¿Por qué prehistoria si hay historia precolombina? (Luis Ferrero)

IntroducciónHacer crítica no es una tarea fácil. Por el contrario es una labor de gran responsabilidad y objetividad. Pero es necesario y debe hacerse con fines constructivos que permitan, en todo caso, contribuir al avance de la ciencia.Comienzo este comentario apoyando la interrogante con la cual titula Luis Ferrero su obra (EUNED, 1986) Coincido plenamente con él en el cuestionamiento que hace con respecto al empleo del concepto de prehistoria. Los avances en este campo de la antropología y de la historia han hecho que desde hace varios años se venga considerando el significado de tal concepto y lo que éste implica. Hace bien el autor en alertar a su público en cuanto a una nueva manera de considerar la prehistoria, uniéndose a autores latinoamericanos y norteamericanos con su preocupación... 

Penicillin-resistant pneumococcus and risk of treatment failure in pneumonia

Objective: To determine whether the presence of in vitro penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae increases the risk of clinical failure in children hospitalised with severe pneumonia and treated with penicillin/ampicillin. Design: Multicentre, prospective, observational study. Setting: 12 tertiary-care centres in three countries in Latin America. Patients: 240 children aged 3-59 months, hospitalised with severe pneumonia and known in vitro susceptibility of S pneumoniae. Intervention: Patients were treated with intravenous penicillin/ampicillin after collection of blood and, when possible, pleural fluid for culture. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was used to determine penicillin susceptibility of the pneumococcal strains isolated. Children were continuously monitored until discharge. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was treatment failure (using clinical criteria). Results: Overall treatment failure was 21%. After allowing for different potential confounders, there was no evidence of association between treatment failure and in vitro resistance of S pneumoniae to penicillin according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)/National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) interpretative standards ((adj)RR = 1.03; 95%Cl: 0.49-1.90 for resistant S pneumoniae). Conclusions: Intravenous penicillin/ampicillin remains the drug of choice for treating penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia in areas where the MIC does not exceed 2 mu g/ml.

Adding fever to WHO criteria for diagnosing pneumonia enhances the ability to identify pneumonia cases among wheezing children

Objective To examine the ability of the criteria proposed by the WHO to identify pneumonia among cases presenting with wheezing and the extent to which adding fever to the criteria alters their performance. Design Prospective classification of 390 children aged 2-59 months with lower respiratory tract disease into five diagnostic categories, including pneumonia. WHO criteria for the identification of pneumonia and a set of such criteria modified by adding fever were compared with radio-graphically diagnosed pneumonia as the gold standard. Results The sensitivity of the WHO criteria was 94% for children aged <24 months and 62% for those aged >= 24 months. The corresponding specificities were 20% and 16%. Adding fever to the WHO criteria improved specificity substantially (to 44% and 50%, respectively). The specificity of the WHO criteria was poor for children with wheezing (12%). Adding fever improved this substantially (to 42%). The addition of fever to the criteria apparently reduced their sensitivity only marginally (to 92% and 57%, respectively, in the two age groups). Conclusion The authors' results reaffirm that the current WHO criteria can detect pneumonia with high sensitivity, particularly among younger children. They present evidence that the ability of these criteria to distinguish between children with pneumonia and those with wheezing diseases might be greatly enhanced by the addition of fever.

Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4x10(19) eV

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5 x 10(18) eV, derived from 20 000 events recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described. The spectral index gamma of the particle flux, J proportional to E(-gamma), at energies between 4 x 10(18) eV and 4 x 10(19) eV is 2.69 +/- 0.02(stat) +/- 0.06(syst), steepening to 4.2 +/- 0.4(stat) +/- 0: 06 (syst) at higher energies. The hypothesis of a single power law is rejected with a significance greater than 6 standard deviations. The data are consistent with the prediction by Greisen and by Zatsepin and Kuz'min.

Measurement of the depth of maximum of extensive air showers above 10(18) eV

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X(max), of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10(18) eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106 +/- 35-21) g/cm(2)/decade below 10(18.24) +/- (0.05) eV, and d24 +/- 3 g/cm(2)/ecade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm(2). The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.

Limit on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy tau neutrinos with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Data collected at the Pierre Auger Observatory are used to establish an upper limit on the diffuse flux of tau neutrinos in the cosmic radiation. Earth-skimming nu(tau) may interact in the Earth's crust and produce a tau lepton by means of charged-current interactions. The tau lepton may emerge from the Earth and decay in the atmosphere to produce a nearly horizontal shower with a typical signature, a persistent electromagnetic component even at very large atmospheric depths. The search procedure to select events induced by tau decays against the background of normal showers induced by cosmic rays is described. The method used to compute the exposure for a detector continuously growing with time is detailed. Systematic uncertainties in the exposure from the detector, the analysis, and the involved physics are discussed. No tau neutrino candidates have been found. For neutrinos in the energy range 2x10(17) eV < E(nu)< 2x10(19) eV, assuming a diffuse spectrum of the form E(nu)(-2), data collected between 1 January 2004 and 30 April 2008 yield a 90% confidence-level upper limit of E(nu)(2)dN(nu tau)/dE(nu)< 9x10(-8) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1).

