The formation of ?-FeSiAl5 and Be---Fe phases in Al---7Si---0.3Mg alloy containing Be

Thermal analysis and interrupted quench experiments have been carried out to study the formation of beta-FeSiAl5 and (Be-Fe)-BeSiFe2Al8 phases in Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy with and without Be addition. In the base alloy with 0.6% Fe (without Be addition), a needle- and plate-shaped beta-phase is present in the interdendritic regions and is formed by a ternary eutectic reaction. In the Be- added alloy with 0.6% Fe, a Be-Fe phase of Chinese script and polygon shapes grows along with the primary alpha-Al dendrites, leading to superior mechanical properties. It is proposed that this Be-Fe phase is formed by a peritectic reaction. Be addition has also resulted in some grain refinement.

Nanocomposite microstructure in a melt spun Al-Cu-Zr alloy

Rapid solidification of a ternary Al-Cu-Zr alloy results in a nanocomposite microstructure. In this study, melt spinning a Al82Cu15Zr3 alloy has resulted in the combined occurrence of, (a) 0.5 mu m sized grains of Al solid solution and (b) fine grains (10-20 nm) of intermetallic Al2Cu (theta) and alpha-Al, along side each other. The larger alpha-Al grains contain nanometric GP zones, with the Zr addition resulting in a grain refinement. In the other type of microstructure Zr promotes simultaneous nucleation of nanosized grains of the two equilibrium phases, Al2Cu and alpha-Al. Both these lead to a very high hardness of similar to 540 VHN for this alloy and can be used as a candidate for a high strength alloy with good ductility at a low strain rate.

Development of solidification microstructure in boron-modified alloy Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B

Hypoeutectic boron addition (0.1 wt.%) to Ti-6Al-4V is known to cause significant refinement of the cast microstructure. In the present investigation, it has been observed that trace boron addition to Ti-6Al-4V alloy also ensures excellent microstructural homogeneity throughout the ingot. A subdued thermal gradient, related to the basic grain refinement mechanism by constitutional undercooling, persists during solidification for the boron-containing alloy and maintains equivalent beta grain growth kinetics at different locations in the ingot. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy shows relatively strong texture with preferred components (e.g. ingot axis parallel to[0 0 0 1] or [1 0 (1) over bar 0]) over the entire ingot and gradual transition of texture components along the radius. For Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy, significant weakening characterizes both the high-temperature beta and room-temperature a texture. In addition to solidification factors that are responsible for weak beta texture development, microstructural differences due to boron addition, e.g. the absence of grain boundary alpha phase and presence of TiB particles, strongly affects the mechanism of beta -> alpha phase transformation and consequently weakens the alpha phase texture. Based on the understanding developed for the boron-modified alloy, a novel mechanism has been proposed for the microstructure and texture formation during solidification and phase transformation. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-temperature deformation processing maps for a NiTiCu shape memory alloy

The properties of widely used Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are highly sensitive to the underlying microstructure. Hence, controlling the evolution of microstructure during high-temperature deformation becomes important. In this article, the ``processing maps'' approach is utilized to identify the combination of temperature and strain rate for thermomechanical processing of a Ni(42)Ti(50)Cu(8) SMA. Uniaxial compression experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 800-1050 degrees C and at strain rate range of 10(-3) and 10(2) s(-1). Two-dimensional power dissipation efficiency and instability maps have been generated and various deformation mechanisms, which operate in different temperature and strain rate regimes, were identified with the aid of the maps and complementary microstructural analysis of the deformed specimens. Results show that the safe window for industrial processing of this alloy is in the range of 800-850 degrees C and at 0.1 s(-1), which leads to grain refinement and strain-free grains. Regions of the instability were identified, which result in strained microstructure, which in turn can affect the performance of the SMA.

Effect of rolling temperature and reduction in thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZM21 magnesium alloy and its subsequent annealing treatment

In this present paper, the effects of non-isothermal rolling temperature and reduction in thickness followed by annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZM21 magnesium alloy were investigated. The alloy rolled at four different temperatures 250 degrees C, 300 degrees C, 350 degrees C and 400 degrees C with reductions of 25%, 50% and 75%. Non-isothermal rolling resulted in grain refinement, introduction of shear bands and twins in the matrix alloy. Partial to full recrystallization was observed when the rolling temperature was above recrystallization temperature. Rolling and subsequent annealing resulted in strain-free equiaxed grains and complete disappearance of shear bands and twins. Maximum ultimate strength (345 MPa) with good ductility (14%) observed in the sample rolled at 250 degrees C with 75% reduction in thickness followed by short annealing. Recrystallization during warm/hot rolling was sluggish, but post-roll treatment gives distinct views about dynamic and static recrystallization. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microstructure and texture evolution during accumulative roll bonding of aluminium alloy AA5086

