Digestibilidade aparente da dieta com capim-elefante ensilado com diferentes aditivos

Foram estudados os efeitos da adição de 15% de diferentes aditivos - casca de café, farelo de cacau e farelo de mandioca - à forragem verde de capim-elefante (peso/peso), no momento da ensilagem, sobre a digestibilidade aparente de dietas. Foram usados 20 ovinos machos, não castrados, com média de 22,27±3,24kg de peso corporal, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = capim-elefante ensilado sem aditivo; T2 = capim-elefante ensilado com 15% de casca de café; T3 = capim-elefante ensilado com 15% de farelo de cacau; T4 = capim-elefante ensilado com 15% de farelo de mandioca. Os animais receberam dieta isoproteica (10% de proteína bruta) em proporção de 60% de volumoso e 40% de concentrado, na base da matéria seca. Utilizou-se o método de coleta total de fezes durante sete dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido e de digestibilidade verdadeira da proteína bruta foram maiores no capim-elefante ensilado sem aditivo. O coeficiente de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo foi mais alto na silagem sem aditivo e na silagem com farelo de cacau. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica e dos carboidratos totais foram mais elevados na silagem sem aditivo e na silagem com farelo de mandioca. Os maiores valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais foram observados nas dietas que continham silagem sem aditivo e silagem com farelo de mandioca. A silagem de capim-elefante com 15% de farelo de mandioca, bem como a silagem sem aditivo apresentaram melhor digestibilidade dos nutrientes.

Degradação de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subproduto do urucum

To evaluate the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and crude protein in situ degradation of elephant grass silages with five levels (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16%, on a fresh matter basis) of annatto grain by-product (AGBP), this work was carried out. A split-plot design, consisting on the addition levels the plots and the incubation times the sub-plots, with four replicates, was adopted. For the silages making, the elephant grass was cut 70 days-old and mixed to the by-product, in 20 plastic drums. The samples were dried, grid in a bolter of 5 mm mesh, being used 3 g of samples in each nylon bag, for incubation in the rumem for 0; 6; 48 e 96 hours; 2 ram without defined breed were used. Was observed increased the disappearance of the DM until the level 13.37% of addition of (AGBP) the elephant grass silages for the incubation time 48 hours, this level was that presented the most disappearance DM. For the NDF the disappearance increased until 16% of addition. For the whole of parameters of degradation, was observed that the level of addition of 16% of (AGBP) presented the most values for the potential and effective degradability of variables in question. The inclusion of the annatto grain by-product for elephant grass silage results in greater potential and effective degradability.

Consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais em bovinos alimentados com silagem de capim-mombaça

Avaliaram-se o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total e parcial dos nutrientes, o pH e a concentração de amônia ruminal em bovinos alimentados com silagem de capim-mombaça e concentrado nas seguintes proporções: 80:20, 65:35, 50:50 e 35:65, com base na matéria seca. Foram utilizados quatro animais Holandês x Zebu, com peso corporal médio inicial de 229kg, canulados no rúmen e abomaso, e distribuídos em quadrado latino 4x4. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CHOT), expressos em kg/dia, e a digestibilidade parcial dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) apresentaram comportamento linear crescente, com resposta platô nos níveis de concentrado de 54,1; 54,8; 52,9; 62,2; 55,2 e 52,7%. O consumo dos demais nutrientes, exceto da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), e as digestibilidades aparente total de MS, MO e CNF e a parcial de MO aumentaram linearmente com o incremento do concentrado nas dietas. Não foram encontradas diferenças no consumo e nas digestibilidades aparente total e parcial da FDN. Para concentração de amônia e pH ruminal, observou-se efeito quadrático de tempo de amostragem, com valores máximos de 24,76mg/dL e 6,53 em 2,8 e 3,5 horas após a alimentação, respectivamente.

