111 resultados para Gymnanthes concolor
Resumo:
长臂猿是现存最小的类人猿(俗称小猿),主要分布于东南亚的的热带雨林、季雨林及亚热带常绿阔叶林中,是典型的树栖灵长类动物。我国现有长臂猿3属5种,包括黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)、白颊长臂猿(N. leucogenys)、海南长臂猿(N. hainanus)、白掌长臂猿(Hylobates lar)和白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock)。其中黑长臂猿是主要分布于我国云南省境内的一种长臂猿,在国外仅在越南北部和老挝西北部局部地区分布,越南北部的数量不足100只,老挝目前仅发现9群。 滇南、滇东南曾是黑长臂猿广泛分布的地区之一。为掌握该地区近年黑长臂猿分布及种群数量现状,从2003年7月~2004年12月,利用访问调查及利用鸣声定位法对该地区进行了调查。调查结果显示,在云南境内,近40 000 km2的范围内,黑长臂猿在红河以东可能已消失,而红河以西亦仅发现4~7个种群,且孤立分布于3个地区(金平芭蕉河2群6只,金平西隆山1-2群,绿春黄连山1~3群,总计不超过25只),而在江城牛倮河自然保护区、马关古林箐自然保护区、麻栗坡老君山自然保护区及屏边大围山自然保护区可能已绝迹。滇南、滇东南黑长臂猿分布区缩小及种群数量剧减,主要与栖息地丧失及过度捕猎有关。 在长臂猿数量与分布调查的基础上,我们于2004年底确定了以金平芭蕉河黑长臂猿的一个群体为研究对象进行行为生态观察。通过扫描与瞬时取样法记录,结合生境调查及物候监测,对其游走行为及生境利用格局进行了比较和分析,主要结论如下:⑴家域大小(活动范围)不是限制长臂猿日活动距离及活动时间的主要原因;⑵日活动距离及移动时间均与温度呈正相关;⑶食物资源分布及斑块丰富度一定程度上决定了长臂猿对栖息地选择与利用方式;⑷长臂猿对陡坡与沟谷利用强度较高,与其主要行为表现(如;过夜点、休息点、取食点选择)有关;⑸长臂猿过夜点选择与食物资源分布、群体间关系及鸣叫点选择无关,而可能与天气和安全性因素有关;⑹果实树分布对取食点、休息点选择作用明显,而物候变化及食物可得性可能是影响长臂猿对栖息地利用季节性变化的主要原因;⑺在一定程度上,人为干扰只是在短时间内改变了长臂猿的活动路线或时间,而对其总体的生境利用策略并没有太大影响。食物资源的分布及季节性变化在长臂猿的游走行为及生境利用中均起到了重要作用。
Resumo:
La plantación de pino en Patagonia ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, y es escaso el conocimiento de su impacto sobre la biodiversidad, particularmente sobre especies de altos requerimientos de hábitat. Mediante trampas cámara se estudiaron cambios en el uso de hábitat de carnívoros en vegetación de ecotono estepa-bosque respecto a plantaciones, y a otras estructuras del paisaje forestado, como cortafuegos, remanentes de vegetación nativa, y plantaciones ralas. Para explorar las diferencias en el uso del hábitat, se caracterizó el mismo a distintas escalas espaciales y se determinó la abundancia recursos tróficos. Se registraron cuatro especies: 1) Gato montés (Leopardus geoffroyi), fue registrado en vegetación nativa, cortafuegos y remanentes de vegetación nativa, pero no en plantaciones; estuvo correlacionado negativamente con la cobertura y densidad arbórea y positivamente con la abundancia de liebre. 2) Zorro colorado (Lycalopex culpaeus) y 3) zorrino (Conepatus chinga), fueron más abundantes en vegetación nativa que en plantaciones, y dentro del paisaje forestado prefirieron plantaciones ralas y cortafuegos. Ambas se asociaron positivamente a la cobertura de vegetación nativa, y el zorro también se asoció positivamente a la abundancia de liebre y riqueza herbácea. 4) Puma (Puma concolor) utilizó en similar medida todos los tipos de hábitat; y se asoció positivamente con la abundancia de jabalí y cobertura de plantación a escala de paisaje. En conclusión, las plantaciones desencadenan cambios en los distintos niveles tróficos de la comunidad, afectando a las presas nativas y favoreciendo a las exóticas, lo cual repercute de distinta manera sobre los carnívoros. A pesar de que gran parte de las especies se ven afectadas en alguna medida, los resultados indican que mediante prácticas de manejo y diseños de paisaje es posible mejorar significativamente la calidad del hábitat, de modo de hacer compatible la actividad forestal con la conservación de la fauna
Resumo:
La plantación de pino en Patagonia ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, y es escaso el conocimiento de su impacto sobre la biodiversidad, particularmente sobre especies de altos requerimientos de hábitat. Mediante trampas cámara se estudiaron cambios en el uso de hábitat de carnívoros en vegetación de ecotono estepa-bosque respecto a plantaciones, y a otras estructuras del paisaje forestado, como cortafuegos, remanentes de vegetación nativa, y plantaciones ralas. Para explorar las diferencias en el uso del hábitat, se caracterizó el mismo a distintas escalas espaciales y se determinó la abundancia recursos tróficos. Se registraron cuatro especies: 1)Gato montés (Leopardus geoffroyi), fue registrado en vegetación nativa, cortafuegos y remanentes de vegetación nativa, pero no en plantaciones; estuvo correlacionado negativamente con la cobertura y densidad arbórea y positivamente con la abundancia de liebre. 