In the present investigation, a strongly bonded strip of an aluminium-magnesium based alloy AA5086 is successfully produced through accumulative roll bonding (ARB). A maximum of up to eight passes has been used for the purpose. Microstructural characterization using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique indicates the formation of submicron sized (similar to 200-300 nm) subgrains inside the layered microstructure. The material is strongly textured where individual layers possess typical FCC rolling texture components. More than three times enhancement in 0.2% proof stress (PS) has been obtained after 8 passes due to grain refinement and strain hardening. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Accumulative roll bonding of aluminum alloys 2219/5086 laminates: Microstructural evolution and tensile properties

The present study describes the course of microstructure evolution during accumulative roll bonding (ARB) of dissimilar aluminum alloys AA2219 and AA5086. The two alloys were sandwiched as alternate layers and rolled at 300 degrees C up to 8 passes with 50% height reduction per pass. A strong bonding between successive layers accompanied by substantial grain refinement (similar to 200-300 nm) is achieved after 8 passes of ARB. The processing schedule has successfully maintained the iso-strain condition up to 6 cycles between the two alloys. Afterwards, the fracture and fragmentation of AA5086 layers dominate the microstructure evolution. Mechanical properties of the 8 pass ARB processed material were evaluated in comparison to the two starting alloy sheets via room temperature tensile tests along the rolling direction. The strength of the 8 pass ARB processed material lies between that of the two starting alloys while the ductility decreases after ARB than that of the two constituent starting alloys. These differences in mechanical behavior have been attributed to the microstructural aspects of the individual layer and the fragmentation process. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Texture and Microstructural Evolution in Pearlitic Steel During Triaxial Compression

This article presents the deformation behavior of high-strength pearlitic steel deformed by triaxial compression to achieve ultra-fine ferrite grain size with fragmented cementite. The consequent evolution of microstructure and texture has been studied using scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scatter diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. The synergistic effect of diffusion and deformation leads to the uniform dissolution of cementite at higher temperature. At lower temperature, significant grain refinement of ferrite phase occurs by deformation and exhibits a characteristic deformation texture. In contrast, the high-temperature deformed sample shows a weaker texture with cube component for the ferrite phase, indicating the occurrence of recrystallization. The different mechanisms responsible for the refinement of ferrite as well as the fragmentation of cementite and their interaction with each other have been analyzed. Viscoplastic self-consistent simulation was employed to understand deformation texture in the ferrite phase during triaxial compression.

Microstructure and compression behavior of chip consolidated magnesium

Chips produced by turning a commercial purity magnesium billet were cold compacted and then hot extruded at four different temperatures: 250, 300, 350, and 400 degrees C. Cast billets, of identical composition, were also extruded as reference material. Chip boundaries, visible even after 49: 1 extrusion at 400 degrees C, were observed to suppress grain coarsening. Although 250 degrees C extruded chip-consolidated product showed early onset of yielding and lower ductility, fully dense material (extruded at 400 degrees C) had nearly 40% reduction in grain size with 22% higher yield strength and comparable ductility as that of the reference. The study highlights the role of densification and grain refinement on the compression behavior of chip consolidated specimens.

Development of microstructure and texture in Copper during warm accumulative roll bonding

The evolution of microstructure and texture gradient in warm Accumulative Roll Bonded Cu-Cu multilayer has been studied. Grain size distribution is multimodal and exhibits variation from middle to surface layer. Evolution of texture is largely influenced by shear, in addition to rolling deformation. This leads to the formation of a texture comprising of high fraction of Brass and rolling direction-rotated cube components. Partial recrystallization was observed. Deformed and recrystallized grains were separated using a partition scheme based on grain orientation spread and textures were analyzed for both the partition. Retention of deformation texture components in recrystallized grains suggests the mechanism of recrystallization as continuous recrystallization. Shear deformation plays an important role in grain refinement through continuous recrystallization. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Interstitial-free (IF) Steel processed by Multi-Axial Forging

In this study, severe plastic deformation (SPD) of Ti-bearing interstitial-free steel was carried out by multi-axial forging (MAF) technique. The grain refinement achieved was comparable to that by other SPD techniques. A considerable heterogeneity was observed in the microstructure and texture. Texture of multi-axially forged steels has been evaluated and reported for the first time. The material exhibited a six-fold increase in the yield strength after four cycles of MAF.