Degradação ruminal de silagem de capim-elefante com adição de vagem de algaroba triturada

This research was carried out to evaluate the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of silages of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cutting in 70; 90 and 110 days after regrowth with inclusion of 0; 5; 10 and 15% of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) meal, based on natural matter in a completely randomized design, in split plot arrangement. Samples of silages were incubated in the rumen of two Jersey cows for 3; 6; 12; 24; 48; 72 and 96 h, and the bags at time "zero" were only washed with water to determine the soluble fraction. There was not interaction (P> 0.05) incubation time x inclusion of mesquite pods x cutting age of the grass for DM degradability, there was only interaction (P <0.05) between these factors for CP and NDF degradability. The most effective DM degradability (42.54%) was observed for 15% inclusion of mesquite pods. The effective CP degradability was higher (69.04%) for elephant grass silage with 70 days after regrowth with 15% of mesquite pods. The inclusion of mesquite pods in elephant grass silages improve DM, CP and NDF degradability, while increment of the age after regrowth result in reduction of this parameters.

Diferentes níveis de torta de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) como aditivo na silagem de capim elefante

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of turnip cake (TNF) on the chemical composition, digestibility and quality of elephant grass silage. Due to the quality of the oil extracted from the seeds, the turnip is being considered as an important option for the biodiesel industry in Brazil. The turnip cake is obtained from the mechanical pressing of the seeds to produce oil, and it differs from the meal by the content of fat. In the meal the fat is less than 1%, due to the use of solvents for the oil extraction. Experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, in factorial arrangement 2 x 3 (two types of material and four levels of inclusion). The materials were represented for original material (fresh) and ensiled material, with four levels of inclusion of TNF (0, 3, 6, and 9%). Dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), nitrogen indigestible neutral detergent (NIDN), nitrogen indigestible acid detergent (NIDA), ash (MM), lignin (LIG), buffer power (PT), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDDM) were determined in all materials. In silage, additionally, were determined pH and amoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). There were effects of inclusion of TNF and the type of material on the DM, CP, ADF, NIDA, P, and MM contents and on IVDDM. The interaction of the two factors was observed to the contents of CP, NDF, ADF, NIDA, Ca and IVDDM. In silage, the DM levels were lower (P < 0.05) than in original material. The values of DM were increased linearly as increased levels of inclusion of TNF. The fibrous components, including NIDN and NIDA, decreased linearly when the TNF increased. In all treatments, values of pH and N-NH3 considered ideal for good silage were observed. The IVDDM was reduced, linearly, with the addition of increasing levels of TNF. A negative correlation (-0.95) between IVDDM and content of EE may explain the tendency of this variable, due to the EE content increased linearly with the addition of TNF. The addition of TNF as an additive in silage of elephant diminished IVDDM. Considering the changes observed in the chemical composition and digestibility of elephant grass silage with TNF as additive, suggests that this should not be included at levels exceeding 3%. On the other hand, the silages with TNF as additive showed appropriate fermentation characteristics.

Características fermentativas, microbiológicas e químicas do capim-Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu) ensilado com polpa cítrica peletizada

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Valor nutritivo do farelo de coco (Cocos nucifera) na alimentação de ovinos

O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo voluntário e digestibilidade aparente de ovinos, alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão de farelo de coco (0, 25, 50 e 75%) no concentrado. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos, sendo 7 machos e 9 fêmeas, da raça Santa Inês, com idade média de 3 meses e peso aproximado de 19 kg distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. O período experimental teve duração de 19 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de dados e amostras. O volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de capim elefante, na relação volumoso:concentrado de 40:60. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas, alimentados duas vezes ao dia. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) em g e percentagem do peso vivo, proteína bruta (PB) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), apresentaram resposta linear decrescente, com o aumento no nível de farelo de coco nas dietas. O consumo de extrato etéreo (EE) em gramas, Fibra em detergente ácido (FDN) e Fibra em detergente neutro (FDA) em g e percentagem do peso vivo, não diferiram (P>0,05) quanto aos níveis de farelo de coco na dieta. Já o consumo de EE em percentagem do peso vivo apresentou comportamento quadrático, com maior consumo das dietas com 25 e 50% de farelo de coco. Observou-se resposta linear decrescente para a digestibilidade aparente da MS, FDN e CNF de acordo com aumento dos níveis de farelo coco na dieta e resposta linear crescente para a digestibilidade do EE, onde a maior digestibilidade ocorreu na dieta com nível de inclusão de 75% de farelo de coco. A digestibilidade da PB e da FDA não diferiram (P>0.05) quantos aos níveis de farelo de coco no concentrado. Concluiu-se que o farelo de coco não pode ser utilizado em níveis elevados na dieta de ovinos, comprometendo o consumo e o desempenho dos animais.

