The appliance of science

One in four people will experience a mental health problem in any given year. Of those, the vast majority will not receive any psychological or pharmacological help. Even when psychological help is received, it frequently lacks a strong scientific basis. This article describes the extent of the problem in the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological therapies and examines some of the solutions proposed.

Myeloperoxidase activity is increased in gingival crevicular fluid and whole saliva after fixed orthodontic appliance activation

Introduction: Orthodontic tooth movement uses mechanical forces that result in inflammation in the first days. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme found in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) granules, and it is used to estimate the number of PMN granules in tissues. So far, MPO has not been used to study the inflammatory alterations after the application of orthodontic tooth movement forces. The aim of this study was to determine MPO activity in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva (whole stimulated saliva) of orthodontic patients at different time points after fixed appliance activation. Methods: MPO was determined in the GCF and collected by means of periopaper from the saliva of 14 patients with orthodontic fixed appliances. GCF and saliva samples were collected at baseline, 2 hours, and 7 and 14 days after application of the orthodontic force. Results: Mean MPO activity was increased in both the GCF and saliva of orthodontic patients at 2 hours after appliance activation (P<0.02 for all comparisons). At 2 hours, PMN infiltration into the periodontal ligament from the orthodontic force probably results in the increased MPO level observed at this time point. Conclusions: MPO might be a good marker to assess inflammation in orthodontic movement; it deserves further studies in orthodontic therapy. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138:613-6)

Descrição, trajetórias ontogenéticas de Holymenia clavigera (Herbst, 1784) e Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas, 1852)(Hemiptera: Coreidae) e interação com três espécies de passifloraceae

Holymenia clavigera (Herbst, 1784) e Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas, 1852) são hemípteros pouco estudados que ocorrem no sul do Brasil, sendo pertencentes a tribo Anisoscelidini (Coreidae). Observações preliminares indicam uma alta coexistência no uso de suas plantas hospedeiras (passifloráceas), bem como uma total semelhança morfológica dos ovos e ninfas. Este estudo objetivou descrever a morfologia genérica dos imaturos destes sugadores, bem como suas trajetórias de crescimento, uma vez que a única diferença aparente entre as espécies é uma crescente dilatação da tíbia do terceiro par de pernas de A. foliacea marginella. Por não apresentarem as formas das tíbias distintas visualmente nos primeiro e segundo ínstares, foi feita a morfometria geométrica destas. Holymenia clavigera (Herbst, 1784) e Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas, 1852) são hemípteros pouco estudados que ocorrem no sul do Brasil, sendo pertencentes a tribo Anisoscelidini (Coreidae). Observações preliminares indicam uma alta coexistência no uso de suas plantas hospedeiras (passifloráceas), bem como uma total semelhança morfológica dos ovos e ninfas. Este estudo objetivou descrever a morfologia genérica dos imaturos destes sugadores, bem como suas trajetórias de crescimento, uma vez que a única diferença aparente entre as espécies é uma crescente dilatação da tíbia do terceiro par de pernas de A. foliacea marginella. Por não apresentarem as formas das tíbias distintas visualmente nos primeiro e segundo ínstares, foi feita a morfometria geométrica destas. Concomitantemente, alguns aspectos relativos à interação com suas plantas hospedeiras foram investigados. Para tanto, foi avaliada a performance em três maracujás existentes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do seguinte delineamento experimental: criação em Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus (tratamento um), em Passiflora misera Linnaeus (tratamento dois), em Passiflora edulis Sims (tratamento três) e nas três hospedeiras em conjunto (tratamento quatro). Os dois primeiros maracujás são espécies nativas e silvestres, além de serem mais semelhantes em tamanho que o terceiro maracujá, nativo e cultivado, que apresenta maior porte. A performance foi mensurada através do tempo de desenvolvimento e sobrevivência ninfal, e tamanho dos adultos. A preferência alimentar destes coreídeos foi testada em três níveis: 1) em relação às estruturas de P. suberosa (região apical, folha, caule, botão, fruto verde); 2) em relação aos parâmetros espécie e idade dos frutos de P. suberosa e P. misera, uma vez que o fruto foi a estrutura preferida e contém duas fenofases marcadamente distintas e 3) em relação às três espécies de passifloráceas utilizadas no experimento de performance. Os frutos verdes e violáceos de P. suberosa e P. edulis foram também avaliados quimicamente quanto ao pH, teor de água, nitrogênio total, carbono orgânico, fenóis totais e antocianinas. Paralelamente, um trabalho de campo de 09 de janeiro a 22 de março de 2003 (intervalos amostrais de quinze dias) visou a determinar as partes de P. suberosa mais utilizadas para alimentação e outras atividades. Por fim, caracterizou-se a morfologia genérica do aparelho bucal e analisou-se por meio de técnicas histológicas os tecidos da folha de P. suberosa (parênquima, xilema e floema) e as regiões dos frutos (pericarpo e semente) utilizados por ninfas de quinto instar e adultos de ambas as espécies. Os ovos foram idênticos em sua morfologia e ultraestrutura, diferindo apenas na magnitude, sendo maiores aqueles pertencentes a H. clavigera. Proporcionalmente, um número maior de processos micropilares foram encontrados nesta espécie. A exceção do alargamento da tíbia, que tornou-se conspícuo a partir do terceiro instar e do aspecto das ninfas de quinto instar de um modo geral, os ínstares foram também idênticos na morfologia, ultraestrutura e coloração. Porém, as trajetórias de crescimento e os coeficientes alométricos das estruturas mensuradas diferiram significativamente entre as espécies. A forma das tíbias de H. clavigera e A. foliacea marginella não foram diferentes no primeiro, mas sim no segundo instar ninfal. Para ambas as espécies, a performance foi superior em P. suberosa quando comparada com P. misera e P. edulis, apenas não diferindo do tratamento misto. A criação em apenas P. edulis resultou na pior performance para ambos os coreídeos. Não houve efeito do sexo e da espécie de coreídeo nas performances. As ninfas de primeiro instar de ambos os sugadores utilizaram mais a região apical. H. clavigera utilizou preferencialmente os frutos nos demais ínstares e no estágio adulto, o que apenas ocorreu em A. foliacea marginella do quarto instar em diante. Os frutos verdes foram selecionados por ambos os coreídeos quando em comparação com os violáceos, tanto em P. suberosa quanto em P. misera. Contudo, estes não foram selecionados segundo o atributo espécie. Os fenóis totais diminuíram à medida em que o fruto amadurece, ocorrendo o contrário com as antocianinas. O teor de água foi também maior nos frutos verdes. Quando comparados com P. suberosa, os frutos de P. misera de ambas as idades apresentaram maior teor de carbono orgânico, ocorrendo o contrário em relação ao nitrogênio total. H. clavigera não demonstrou preferência por nenhuma passiflorácea, e A. foliacea marginella utilizou mais P. misera e P. suberosa em detrimento de P. edulis. Em campo, os frutos verdes e as folhas maduras de P. suberosa foram os substratos mais utilizados para alimentação e descanso, respectivamente, independente da constante abundância de todas as estruturas. O rostro não apresentou diferenças morfológicas entre espécies e idades. Os imaturos e os adultos de ambas as espécies utilizaram o xilema na quase totalidade dos casos, raramente fazendo uso do floema. Registrou-se um uso de todas as partes do fruto, incluindo as sementes para ambos os coreídeos e estágios. Diante o exposto, o panorama atual aponta para uma grande semelhança morfológica e ecológica entre H. clavigera e A. foliacea marginella, que são provavelmente espécies simpátricas. A extrema semelhança dos estágios imaturos, adicionada ao semelhante padrão de uso de suas hospedeiras aponta para uma alta coexistência devido à parcimônia nas fases imaturas após a especiação, convergência evolutiva ou mimetismo Mülleriano.