2)Zorro colorado (Lycalopex culpaeus)y 3)zorrino (Conepatus chinga), fueron más abundantes en vegetación nativa que en plantaciones, y dentro del paisaje forestado prefirieron plantaciones ralas y cortafuegos. Ambas se asociaron positivamente a la cobertura de vegetación nativa, y el zorro también se asoció positivamente a la abundancia de liebre y riqueza herbácea. 4)Puma (Puma concolor)utilizó en similar medida todos los tipos de hábitat; y se asoció positivamente con la abundancia de jabalí y cobertura de plantación a escala de paisaje. En conclusión, las plantaciones desencadenan cambios en los distintos niveles tróficos de la comunidad, afectando a las presas nativas y favoreciendo a las exóticas, lo cual repercute de distinta manera sobre los carnívoros. A pesar de que gran parte de las especies se ven afectadas en alguna medida, los resultados indican que mediante prácticas de manejo y diseños de paisaje es posible mejorar significativamente la calidad del hábitat, de modo de hacer compatible la actividad forestal con la conservación de la fauna
Resumo:
Habitat conversion and environmental degradation have reached alarming levels in the Pantanal, endangering all its biodiversity. This scenario is complicated by the fact that the biome relies on only a few protected areas, which combined do not exceed 10% of the territory. Felids, as predators, play a vital role in the maintenance of this ecosystem, but require large areas, have low population densities and, typically, are very sensitive to environmental disturbances. Amolar Mountain Ridge is considered an area of extreme importance and high priority for conservation within the biome. There are four species of felids in this region: the jaguar (Panthera onca), the puma (Puma concolor), the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi). However, little is known about the ecology of these species in this region or the magnitude of interaction between the communities living around the protected areas and the animals. The goal of this study was to increase our knowledge about these felids and understand how people interact with them in order to contribute to their conservation in the network of parks within Amolar. Camera trapping surveys were carried out in two areas of the network, covering approximately 83,000 hectares, in order to identify the species of mammals occurring in the region, those that may be potential prey for the felids, and to obtain basic ecological data about both felids and prey. In addition, we conducted surveys in three riverside schools in order to assess the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of schoolchildren regarding the four focal felids, and surveys among the adult population to assess their perceptions and attitudes towards the jaguar. We recorded a total of 33 species of mammals from both study areas. The large cats were cathemeral, reflecting the temporal activity of larger prey, whereas the ocelot was nocturnal, mirroring the activity of smaller prey. Jaguar occupancy was influenced by prey abundance, while puma occupancy was influenced by patch density in drier dense forest. Jaguars and pumas may be competitors over temporal and spatial scales, while no resource overlap was found for ocelots. Overall, both adults and children tended to have negative perceptions about the cats, which were related to the fear of being attacked. To increase awareness about the species and to maximize the effectiveness of protective measures in the network of reserves, it is recommended to develop and implement an Environmental Educational Program in the medium- to long-term in order to minimize the fear of these felids and to counsel locals on the role of felids in the maintenance of the Pantanal’s biodiversity.
