Three-phase tri-state buck-boost integrated inverter

This paper presents a three-phase integrated inverter suitable for stand-alone and/or grid-connected applications. The usage of the special features of the tri-state coupled with the special space vector modulation allows the inverter to present an attractive degree of freedom for the controllers' design, i.e. input and output can be controlled independently. Additionally all controllers are based on dq0 transformation, the system are described and interesting simulation results are available to confirm the proposal. Finally, this paper presents experimental evaluations of the inverter feeding a three-phase stand-alone load confirming the remarkable features of the decoupling control. © 2013 IEEE.

Controle da injeção de potências ativa e reativa em inversor de Geração Distribuída conectado à rede de distribuição em corrente alternada em baixa tensão, empregando LMIs com realimentação de estados e critérios de D-estabilidade

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Avaliação técnica e econômica da implantação de sistemas fotovoltaicos no Aeroporto Internacional de Belém

O presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliação técnica e econômica para a instalação de um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede (SFCR) para a eletrificação do Aeroporto Internacional Val-de-Cans, localizado na cidade de Belém – Pará - Brasil. Trata-se de da avaliação de implantação de um projeto piloto na Região Norte, onde estuda-se a implantação de um SFCR na cobertura do Terminal Aeroportuário, em uma área de aproximadamente 16.000 m². A avaliação técnica foi realizada com auxílio dos dados meteorológicos e do consumo de energia elétrica referentes ao período de 2011 a 2012, da elaboração de duas opções de projeto de SFCR, sendo a primeira proposta com 191 subsistemas utilizando módulos de silício policristalinos, totalizando uma potência nominal de 2,3 MWp (nas condições padrões) e a segunda proposta com 82 subsistemas utilizando módulos de silício amorfo, totalizando uma potência nominal de 1,04 MWp (nas condições padrões). Na avaliação técnica utilizou-se também um software para simular o desempenho dos sistemas propostos durante um ano, destacando-se a avaliação de perfis de irradiância para um dia ensolarado e outro nublado. A avaliação econômica baseou-se nos projetos elaborados, sendo decisiva na escolha do sistema fotovoltaico mais indicado para a implantação, pois a proposta 1 possui um investimento inicial de R$ 14.970.089,48, estimando-se a redução da energia consumida da concessionária pelo terminal aeroportuário em no máximo 34%, referente ao mês com maior irradiação solar, e em 24% no mês com menor irradiação solar. A proposta 1 se pagará, sem o auxílio de outras fontes contribuintes, em aproximadamente 21 anos. Já a proposta 2 possui um custo de investimento inicial de R$ 10.067.826,13, reduzindo a energia consumida da concessionária pelo terminal aeroportuário em no máximo 15% no mês de maior irradiação solar, e em 11% no mês de menor irradiação solar, contudo, essa proposta não se pagará sem o auxílio de outras fontes contribuintes. Como resultado, pretende-se demonstrar o percentual de redução do consumo de energia elétrica fornecida pela concessionária, além de divulgar esta alternativa energética promissora e contribuir para a preservação do meio ambiente.

Microinversor integrado ao módulo fotovoltaico para sistemas conectados à rede elétrica utilizando controlador ressonante

This paper shows the modeling and control of a single-phase full-bridge inverter with high-frequency transformer that may be used as part of a two-stage converter with transformerless DC-DC side or as a single-stage converter (simple DC-AC converter) for grid-connected PV applications. The inverter is modeled in order to obtain a small-signal transfer function used to design the P+Resonant current controller. A highfrequency step-up transformer results in reduced voltage switches and better efficiency compared with converters in which the transformer is used on the DC-DC side. Simulations and experimental results with a 200 W prototype are shown. 1

Controle flexível para conversores monofásicos conectados a sistemas elétricos distorcidos de baixa tensão

This paper presents a technique to add flexibility in the control of power electronic converters. The power converter can function as an active power filter, as a local power source interface or perform both functions i. e. mitigate current disturbances and inject power into the grid simultaneously, configuring it as a multifunctional device. The main goal is to extract the full capability of the grid connected power electronic converter to achieve maximum benefits. To achieve this goal, the orthogonal current decomposition of the Conservative Power Theory is used. Each orthogonal current component is weighted by means of different compensation factors (k_i), which are set instantaneously and independently, in any percentage by means of the load performance factors (λ_i), providing an online flexibility in relation to compensation objectives. Finally, to validate the effectiveness and performance the proposed approach, simulations and experimental results are presented.