Evolution of microstructure and texture in friction stir processed Al-Mg-Mn alloy

Friction stir processing was carried out on the Al-Mg-Mn alloy to achieve ultrafine grained microstructure. The evolution of microstructure and micro-texture was studied in different regions of the deformed sample, namely nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and base metal. The average grain sizes of the nugget zone, TMAZ and base metal are 1.5 mu m +/- 0.5 mu m, 15 mu m +/- 8 mu m, and 80 mu m +/- 10 mu m, respectively. The TMAZ exhibits excessive deformation banding structure and sub-grain formation. The orientation gradient within the sub-grain is dependent on grain size, orientation, and distance from nugget zone. The microstructure was partitioned based on the grain orientation spread and grain size values to separate the recrystallized fraction from the deformed region in order to understand the micromechanism of grain refinement. The texture of both deformed and recrystallized regions are similar in nature. Microstructure and texture analysis suggest that the restoration processes are different in different regions of the processed sample. The transition region between nugget zone and TMAZ exhibits large elongated grains surrounded by fine equiaxed grains of different orientation which indicate the process of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. Within the nugget zone, similar texture between deformed and recrystallized grain fraction suggests that the restoration mechanism is a continuous process.

Effect of hybridizing micron-sized Ti with nano-sized SiC on the microstructural evolution and mechanical response of Mg-5.6Ti composite

In this work, the effect of hybridizing micro-Ti with nano-SiC particulates on the microstructural and the mechanical behaviour of Mg-5.6Ti composite were investigated. Mg materials containing micron-sized Ti particulates hybridized with different amounts of nano-size SiC particulates were synthesized using the disintegrated melt deposition method followed by hot extrusion. The microstructural and mechanical behaviour of the developed Mg hybrid composites were studied in comparison with Mg-5.6Ti. Microstructural characterization revealed grain refinement attributed to the presence of uniformly distributed micro-Ti particles embedded with nano-SiC particulates. Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses of Mg-(5.6Ti + 1.0SiC)(BM) hybrid composite showed relatively more localized recrystallized grains and lesser tensile twin fraction, when compared to Mg-5.6Ti. The evaluation of mechanical properties indicated that the best combination of strength and ductility was observed in the Mg-(5.6Ti + 1.0SiC)(BM) hybrid composites. The superior strength properties of the Mg-(5.6Ti + x-SiC)(BM) hybrid composites when compared to Mg-5.6Ti is attributed to the presence of nano-reinforcements, the uniform distribution of the hybridized particles and the better interfacial bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement particles, achieved by nano-SiC addition.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Mg composites containing nano-B4C hybridized micro-Ti particulates

In this work, the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of extruded Mg composites containing micro-Ti particulates hybridized with varying contents of nano-B4C are investigated, and compared with Mg-5.6Ti. Microstructural characterization showed the presence of uniformly distributed micro-Ti particles embedded with nano-B4C particulates that resulted in significant grain refinement. Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses of Mg-(5.6Ti + x-B4C)(BM) hybrid composites showed that the addition of hybridized particle resulted in relatively more recrystallized grains, realignment of basal planes and extension of weak basal fibre texture when compared to Mg-5.6Ti. The evaluation of mechanical properties indicated improved strength with ductility retention in Mg-(5.6Ti + x-B4C)(BM) hybrid composites. When compared to Mg-5.6Ti, the superior strength properties of the Mg-(5.6Ti + xB(4)C)(BM) hybrid composites are attributed to the presence of nano-reinforcements, the uniform distribution of the hybridized particles, better interfacial bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement particles and the matrix grain refinement achieved by nano-B4C addition. The ductility enhancement obtained in hybrid composites can be attributed to the fibre texture spread and favourable basal plane orientation achieved due to nano B4C addition. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of nanoscale boron carbide particle addition on the microstructural evolution and mechanical response of pure magnesium

In this study, the effect of nano-B4C addition on the microstructural and the mechanical behavior of pure Mg are investigated. Pure Mg-metal reinforced with different amounts of nano-size B4C particulates were synthesized using the disintegrated melt deposition technique followed by hot extrusion. Microstructural characterization of the developed Mg/x-B4C composites revealed uniform distribution of nano-B4C particulates and significant grain refinement. Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses showed presence of relatively more recrystallized grains and absence of fiber texture in Mg/B4C nanocomposites when compared to pure Mg. The evaluation of mechanical properties indicated a significant improvement in tensile properties of the composites. The significant improvement in tensile ductility (similar to 180% increase with respect to pure Mg) is among the highest observed when compared to the pure Mg based nanocomposites existing in the current literature. The superior mechanical properties of the Mg/B4C nanocomposites are attributed to the uniform distribution of the nanoparticles and the tendency for texture randomization (absence of fiber texture) achieved due to the nano-B4C addition. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.