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The inverse relationship between arboreal lichen species richness and sulphur dioxide in ambient air has been thoroughly documented in the literature. Previous work in southern Ontario has shown that lichen bioindication can identify areas of potential concern regarding air quality. The EMAN suite of l i chens was applied in the City of Samia by surveying 458 Sugar Maple trees, in order to test the applicability of lichen bioindication under conditions of high mean S02 levels and high species richness values. The results of the survey were explored using Geographic Information Systems. A spatial relationship between lichen community variables, the Bluewater Bridge and the highway was identified. Lichen species richness, lichen percent cover and Index of Atmospheric Purity values were higher along the bridge and highway. No strong gradients were found between other known pollution sources and no lichen deserts were identified. The most common community grouping consisted of Physcia millegrana Degel, Candelaria concolor (Dicks) B. Stein, Physcia aipolia (Ehrh ex Humb.) Furnrohr; all of which are known nitrophytes. The relationship between substrate pH and lichen species richness was examined. Sites with a known source of anthropogenic chemical contamination were found to have a correlation of l=0.8 between lichen species richness and pH. The inverse was found for sites with no known source of contamination with a correlation of r 2 =-0.72. The findings suggest that species richness may be influenced by altering substrate pH which promotes the growth of nitrophytic species capable of tolerating high S02 levels.
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The use of scat surveys to obtain DNA has been well documented in temperate areas, where DNA preservation may be more effective than in tropical forests. Samples obtained in the tropics are often exposed to high humidity, warm temperatures, frequent rain and intense sunlight, all of which can rapidly degrade DNA. Despite these potential problems, we demonstrate successful mtDNA amplification and sequencing for faeces of carnivores collected in tropical conditions and quantify how sample condition and environmental variables influence the success of PCR amplification and species identification. Additionally, the feasibility of genotyping nuclear microsatellites from jaguar (Panthera onca) faeces was investigated. From October 2007 to December 2008, 93 faecal samples were collected in the southern Brazilian Amazon. A total of eight carnivore species was successfully identified from 71% of all samples obtained. Information theoretic analysis revealed that the number of PCR attempts before a successful sequence was an important negative predictor across all three responses (success of species identification, success of species identification from the first sequence and PCR amplification success), whereas the relative importance of the other three predictors (sample condition, season and distance from forest edge) varied between the three responses. Nuclear microsatellite amplification from jaguar faeces had lower success rates (15-44%) compared with those of the mtDNA marker. Our results show that DNA obtained from faecal samples works efficiently for carnivore species identification in the Amazon forest and also shows potential for nuclear DNA analysis, thus providing a valuable tool for genetic, ecological and conservation studies.
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Sao Paulo is the most developed state in Brazil and little of its native vegetation remains. In Luiz Antonio and Santa Rita do Passa Quatro municipalities, only small fragments of cerrado (Brazilian savanna) physiognomies (cerrado, cerrado sensu stricto) and of semideciduous forest have been left, surrounded by eucalyptus silviculture and sugar-cane agriculture. However, that vegetation mosaic still shelters large mammals, including several carnivore species. To detect the carnivores present in such a mosaic area (50,000 ha), and to find out how they use the landscape, we recorded them through 21 camera traps and 21 track plots, during 18 months. Species richness, diversity and relative frequency were evaluated according to the habitat. Ten species were recorded, some of them locally threatened to extinction (Puma concolor, Leopardus pardalis, Chrysocyon brachyurus). Species diversity did not significantly differ among fragments, and although most species preferred one or another habitat, the carnivore community as a whole explored all the study area regardless of the vegetation cover;eucalyptus plantations were as used by the carnivores as the native fragments. Therefore, it seems possible to maintain such animals in agricultural landscapes, where some large native fragments are left and the matrix is permeable to native fauna.