Analisi e realizzazione di un convertitore multilivello ad alta efficienza per applicazioni fotovoltaiche

Nei primi vent’anni, la ricerca in ambito fotovoltaico si è focalizzata sull’evoluzione di quelle tecnologie associate alla semplice cella ed al sistema intero, per offrire miglioramenti con particolare riguardo al fronte dell’efficienza. Negli ultimi decenni, lo studio sull’energia rinnovabile ha ampliato i propri confini, sino a quella branca denominata elettronica di potenza, che ne permette la conversione e lo sfruttamento da parte dell’utente. L’elaborato si propone quindi di apportare un contributo verso tale direzione, teorico piuttosto che pratico, esaminando dapprima il mondo che effettivamente circonda l’impianto fotovoltaico grid-connected e successivamente ponderando e pianificando le scelte che conseguono dall’analisi letteraria. Particolare attenzione sarà rivolta al concetto di multilivello relativo agli inverter e agli aspetti che ne comportano il largo utilizzo nell’elettronica di potenza. Si stima che i primi brevetti risalgano a circa trent’anni orsono e uno di questi, tracciabile, riguarderebbe la configurazione a cascata di full-bridge, alimentati separatamente in DC, per ottenere a valle una scala di tensioni AC. Per mezzo di manipolazioni, nascerà in seguito il diode-clamped, attuale predecessore del Neutral Point Clamped T-Type Inverter. Si introdurranno pertanto le principali caratteristiche che contraddistinguono il convertitore, peculiare riguardo per la configurazione single leg nonché trifase. Ardua sarà la scelta sulla tecnica di controllo dell’inverter, sia per quanto concerne la fase simulativa che quella realizzativa, in quanto il dispositivo è indubbiamente considerato innovativo nel proprio campo di appartenenza. Convalidando la letteratura per mezzo di opportune simulazioni, si potrà procedere alla progettazione e quindi all’assemblaggio della scheda che effettivamente include l’inverter. Il lavoro implicherà numerose prove, effettuate in svariate condizioni di funzionamento, al fine di sostenere le conclusioni teoriche.

Analytical study and evaluation results of power optimizers for distributed power conditioning in PV arrays

The use of modular or ‘micro’ maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converters at module level in series association, commercially known as “power optimizers”, allows the individual adaptation of each panel to the load, solving part of the problems related to partial shadows and different tilt and/or orientation angles of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. This is particularly relevant in building integrated PV systems. This paper presents useful behavioural analytical studies of cascade MPPT converters and evaluation test results of a prototype developed under a Spanish national research project. On the one hand, this work focuses on the development of new useful expressions which can be used to identify the behaviour of individual MPPT converters applied to each module and connected in series, in a typical grid-connected PV system. On the other hand, a novel characterization method of MPPT converters is developed, and experimental results of the prototype are obtained: when individual partial shading is applied, and they are connected in a typical grid connected PV array

Power output fluctuations in large scale PV plants: one year observations with one second resolution and a derived analytic model

The variable nature of the irradiance can produce significant fluctuations in the power generated by large grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants. Experimental 1 s data were collected throughout a year from six PV plants, 18 MWp in total. Then, the dependence of short (below 10 min) power fluctuation on PV plant size has been investigated. The analysis focuses on the study of fluctuation frequency as well as the maximum fluctuation value registered. An analytic model able to describe the frequency of a given fluctuation for a certain day is proposed

From irradiance to output power fluctuations: the pv plant as a low pass filter

The power generated by large grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants depends greatly on the solar irradiance. This paper studies the effects of the solar irradiance variability analyzing experimental 1-s data collected throughout a year at six PV plants, totaling 18 MWp. Each PV plant was modeled as a first order filter function based on an analysis in the frequency domain of the irradiance data and the output power signals. An empiric expression which relates the filter parameters and the PV plant size has been proposed. This simple model has been successfully validated precisely determining the daily maximum output power fluctuation from incident irradiance measurements.