Desenvolvimento de microrganismos e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-Tifton 85

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Avaliação da polpa cítrica peletizada como aditivo no processo de ensilagem dos capins Tanzânia e Marandu

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Valor nutricional de silagem de capim-mombaça com aditivos agroindustriais

It was aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of grass silage-mombasa associated with different additives in four times of opening the silo. The experiment was conducted in UFGD. After harvesting the forage, biomass in natura crushed, was taken to the lab, homogenized and enriched on the basis of natural mass, with the following additives: 5% wheat bran, 5% of waste (broken grain and soy ice cream cone) of soybean, 5% urea in natural matter and the witness (without additive). The silos were opened after (unprocessed material), 15, 30 and 45 days, for the analysis of chemical composition. The data obtained were analyzed through the statistical programme SISVAR and averages were compared to 5% of probability, by Skott-Knot. The grass silage-mombasa without additive presented major (P<0.05) dry matter content compared to other treatments at time 0 and 30 days of silage and did not differ (P>0.05) of grass silage- mombasa associated with 5 of urea in 15 days and 45 of silage. The grass silage-mombasa with 5% urea showed the highest crude protein content at time 0 and differed from other treatments. The silage of mombasa associated with 5% urea provided greater in vitro digestibility of dry matter to 15 days of silage.

Enteric methane emissions and nitrogen utilisation efficiency for two genotype of hill hoggets offered fresh, ensiled and pelleted ryegrass

Thirty-six 12-month-old hill hoggets were used in a 2 genotype (18 Scottish Blackface vs. 18 Swaledale×Scottish Blackface)×3 diet (fresh vs. ensiled vs. pelleted ryegrass) factorial design experiment to evaluate the effects of hogget genotype and forage type on enteric methane (CH4) emissions and nitrogen (N) utilisation. The hoggets were offered 3 diets ad libitum with no concentrate supplementation in a single period study with 6 hoggets for each of the 6 genotype×diet combinations (n=6). Fresh ryegrass was harvested daily in the morning. Pelleted ryegrass was sourced from a commercial supplier (Aylescott Driers & Feeds, Burrington, UK) and the ryegrass silage was ensiled with Ecosyl (Lactobacillus plantarum, Volac International Limited, Hertfordshire, UK) as an additive. The hoggets were housed in individual pens for at least 14 d before being transferred to individual respiration chambers for a further 4 d with feed intake, faeces and urine outputs and CH4 emissions measured. There was no significant interaction between genotype and forage type on any parameter evaluated. Sheep offered pelleted grass had greater feed intake (e.g. DM, energy and N) but less energy and nutrient apparent digestibility (e.g. DM, N and neutral detergent fibre (NDF)) than those given fresh grass or grass silage (P<0.001). Feeding pelleted grass, rather than fresh grass or grass silage, reduced enteric CH4 emissions as a proportion of DM intake and gross energy (GE) intake (P<0.01). Sheep offered fresh grass had a significantly lower acid detergent fibre (ADF) apparent digestibility, and CH4 energy output (CH4-E) as a proportion of GE intake than those offered grass silage (P<0.001). There was no significant difference, in CH4 emission rate or N utilisation efficiency when compared between Scottish Blackface and Swaledale × Scottish Blackface. Linear and multiple regression techniques were used to develop relationships between CH4 emissions or N excretion and dietary and animal variables using data from sheep offered fresh ryegrass and grass silage. The equation relating CH4-E (MJ/d) to GE intake (GEI, MJ/d), energy apparent digestibility (DE/GE) and metabolisability (ME/GE) resulted in a high r2 (CH4-E=0.074 GEI+9.2 DE/GE−10.2 ME/GE−0.37, r2=0.93). N intake (NI) was the best predictor for manure N excretion (Manure N=0.66 NI+0.96, r2=0.85). The use of these relationships can potentially improve the precision and decrease the uncertainty in predicting CH4 emissions and N excretion for sheep production systems managed under the current feeding conditions.