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Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 are revised. Cratorrhagus Simon 1891 is considered a junior synonym of Chaetopelma. Cratorrhagus tetramerus (Simon 1873) and the female of Cratorrhagus concolor (Simon 1873) are conspecific with C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841). Ischnocolus gracilis Ausserer 1871, Ischnocolus syriacus Ausserer 1871, Chaetopelma shabati Hassan 1950 and Ischnocolus jerusalemensis Smith 1990 are also treated here as junior synonyms of C. olivaceum. Chaetopelma adenense Simon 1890 is proposed as a junior synonym of Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch 1875. Chaetopelma gardineri Hirst 1911 is transferred to Nesiergus. Hence, Chaetopelma comprises three valid species: C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841); C. karlamani Vollmer 1997; C. concolor (Simon 1873) n. comb. from the Middle East and northeastern Africa. Nesiergus, which appears endemic to the Seychelles archipelago, now comprises three valid species: N. gardineri (Hirst 1911) n. comb.; N. halophilus Benoit 1978; N. insulanus Simon 1903.
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So Paulo is the most developed state in Brazil and contains few fragments of native ecosystems, generally surrounded by intensive agriculture lands. Despite this, some areas still shelter large native animals. We aimed at understanding how medium and large carnivores use a mosaic landscape of forest/savanna and agroecosystems, and how the species respond to different landscape parameters (percentage of landcover and edge density), in a multi-scale perspective. The response variables were: species richness, carnivore frequency and frequency for the three most recorded species (Puma concolor, Chrysocyon brachyurus and Leopardus pardalis). We compared 11 competing models using Akaike`s information criterion (AIC) and assessed model support using weight of AIC. Concurrent models were combinations of landcover types (native vegetation, ""cerrado"" formations, ""cerrado"" and eucalypt plantation), landscape feature (percentage of landcover and edge density) and spatial scale. Herein, spatial scale refers to the radius around a sampling point defining a circular landscape. The scales analyzed were 250 (fine), 1,000 (medium) and 2,000 m (coarse). The shape of curves for response variables (linear, exponential and power) was also assessed. Our results indicate that species with high mobility, P. concolor and C. brachyurus, were best explained by edge density of the native vegetation at a coarse scale (2,000 m). The relationship between P. concolor and C. brachyurus frequency had a negative power-shaped response to explanatory variables. This general trend was also observed for species richness and carnivore frequency. Species richness and P. concolor frequency were also well explained by a second concurrent model: edge density of cerrado at the fine (250 m) scale. A different response was recorded for L. pardalis, as the frequency was best explained for the amount of cerrado at the fine (250 m) scale. The curve of response was linearly positive. The contrasting results (P. concolor and C. brachyurus vs L. pardalis) may be due to the much higher mobility of the two first species, in comparison with the third. Still, L. pardalis requires habitat with higher quality when compared with other two species. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple spatial scales when evaluating species responses to different habitats. An important and new finding was the prevalence of edge density over the habitat extension to explain overall carnivore distribution, a key information for planning and management of protected areas.
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The purpose of this study was to conduct a habitat suitability analysis of the critically endangered Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi) in Florida. We gathered land cover, population and road data from the Florida Geographic Data Library and performed map algebra using ESRI’s ArcGIS to compile a suitable habitat map. We found that there is 20381.7 km² of highly suitable habitat and 557124.4 km² of less desirable but usable habitat for the Florida panther. The highest concentration of highly suitable habitat is in Big Cypress National Park, with smaller patches in Tates Hell State Forest and along the southeast portion of the Panhandle. Due to extensive fragmentation, however, and without establishment of habitat linkages to the existing southern population, there is little chance of survival of additional panther populations in much of northern Florida.
