores envolvidos, de práticas didático-pedagógicas de base experimental no 2.º CEB? De forma a dar resposta às questões formuladas, desenvolveu-se uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, que pretendeu contribuir para a compreensão da relação entre a formação continuada de professores e as conceções e práticas de índole experimental desenvolvidas na disciplina de Ciências da Natureza, do 2.º CEB. O planeamento escolhido foi o de estudo de caso com quatro professoras participantes na formação continuada, tendo-se recorrido a várias técnicas e instrumentos de recolha e análise de dados. Para a caraterização das conceções das professoras sobre trabalho experimental foi utilizada a entrevista semi-estruturada, o Diário do Investigador e as transcrições das aulas destas professoras, bem como a reflexão oral nas sessões de acompanhamento com a Formadora. Este último instrumento também foi usado para a caracterização das práticas das professoras, assim como o Instrumento de Caraterização das Práticas Didático-Pedagógicas de índole experimental, desenvolvido para o presente estudo. Utilizou-se ainda um Questionário de Avaliação do Programa de Formação e os Portefólios das quatro professoras do estudo, para se obter a avaliação destas docentes acerca do Programa de Formação frequentado. Os resultados parecem indicar que, antes do Programa de Formação, apenas a Professora D apresentava conceções acerca de trabalho experimental, em sintonia com a perspetiva defendida na revisão de literatura. Após o Programa de Formação as quatro professoras revelaram conceções mais realistas acerca de trabalho experimental. Relativamente às práticas de índole experimental, antes do Programa de Formação, nenhuma das professoras colaboradoras do estudo implementava esta estratégia com os alunos. Após o Programa de Formação, todas as docentes passaram a contemplar nas suas práticas o trabalho experimental. De uma maneira geral, no que concerne à avaliação do Programa de Formação, as quatro docentes consideram que este teve impacte quer nas suas conceções quer nas suas práticas de índole experimental, destacando a importância do contributo das sessões de acompanhamento em sala de aula, com a Formadora, para a implementação efetiva do trabalho experimental nas suas práticas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o Programa de Formação contribuiu para que as quatro professoras colaboradoras do estudo (re) construíssem as suas conceções sobre trabalho experimental e para que o privilegiassem efetivamente nas suas aulas. O presente estudo visou contribuir para o desenvolvimento da formação de professores em ensino experimental das ciências, no que respeita à clarificação de conceções sobre o trabalho experimental e sua implementação efetiva com os alunos, dando-lhes autonomia e apelando ao desenvolvimento das suas capacidades de pensamento, relacionadas, por exemplo, com a identificação e controlo de variáveis.

Evaluation and Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Active Surveillance Pharmacovigilance for First-Line HAART in Namibia

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-02

O impacto do sono no desempenho de tarefas de memória procedimental em crianças: Revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Introdução: Estudos actuais sugerem que o sono possui um papel importante na melhoria do desempenho motor em adultos. Porém, em crianças saudáveis os resultados são contraditórios, indicando que apenas a passagem do tempo pode produzir um ganho ilusório. Objetivo: Identificar e sumarizar a evidência acerca do impacto do sono no desempenho de tarefas de memória procedimental em crianças saudáveis. Métodos: Foi conduzida uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas principais bases de dados electrónicas, Medline, ISI Web of Science e Scopus. Esta foi realizada até 17 de Maio de 2015 e de acordo com o equação de pesquisa. Após a selecção dos artigos, segundo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, avaliou-se a qualidade metodológica com recurso ao instrumento designado QATSDD (Quality Assessment Tool and Scoring Guidance Notes) e outro instrumento para estudos de intervenção beforeafter, sem grupo de controlo, desenvolvido por profissionais de sáude pertencentes ao National Institutes of Health. A meta-análise foi realizada com a medida do tempo de reacção, usando a diferença das médias padronizadas. O método estatístico utilizado foi Mantel-Haenszel para efeitos aleatórios. Resultados: Conduziu-se a revisão sistemática com quatorze artigos publicados entre 2007 e 2014, três estudos usados na meta-análise. Apenas quatro estudos denotaram melhorias, estatisticamente significativas, no que diz respeito ao efeito de um período de sono no desempenho de uma tarefa motora em crianças. Pelo contrário, a maioria dos estudos é a favor de que um período de sono prejudica o desempenho. Na meta-análise mostra-se que a vigília favorece os valores do tempo de reacção. Conclusões: A presente evidência não suporta o facto de que um período de sono optimiza o desempenho de tarefas de memória procedimental em crianças. Dadas as limitações apresentadas, nomeadamente a heterogeneidade das intervenções e reduzida qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos, sem grupo de controlo, sugere-se a realização de estudos futuros com maior nível de evidência.

Associations between perceived discrimination and health status among frequent Emergency Department users

Objective: Frequent Emergency Department (ED) users are vulnerable individuals and discrimination is usually associated with increased vulnerability. The aim of this study was to investigate frequent ED users' perceptions of discrimination and to test whether they were associated with increased vulnerability. Methods: In total, 250 adult frequent ED users were interviewed in Lausanne University Hospital. From a previously published questionnaire, we assessed 15 dichotomous sources of perceived discrimination. Vulnerability was assessed using health status: objective health status (evaluation by a healthcare practitioner including somatic, mental health, behavioral, and social issues - dichotomous variables) and subjective health status [self-evaluation including health-related quality of life (WHOQOL) and quality of life (EUROQOL) - mean-scores]. We computed the prevalence rates of perceived discrimination and tested associations between perceived discrimination and health status (Fischer's exact tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests)