solaR: geometría, radiación y energía solar en R

The solaR package includes a set of functions to calculate the solar radiation incident on a photovoltaic generator and simulate the performance of several applications of the photovoltaic energy. This package performs the whole calculation procedure from both daily and intradaily global horizontal irradiation to the final productivity of grid connected PV systems and water pumping PV systems. The package stands on a set of S4 classes. The core of each class is a group of slots with yearly, monthly, daily and intradaily multivariate time series (with the zoo package ). The classes share a variety of methods to access the information (for example, as.zooD provides a zoo object with the daily multivariate time series of the corresponding object) and several visualisation methods based on the lattice andlatticeExtra packages.

Smoothing of PV power fluctuations by geographical dispersion

The quality and the reliability of the power generated by large grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants are negatively affected by the source characteristic variability. This paper deals with the smoothing of power fluctuations because of geographical dispersion of PV systems. The fluctuation frequency and the maximum fluctuation registered at a PV plant ensemble are analyzed to study these effects. We propose an empirical expression to compare the fluctuation attenuation because of both the size and the number of PV plants grouped. The convolution of single PV plants frequency distribution functions has turned out to be a successful tool to statistically describe the behavior of an ensemble of PV plants and determine their maximum output fluctuation. Our work is based on experimental 1-s data collected throughout 2009 from seven PV plants, 20 MWp in total, separated between 6 and 360 km.

solaR: Solar Radiation and Photovoltaic Systems with R

The solaR package allows for reproducible research both for photovoltaics (PV) systems performance and solar radiation. It includes a set of classes, methods and functions to calculate the sun geometry and the solar radiation incident on a photovoltaic generator and to simulate the performance of several applications of the photovoltaic energy. This package performs the whole calculation procedure from both daily and intradaily global horizontal irradiation to the final productivity of grid-connected PV systems and water pumping PV systems. It is designed using a set of S4 classes whose core is a group of slots with multivariate time series. The classes share a variety of methods to access the information and several visualization methods. In addition, the package provides a tool for the visual statistical analysis of the performance of a large PV plant composed of several systems. Although solaR is primarily designed for time series associated to a location defined by its latitude/longitude values and the temperature and irradiation conditions, it can be easily combined with spatial packages for space-time analysis.

Electricity production usíng different photovoltaic technologies working at the same conditíons , a real case

The manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) modules has greatly increased in the past few years. The classical PV module is based on crystalline silicon (e-Si) , nevertheless the so called thinfilm technology is gaining importance each year. In this research paper we present a experimental grid-connected solar plant situated in one of the buildings of the Technical University of Madrid, with two main objectives.

Impedance-based stability and transient-performance assessment applying maximum peak criteria

The impedance-based stability-assessment method has turned out to be a very effective tool and its usage is rapidly growing in different applications ranging from the conventional interconnected dc/dc systems to the grid-connected renewable energy systems. The results are sometime given as a certain forbidden region in the complex plane out of which the impedance ratio--known as minor-loop gain--shall stay for ensuring robust stability. This letter discusses the circle-like forbidden region occupying minimum area in the complex plane, defined by applying maximum peak criteria, which is well-known theory in control engineering. The investigation shows that the circle-like forbidden region will ensure robust stability only if the impedance-based minor-loop gain is determined at the very input or output of each subsystem within the interconnected system. Experimental evidence is provided based on a small-scale dc/dc distributed system.

Optimizing PV use through active demand side management

With recent technological developments within the field of power conditioning and the progressive decrease of incentives for PV electricity in grid-connected markets, new operation modes for PV systems should be explored beyond the traditional maximization of PV electri city feed-in. An example can be found in the domestic sector, where the use of modern PV hybrid systems combin ed with efficient electrical appliances and demand side management strategies can significantly enhance the PV value for the user. This paper presents an active demand side management system able to displace the consumer’s load curve in response to local (PV hybrid system, user) and external conditions (external grid). In this way, th e consumer becomes an “active consumer” that can also cooperate with others and the grid, increasing even more the PV value for the electrical system.