Response of organically managed grassland to available phosphorus and potassium in the soil and supplementary fertilization: field trials using grass-clover leys cut for silage

Effective use and recycling of manures together with occasional and judicious use of supplementary fertilizing materials forms the basis for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within organic farming systems. Replicated field trials were established at three sites across the UK to compare the supply of P and K to grass-clover swards cut for silage from a range of fertilizing materials, and to assess the usefulness of routine soil tests for P and K in organic farming systems. None of the fertilizing materials (farmyard manure, rock phosphate, Kali vinasse, volcanic tuff) significantly increased silage yields, nor was P offtake increased. However, farmyard manure and Kali vinasse proved effective sources of K to grass and clover in the short to medium term. Available P (measured as Olsen-P) showed no clear relationship with crop P offtake in these trials. In contrast, available K (measured by ammonium nitrate extraction) proved a useful measurement to predict K availability to crops and support K management decisions.

Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of diets based on maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity and fed to steers

Advancing maize crop maturity is associated with changes in ear-to-stover ratio which may have consequences for the digestibility of the ensiled crop. The apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention of three diets (Early, Mid and Late) containing maize silages made from maize of advancing harvest date [dry matter (DM) contents of the maize silages were 273, 314 and 367 g kg(-1) for the silages in the Early, Mid and Late diets respectively], together with a protein supplement offered in sufficient quantities to make the diets isonitrogenous, were measured in six Holstein-Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin square design with four periods. Dry-matter intake of maize silage tended to be least for the Early diet and greatest for the Medium diet (P=0(.)182). Apparent digestibility of DM and organic matter did not differ between diets. Apparent digestibility of energy was lowest in the Late diet (P = 0(.)057) and the metabolizable energy concentrations of the three silages were calculated as 11(.)0, 11(.)1 and 10(.)6 MJ kg(-1) DM for the Early, Medium and Late diets respectively (P = 0(.)068). No differences were detected between diets in starch digestibility but the number of undamaged grains present in the faeces of animals fed the Late diet was significantly higher than with the Early and Mid diets (P = 0(.)006). The apparent digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre of the diets reduced significantly as silage DM content increased (P = 0(.)012) with a similar trend for the apparent digestibility of acid-detergent fibre (P = 0(.)078). Apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) was similar for the Early and Mid diets, both being greater than the Late diet (P = 0(.)035). Nitrogen retention did not differ between diets. It was concluded that delaying harvest until the DM content is above 300 g kg(-1) can negatively affect the nutritive value of maize silage in the UK.

Utilisation by ruminants of nitrogen compounds in silage-based diets

This paper considers the various complex changes that occur to nitrogen (N) containing compounds in forages through the processes of ensiling, rumen degradation and microbial synthesis, post-ruminal digestion and absorption and synthesis into milk protein. Particular emphasis is placed on reviewing recent data on the efficiency of utilisation of N-containing compounds in silages by rumen microbes, since low efficiency here is believed to be a major cause of large N losses to the environment on some silage-based diets. Data are reviewed which show that although rumen degradation of N compounds in silage is rapid and extensive, up to 10% of the soluble N can escape the rumen by being associated with the liquid phase. There is now firm evidence that the composition of the amino acids (AAs) absorbed is heavily dependent on the process of ensiling and that witting or use of certain silage additives conserve the initial amino acid profile of the forage. This provides an opportunity to manipulate the amino acid supply to better match demand thus potentially enhancing utilisation. This review confirms that utilisation of the N fractions in grass and legume silages in particular, is poor and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) is consistently higher on maize silage-based diets. It is concluded that the way in which grass and legume silages in particular are produced and used in the future needs a radical rethink. New research needs to be aimed at enhancing the utilisation of N in the rumen through a better understanding of N/carbohydrate relationships and the ability of forages to supply degraded carbohydrate. Also more emphasis is needed on understanding of the potentially different role of the different N fractions that exist in silages. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.