Recherche qualitative examinant les liens entre un programme de bourses, le parcours scolaire des bénéficiaires et leur contexte familial au Bénin

Le contexte familial influence probablement plus le succès scolaire des élèves de pays en voie de développement que ce que certaines recherches indiquaient jusqu’à présent (Nonoyama-Tarumi, 2008). Ce mémoire explore les relations entre le contexte familial et le parcours scolaire d’élèves Béninois dans le cadre d’une évaluation d’implantation et de processus du programme de bourses de la Fondation Sophie Lavigne (FSL). Au total 18 informateurs ont participé à la recherche. Les données ont fait l’objet d’analyses qualitatives. Les résultats montrent que le programme de bourses est mis en œuvre conformément à ce qui était attendu. Ce dernier facilite le parcours scolaire de toutes les participantes et parfois celui de leur fratrie. Par contre, les critères de renouvellement des bourses, en fonction de la réussite scolaire, ont peu d’influence positive sur leur parcours scolaire. Les causes d’échecs scolaires rapportées par les participants sont de deux ordres, (a) une accumulation de difficultés qui entravent l’étude et (b) un obstacle ponctuel important qui empêche la poursuite des études. Les familles interrogées valorisent grandement l’instruction. Dans la mesure de leurs moyens, elles tentent d’offrir les meilleures conditions de réussite scolaire possibles à leurs enfants. L’accès à du soutien scolaire tel des cours de rattrapage est nécessaire pour assurer des conditions d’étude optimales. À la lumière des résultats, la FSL aurait avantage à fournir plus de soutien scolaire aux étudiantes qu’elle accompagne et à revoir les critères de renouvellement de bourses.

Le rôle de l’évaluation économique dans la pratique des médecins de famille = The role of economic evaluation in the practice of family physicians

L’évaluation économique en santé consiste en l’analyse comparative d’alternatives de services en regard à la fois de leurs coûts et de leurs conséquences. Elle est un outil d’aide à la décision. La grande majorité des décisions concernant l’allocation des ressources sont prises en clinique; particulièrement au niveau des soins primaires. Puisque chaque décision est associée à un coût d’opportunité, la non-prise en compte des considérations économiques dans les pratiques des médecins de famille peut avoir un impact important sur l’efficience du système de santé. Il existe peu de connaissances quant à l’influence des évaluations économiques sur la pratique clinique. L’objet de la thèse est de comprendre le rôle de l’évaluation économique dans la pratique des médecins de famille. Ses contributions font l’objet de quatre articles originaux (philosophique, théorique, méthodologique et empirique). L’article philosophique suggère l’importance des questions de complexité et de réflexivité en évaluation économique. La complexité est la perspective philosophique, (approche générale épistémologique) qui sous-tend la thèse. Cette vision du monde met l’attention sur l’explication et la compréhension et sur les relations et les interactions (causalité interactive). Cet accent sur le contexte et le processus de production des données souligne l’importance de la réflexivité dans le processus de recherche. L’article théorique développe une conception nouvelle et différente du problème de recherche. L’originalité de la thèse réside également dans son approche qui s’appuie sur la perspective de la théorie sociologique de Pierre Bourdieu; une approche théorique cohérente avec la complexité. Opposé aux modèles individualistes de l’action rationnelle, Bourdieu préconise une approche sociologique qui s’inscrit dans la recherche d’une compréhension plus complète et plus complexe des phénomènes sociaux en mettant en lumière les influences souvent implicites qui viennent chaque jour exercer des pressions sur les individus et leurs pratiques. L’article méthodologique présente le protocole d’une étude qualitative de cas multiples avec niveaux d’analyse imbriqués : les médecins de famille (niveau micro-individuel) et le champ de la médecine familiale (niveau macro-structurel). Huit études de cas furent réalisées avec le médecin de famille comme unité principale d’analyse. Pour le niveau micro, la collecte des informations fut réalisée à l’aide d’entrevues de type histoire de vie, de documents et d’observation. Pour le niveau macro, la collecte des informations fut réalisée à l’aide de documents, et d’entrevues de type semi-structuré auprès de huit informateurs clés, de neuf organisations médicales. L’induction analytique fut utilisée. L’article empirique présente l’ensemble des résultats empiriques de la thèse. Les résultats montrent une intégration croissante de concepts en économie dans le discours officiel des organisations de médecine familiale. Cependant, au niveau de la pratique, l'économisation de ce discours ne semble pas être une représentation fidèle de la réalité puisque la très grande majorité des participants n'incarnent pas ce discours. Les contributions incluent une compréhension approfondie des processus sociaux qui influencent les schèmes de perception, de pensée, d’appréciation et d’action des médecins de famille quant au rôle de l’évaluation économique dans la pratique clinique et la volonté des médecins de famille à contribuer à une allocation efficiente, équitable et légitime des ressources.

An evaluation of the CID perceived self-competence questionnaire

This paper discusses self-esteem and hearing impaired children based on the results of a questionnaire administered to students at CID.

An evaluation of videotaping for self evaluation by teachers of the hearing impaired

This paper is a review of a study to determine the effectiveness of teachers of the hearing impaired using videotape as a means of self-evaluation.

An evaluation of videotaping for self evaluation by teachers of the hearing impaired

This paper is a review of a study to determine the effectiveness of teachers of the hearing impaired using videotape as a means of self-evaluation.

An evaluation of private speech

This literature review examines the use of private speech among typically developing and hearing impaired children. This paper supports the view that private speech provides a self-regulatory function and guides behavior and problem-solving.