Accidental swallowing of orthodontic expansion appliance key

Ingestion of a foreign object, including a dental object, can lead to a trip to the emergency room. This article describes the accidental swallowing of a key that was used to activate a rapid maxillary expander. An orthodontic patient swallowed the key while trying to activate the appliance at home. The object's trajectory was followed on radiographs until it was eliminated. Possible clinical complications, legal implications of this situation, and practices for prevention are described. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;140:266-8)

Reproductive period and size at the onset of sexual maturity of mottled purse crab, Persephona mediterranea (Herbst, 1794) (Brachyura, Leucosioidea) on the southeastern Brazilian coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reproductive output of Uca vocator (Herbst, 1804) (Brachyura, Ocypodidae) from three subtropical mangroves in Brazil

Crab fecundity is widely known to vary proportionally to female size, but the female's nutritional state also has an important effect on egg production. This study evaluates intraspecific variability of reproductive output by monthly sampling Uca vocator populations from the Itapanhau, Indaia, and Itamambuca mangroves on the southeastern coast of Brazil. The presence of ovigerous crabs, their carapace width (CW) and their number of eggs were recorded. Additionally, the productivity of the mangroves and the content of organic matter of the sediments were analysed in order to estimate food availability in each locality. Size-specific fecundity relationships were obtained for each population and compared among the three populations. Ovigerous females from Itamambuca are the largest and their fecundities are also the highest among the populations studied. These results probably are associated with the favourable environmental conditions in Itamambuca, as this is a young mangrove with a high productivity level.

Desenvolvimento juvenil de Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Calappidae), em laboratório

The Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) juvenile development was studied in laboratory, under the morphological and systematical stand points. The eight early juvenile stages were obtained from larvae hatched from eggs of two ovigerous females, collected at the northern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a climatically controlled room at 25 ± 1°C, and steady saltness of 34 . The youngs were maintened individually and food consisted of Artemia sp. nauplii and fragments of fish muscle.The first juvenile stage were particulary drawn and described. For the remaining juvenile stages the most representative frameworks were picked out, which allowed the characterization of the first eight stages. According to juvenile morphology studies, it was noted that secondary sexual characters differentation begins from the third stage.