GP5+/6+ SYBR Green methodology for simultaneous screening and quantification of human papillomavirus

Background: Detection and quantification of human papillomavirus (HPV) may help in predicting the evolution of HPV infection and progression of associated lesions. Objectives: We propose a novel protocol using consensus primers GP5+/6+ in a SYBR Green quantitative real-time (Q-RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The strategy permits screening for HPV infection and viral load quantification simultaneously. Study design: DNA from 153 archived cervical samples, previously tested for HPV detection by GP5+/6+ PCR and typed by EIA-RLB (enzyme immunoassay-reverse line blot) or sequence analysis, was analysed using SYBR Green Q-RT PCR. Melting temperature assay (T(m)) and cycle threshold (C(t)) were used to evaluate HPV positivity and viral load. The T(m) in the range of 77-82 degrees C was considered to be positive for HPV-DNA. HPV results generated through GP5+/6+ conventional PCR were considered the gold standard against which sensitivity and specificity of our assay were measured. Results: Out of 104 HPV positive samples, 100 (96.2%) were also determined as positive by SYBR Green Q-RT PCR; of the 49 HPV-negative samples, all were determined as negative. There was an excellent positivity agreement (K = 0.94) between the SYBR Green Q-RT and the previous methods employed. The specificity and sensitivity were 100% and 96.2%, respectively. Comparison of SYBR Green Q-RT and TaqMan oligo-probe technologies gave an excellent concordance (pc = 0.95) which validated the proposed strategy. Conclusions: We propose a sensitive and easy-to-perform technique for HPV screening and viral load quantification simultaneously. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Changes in the influence of board characterisitcs on corporate results due to the recent global financial crisis

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the changes caused by the global financial crisis on the influence of board characteristics on corporate results, in terms of corporate performance, corporate risk-taking, and earnings management. Sample comprises S&P 500 listed firms during 2002-2008. This study reveals that the environmental conditions call for different behaviour from directors to fulfil their responsibilities and suggests changes in normative and voluntary guidelines for improving good practices in the boardroom.

Consumption, wealth, stock and housing returns: evidence from emerging markets

We test the predictive ability of the transitory deviations of consumption from its common trend with aggregate wealth and labour income, cay, for both future equity and housing risk premia in emerging market economies. Using quarterly data for 31 markets, our country-level evidence shows that forecasting power of cay vis-à-vis stock returns is high for Brazil, China, Colombia, Israel, Korea, Latvia and Malaysia. As for housing returns, the empirical evidence suggests that financial and housing assets are perceived as complements in the case of Chile, Russia, South Africa and Thailand, and as substitutes in Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico and Taiwan. Using a panel econometric framework, we find that the cross-country heterogeneity observed in asset return predictability does not accrue to regional location, but can be attributed to differences in the degree of equity market development and in the level of income.

La construcción política de la desigualdad: Pobreza y Sexualidad en las políticas públicas de la Provincia de Córdoba

El proyecto pretende analizar la definición de políticas públicas sobre pobreza y ambiente como instancias de visibilización de posiciones y discursividades en conflicto sobre la (des)igualdad. Asimismo pretende entender la formulación de políticas públicas como instancias en que los Estados institucionalizan una definición sobre la (des)igualdad que muchas veces, paradójicamente, resulta en la instauración de exclusiones y el fortalecimiento de regímenes de dominación. Entre las diversas hipótesis que guían el proyecto la más abarcativa sostiene que las decisiones, los modos y campos de intervención definidos en la política pública constituyen en sí mismos un espacio discursivo en el que se establecen definiciones y plasman matrices ideológicas respecto de la (des)igualdad. Pues a partir de ellos se visibilizan operaciones específicas de inclusión/exclusión, igualdad/desigualdad, prohibición/habilitación, etc.; se identifican y caracterizan sujetos; así como también un determinado orden normativo de relaciones y prácticas. No obstante encontrarse legalmente instituida la igualdad como principio subyacente a todo el ordenamiento de derechos, en la práctica las desigualdades se hacen patentes. Éstas son especialmente relevantes en tres áreas de políticas públicas: el trabajo, el hábitat y sexualidad. Consecuentemente, se propone: 1. analizar el dispositivo de regulación tal como se materializa en las decisiones, leyes y políticas públicas del Estado Provincial; 2. Esclarecer las disputas y/o articulaciones de orientaciones y prácticas de distintos ámbitos institucionales –expresamente referimos al conjunto de actores que se activan y pujan frente al contenido y carácter de las decisiones públicas; 3. estudiar las prácticas de resistencia frente a las regulaciones instituidas.

Gestión de la vida: políticas públicas y conflicto en el uso del territorio y los recursos naturales

Las (des)igualdades, sus orígenes y sus efectos han sido desde siempre una preocupación para la construcción de una política democrática, e incluso una prioridad, al menos así declarada, en las agendas de los Estados. El presente proyecto hace foco en aquellas leyes y políticas públicas que buscan intervenir en el particular campo de las desigualdades emergentes de los usos sociales y económicos del territorio y de los recursos naturales. Actualmente, las provincias de Catamarca, Córdoba y La Rioja, son tres escenarios escasamente estudiados en los que se han puesto en cuestión y desatado conflictos alrededor de la actividad minera y las normativas que la regulan. Precisamente es el objetivo de este proyecto analizar la definición de políticas públicas como momentos de visibilización de posiciones y discursividades en conflicto y entender la formulación de políticas públicas como instancias en que los gobiernos institucionalizan una definición sobre la (des)igualdad. Para ello desplegamos tres ejes de indagación: el análisis del dispositivo de regulación materializado en las decisiones gubernamentales; el esclarecimiento de las disputas entre distintos ámbitos institucionales; y el análisis de las prácticas de resistencia frente a las regulaciones instituidas. Para ello diseñamos una estrategia analítica diferenciada, donde para los primeros dos objetivos se utilizará la recolección documental (normativa) y las entrevistas en profundidad y el análisis de contenido como herramienta de análisis; y el tercer objetivo se ejecuta mediante la recolección de documentos producidos por las organizaciones y las entrevistas en profundidad y el análisis de discurso como técnica de interpretación.