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A demanda pela produção comercial de madeira exótica e criação de gado é uma fonte comum de conflitos que pode produzir um efeito negativo na conservação da vida silvestre. Este conflito é particularmente evidente no sul do Brasil, onde as áreas protegidas não são grandes suficientes para garantir as necessidades de ocupação de espécies com grandes exigências territoriais, e onde a densidade humana é elevada. Desta maneira, a conservação destas espécies precisa ser assegurada com a manutenção de habitats fora das reservas oficiais. O objetivo desta tese foi identificar os padrões de perda de integridade ambiental na paisagem, buscando os limites nos quais a estabilidade de uma comunidade e de sua estrutura trófica podem ser severamente afetados (capítulo 2 e 3), de maneira que estes resultados possam ser utilizados como procedimentos para escolha de áreas a serem protegidas, recuperação ambiental, e seleção de modelos ecologicamente sustentáveis de manejo comercial. Vários características de grupos indicadores baseados na presençaausência de mamíferos florestais (>1kg) foram verificados para este propósito, incluindo a persistência, riqueza, e composição das comunidades, além da riqueza trófica e presença do maior predador da área, o puma Puma concolor. Explorou-se, também, as limitações do uso de estimativas de riqueza de espécies como diretriz exclusiva de ações de conservação. Os resultados mostraram que RE não estava necessariamente relacionada com a melhor integridade ambiental pressuposta, e corroborada através dos outros indicadores (capítulo 3). Adicionalmente, a RE variou com método amostral, resultado que emerge como impecilho para o uso exclusivo deste parâmetro como indicador (capítulo 4). Esta variação implica que inferências de RE baseadas em múltiplos estudos pode resultar em erro se os mesmos métodos amostrais não forem usados em todos eles. A maior parte das espécies amostradas são dependentes da floresta, sendo que a abordagem por indicadores confirmou esta relação, revelando que as comunidades de mamíferos florestais sofreram as maiores perdas em áreas menos florestadas. A configuração da paisagem poderia ser resumida em propriedades particulares de 600 ha, com florestas restritas a menos de 38% na escala de paisagem. Espécies extintas or quase extintas na configuração observada foram a ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis, tamanduá-bandeira Myrmecophaga tridactyla, onça-pintada Panthera onca, anta Tapirus terrestris. Espécies severamente ameaçadas foram o loboguará Chrysocyon brachyurus e queixada Tayassu pecari. Mesmo assim, informações da distribuição histórica destas espécies em ambientes de floresta-savana, antes da colonização completa por causasianos, indicam que a extensão naturalmente reduzida da floresta nestes ambientes não constituía-se em obstáculo para sua existência, a partir do que é possível inferir que a extinção das espécies foi provocada pelo padrão de ocupação rural e atitudes humanas incompatíveis com a existência destas. Atualmente, exceto pelas espécies com maior demanda florestal, muitas demostram uma surpreendente persistência em condições de cobertura florestal nativa de aproximadamente 10% na paisagem rural não urbanizada.
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Os barreiros são áreas de depressões, com pouca cobertura vegetal e solos úmidos, visitadas por muitos animais. O consumo de solo (geofagia) nestes locais é reconhecido para várias espécies de vertebrados em diversas regiões do mundo, sugerindo que os barreiros sejam importantes componentes do hábitat desses organismos. Na Amazônia e no Pantanal, estes lugares são muito procurados por populações humanas tradicionais para a caça. Assim, o conhecimento sobre o uso destas áreas pela fauna é importante para o delineamento de estratégias conservacionistas. A intensidade e horários preferenciais de uso de oito barreiros por vertebrados foram avaliados através de armadilhas fotográficas na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural SESC-Pantanal, nordeste do Pantanal brasileiro. As amostragens foram realizadas durante as estações seca e cheia do ano de 2005. Durante 7375 horas de amostragem, foram registradas 24 espécies de mamíferos, 11 de aves e 2 de répteis utilizando os barreiros de alguma forma. Em 14 destas espécies a geofagia foi documentada, sendo a forma de uso predominante. Este comportamento foi registrado para a cutia (Dasyprocta azarae), o bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya), ungulados (Tayassu pecari, Tapirus terrestris, Pecari tajacu, Sus scrofa, Mazama americana e M. gouazoubira), cracídeos (Penelope ochrogaster, Pipile pipile, Crax fasciolata e Ortalis canicolis) e pombas (Leptotila sp. e Claravis pretiosa). Carnívoros, como a onça-parda (Puma concolor) e a jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis), visitam estas áreas provavelmente devido à grande concentração de presas. O queixada (T. pecari) e a anta (T. terrestris) foram as espécies que mais utilizaram os barreiros. Os horários preferenciais de uso, em