Reproductive cycle of Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Calappidae) in Ubatuba, SP, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Distribuição do caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) na Enseada da Fortaleza, Ubatuba (SP), Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fecundity of crab Hepatus-pudibundas (herbst, 1785) (crustacea, decapoda, calappidae) in Ubatuba (SP), Brazil

The egg number and the rate in which they are produced constitute important informations for the comprehension of the reproductive process. The egg number carried by a female crab is related to a body dimension (carapace width or length). These data are adjusted to a linear regression. The specimens of Ii. pudibundus were collected in Ubatuba region, Brazil during the period from January 1991 to July 1993. In this paper 30 females with eggs in the initial embryonic phase were used to estimate ther egg number. The mean fecundity obtained was 75,615 +/- 30,120 eggs/female/spawn. Although the H. pudibundus fecundity was not high, it can be inferred that the larval survival in nature should be large, because it is one of the most abundant crabs in the studied area.

Treatment effects produced by the Bionator appliance. Comparison with an untreated Class II sample

The purpose of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate the dentoalveolar and skeletal cephalometric changes of the Bionator appliance on individuals with a Class II division 1 malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms of 44 patients were divided into two equal groups. The control group comprised 22 untreated Class II children (11 males, 11 females), with an initial mean age of 8 years 7 months who were followed without treatment for a period of 13 months. The Bionator group (111 males, 11 females) had an initial mean age of 10 years 8 months, and were treated for a mean period of 16 months. Lateral cephalometric headfilms were obtained of each patient and control at the beginning and end of treatment.The results showed that there were no changes in forward growth of the maxilla in the experimental group compared with the control group. However, the Bionator treatment produced a statistically significant increase in mandibular protrusion, and in total mandibular and body lengths. There were no statistically significant differences in craniofacial growth direction between the Bionator group and the control group, although the treated patients demonstrated a greater increase in posterior face height. The Bionator appliance produced labial tipping of the lower incisors and lingual inclination of the upper incisors, as well as a significant increase (P < 0.01) in mandibular posterior dentoalveolar height. The major effects of the Bionator appliance were dentoalveolar, with a smaller significant skeletal effect. The results indicate that the correction of a Class II division 1 malocclusion with the Bionator appliance is achieved not only by a combination of mandibular skeletal effects, but also by significant dentoalveolar changes.

Treatment of posterior crossbite in mixed dentition with a removable appliance: Reports of cases

A posterior crossbite malocclusion is defined as an abnormal buccolingual relationship. One or more maxillary teeth improperly occludes with one or more mandibular teeth in centric relation. This alteration develops early and is seldom self-correcting. This study is a report of the benefits of treating posterior crossbite malocclusions in mixed dentitions using removable appliances.

Weight width carapace relationship in the crab hepatus-pudibundus (herbst, 1785) (crustacea, decapoda, calappidae) of the Ubatuba region, SP, Brazil

In populational studies, the weight/width carapace relationship analysis, can furnish indications about the individual physiological variations as a function of the environment, and it can indicate sexual dimorphism. The goal of this research is to find the mathematical expressions of weight/width carapace relationship in the crab Hepatus pudibundus. This study was accomplished by analysing the crabs that were sampled monthly with a shrimp fishing boat equipped with 2 otter-trawl nets, during the period from november/1988 to october/1989. A total of 624 specimens were obtained composed of 244 males and 380 females. In each group the sex, the weight (PE) and the carapace width (LC) were determined. The obtained values agree with the studied range, showing variations during male and female development, represented by the potential function of the equation Y = aX(b). Such variations are probably related to reproductive strategies.

Appraisal of the chelipeds size on Hepatus-pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) (Crustacea, Calappidae) in function of sex and maturation

This paper appraises the influence of chelipeds on sexual and maturation phasis of the crab Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785), collected in Ubatuba (SP) region. The allometric constants obtained from the regression (carapace width X cheliped weight) adjusted to a power function (Y=aX(b)) were analysed. It was verified that males show larger chelipeds than females. The mean percentage of the chelipeds weight differs in sex and maturation.

Treatment Effects Produced by Fränkel Appliance in Patients with Class II, Division 1 Malocclusion

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the dentoalveolar and skeletal cephalometric changes produced by the Fränkel appliance in individuals with a Class II, division 1 malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms of 44 patients of both sexes were divided in two groups of 22 each. The control group was comprised of untreated Class II children with an initial mean age of eight years and seven months who were followed without treatment for a period of 13 months. The Fränkel group had an initial mean age of nine years and was treated for a mean period of 17 months. Lateral cephalometric headfilms of each patient were obtained at the beginning and end of treatment. The Fränkel appliance produced no significant changes in maxillary growth during the evaluation period, while a statistically significant increase in mandibular length was observed. The maxillomandibular relationship improved mostly because of an increase in mandibular length. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in the craniofacial growth direction between the Fränkel and the control group, both showing a slight downward rotation of the palatal plane. The Fränkel appliance produced a labial tipping of the lower incisors and a lingual inclination of the upper incisors as well as a significant increase in mandibular posterior dentoalveolar height. It was concluded that the main effects of the Fränkel appliance during this time period were mostly dentoalveolar with a smaller but significant skeletal mandibular effect.