geral, são semelhantes aos padrões de atividade conhecidos para as espécies. A composição de espécies e intensidade de uso foram diferentes entre os barreiros avaliados e entre as estações. Barreiros pequenos apresentaram menor riqueza de espécies e índice de uso mais baixo, parâmetros que foram mais altos na seca em comparação à estação cheia. Diversos fatores, relativos aos barreiros e/ou aos organismos envolvidos, podem estar associados a estas variações. Fatores como tamanho dos barreiros, composição química e estrutural do solo, composição e arranjo da paisagem de entorno, relações dos organismos com esta paisagem e relações intra e interespecíficas podem estar atuando isoladamente ou em sinergismo. Uma das espécies mais freqüentes nos barreiros foi a anta (T. terrestris), um ungulado capaz de responder à heterogeneidade de paisagens em um amplo espectro de escalas. Análises foram realizadas com o objetivo de avaliar se os barreiros, unidades de hábitat em uma escala refinada, são importantes elementos na paisagem para a predição da distribuição local dessa espécie na área da RPPN SESC-Pantanal. Correlações entre a intensidade de uso de oito barreiros por T. terrestris e a composição da paisagem de entorno em diferentes escalas foram realizadas. As probabilidades de ocorrência de antas, obtidas através de um modelo de distribuição potencial a partir da composição da paisagem em áreas de diferentes tamanhos centradas nos barreiros, também foram correlacionadas com a intensidade de uso dos barreiros pela espécie. Áreas com composição da paisagem similar apresentaram diferentes intensidades de uso dos barreiros e locais com reduzida probabilidade de ocorrência de antas apresentaram elevada intensidade de uso, indicando que os barreiros são unidades discretas da paisagem relevantes para a geração de modelos de ocorrência potencial de T. terrestris na região. Considerando estes resultados, os barreiros no nordeste do Pantanal podem ser reconhecidos como importantes unidades de hábitat para diversas espécies de vertebrados. Estratégias conservacionistas locais e regionais, como o zoneamento da RPPN SESC-Pantanal e projetos de manejo e sustentabilidade de caça em reservas extrativistas, devem considerar estas informações para uma maior efetividade.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Among placental mammals, primates are the only ones to present trichromatic color vision. However, the distribution of trichromacy among primates is not homogeneous: Old World primates shows an uniform trichromacy (with all individuals being trichromats) and New World primates exhibit a color vision polymorphism (with dichromatic males and dichromatic or trichromatic females). Visual ecology studies have investigated which selective pressures may have been responsible for the evolution of trichromacy in primates, diverging from the dichromat standard found in other mammals. Cues associated with foraging and the socio-reproductive status were analyzed, indicating a trichromatic advantage for the rapid detection of visually conspicuous objects against a green background. However, dichromats are characterized by an efficient capture of cryptic and camouflaged stimuli. These advantages regarding phenotype may be responsible for the maintenance of the visual polymorphism in New World primates and for the high incidence of color blindness in humans (standing around 8% in Caucasian men). An important factor that has not yet been experimentally taken into account is the predation risk and its effect on the evolution of trichromacy in primates. To answer this question, we prepared and edited pictures of animals with different coats: oncillas (Leopardus spp.), puma (Puma concolor) and ferret (Galictis cuja). The specimens were taxidermized and the photographs were taken in three different vegetation scenarios (dense forest, cerrado and grassland). The images of the predators were manipulated so that they fit into two categories of stimulus size (small or large). After color calibration and photo editing, these were presented to 40 humans (20 dichromats and 20 trichromats) by a computer program, which presented a set of four photos at a time (one picture containing the taxidermized animal amid the background vegetation and three depicting only the background vegetation) and recorded the response latency and success rate of the subjects. The results show a trichromatic advantage in detecting potential predators. The predator detection was influenced by the background, the predator species, the dimension of the stimulus and the observer s visual phenotype. As humans have a high rate of dyschromatopsias, when compared to wild Catarrhini or human tribal populations, it is possible that the increased rate of dichromats is a result of reduced pressure for rapid predator detection. Since our species came to live in more cohesive groups and resistant to attack by predators, with the advent of agriculture and the formation of villages, it is possible that the lower risk of predation has reduced the selection in favor of trichromats
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)