Three visits to Madagascar during the years 1853-1854-1856 : including a journey to the capital : with notices of the natural history of the country and of the present civilization of the people /

"Appendix. Brief remarks on the Malagasy language": p. 411-426.

Understanding stakeholder preferences for flood adaptation alternatives with natural capital implications

Inland flood risks are defined by a range of environmental and social factors, including land use and floodplain management. Shifting patterns of storm intensity and precipitation, attributed to climate change, are exacerbating flood risk in regions across North America. Strategies for adapting to growing flood risks and climate change must account for a community’s specific vulnerabilities, and its local economic, environmental, and social conditions. Through a stakeholder-engaged methodology, we designed an interactive decision exercise to enable stakeholders to evaluate alternatives for addressing specific community flood vulnerabilities. We used a multicriteria framework to understand what drives stakeholder preferences for flood mitigation and adaptation alternatives, including ecosystem-based projects. Results indicated strong preferences for some ecosystem-based projects that utilize natural capital, generated a useful discussion on the role of individual values in driving decisions and a critique of local environmental and hazard planning procedure, and uncovered support for a river management alternative that had previously been considered socially infeasible. We conclude that a multicriteria decision framework may help ensure that the multiple benefit qualities of natural capital projects are considered by decision makers. Application of a utility function can demonstrate the role of individual decision-maker values in decision outcomes and help illustrate why one alternative may be a better choice than another. Although designing an efficient and accurate multicriteria exercise is quite challenging and often data intensive, we imagine that this method is applicable elsewhere. It may be especially suitable to group decisions that involve varying levels of expertise and competing values, as is often the case in planning for the ecological and human impacts of climate change.

Reflexiones sobre la globalización, pobreza y desarrollo: Incidencias en las organizaciones de economía social

La Globalización a partir de las dos últimas décadas del siglo XX y los años que han transcurrido del XXI, se ha consolidado como una realidad que, de una manera u otra, ha configurado la economía actual y, en buena parte, las condiciones de vida de todo el planeta. Su relación con el desarrollo es directa ya que este ha sido una condición para aquella, y la globalización el marco en que este ha sido posible. Por lo general se identifica el desarrollo con la expansión y esta con un mercado cada vez más amplio hasta llegar a la globalización. Pero en esta ecuación macroeconómica ¿dónde queda la pobreza? Pues en el centro de la interacción entre globalización y desarrollo. La pobreza es el elemento necesario para el desarrollo y, por ende, para la globalización. En este trabajo intentaremos explicar por qué el desarrollo y la globalización se apoyan en la pobreza para alcanzar sus objetivos, que se identifican con los del capitalismo: la obtención de los máximos beneficios posibles. Y cuál es el modelo de economía que propugna la sociedad actual basada en valores sincréticos humanistas. La economía social, la empresa con responsabilidad social empresarial y el mercado basado en el comercio justo, son la propuesta de un nuevo concepto de la economía global. Es muy posible que la propuesta esté más dentro de la utopía que de una realidad posible. Pero el hombre ha buscado siempre un ideal que le acercara lo más posible a la perfección, aun cuando supiera que nunca llegaría a alcanzarla. La globalización, el desarrollo, la coopetitividad, el mercado liberal y los objetivos centrados en los beneficios del capital, son factores que han estructurado el mundo empresarial globalizado, pero no implica que sea necesario mantener las mismas líneas de actuación, todo lo contrario. El mundo que viene pretende ser el de la autogestión, la producción justamente retribuida, el mercado justo, la cooperación en la gestión y la democratización de las decisiones. Y como el sistema está globalizado, la economía también lo está y los productores ofrecen sus servicios en cualquier país del mundo, se globalizarán también los nuevos valores. Las empresas deberán adaptarse porque los mercados las forzarán, ya que ellos serán condicionados por la nueva ética de la sociedad. Seguramente no será un sistema perfecto ni logrará implantarse completamente, pero la presión que ejerce será siempre será positiva.

Los conceptos de autonomía y democracia universitaria en la universidad pública colombiana, en el marco de la globalización y a través de la educación por competencias. 1992 - 2013

El interés de esta monografía es analizar la influencia de la globalización como proceso mundial y el neoliberalismo como política económica frente a la definición de políticas educativas. Tiene como objetivo analizar la manera en que se han modificado los conceptos de autonomía y democracia universitaria en la universidad pública colombiana, en el marco de la globalización y a través de la educación por competencias desde 1992 hasta el 2013. Con base en una aproximación conceptual de los términos de autonomía y democracia universitaria a través de elementos teóricos e históricos, se analizará como el actual sistema educativo colombiano y la educación por competencias ha modificado los conceptos de autonomía y democracia universitaria en la universidad pública colombiana.

Natural enemies of Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in south-eastern Queensland eucalypt plantations

Abstract A field survey for natural enemies of Paropsis atomaria was conducted at two south-eastern Queensland Eucalyptus cloeziana plantation sites during 2004–2005. Primary egg and larval parasitoids and associated hyperparasitoids were identified to genus or species, and parasitism rates were determined throughout the season. Predators were identified to family level but their impact was not quantified. P. atomaria adults were also examined as potential hosts for parasitic mites and nematodes. An undescribed species of Neopolycystus (Pteromalidae) was the major primary egg parasitoid species reared from egg batches, parasitising half of all egg batches collected. Three hyperparasitoid species (Baeoanusia albifunicle (Encyrtidae), Neblatticida sp. (Encyrtidae) and Aphaneromella sp. (Platygasteridae) were present, representing around one-quarter to one-third of all emergent wasps; this is the first host association record for Neopolycystus–B. albifunicle. In contrast to populations of P. atomaria from the Australian Capital Territory, primary larval parasitism was very low, around 1%, and attributable only to the tachinid flies Anagonia sp. and Paropsivora sp. However, the presence of the sit-and-wait larval hyperparasitoid, Perilampus sp. (Perilampidae) was high, emerging from around 17% of tachinid pupae, with planidia infesting a further 40% of unparasitised hosts. Three species of podapolipid mites parasitised sexually mature P. atomaria adults, while no nematodes were found in this study. Spiders were the most common predators and their abundance was positively correlated with P. atomaria adult and egg numbers. Although natural enemy species composition was identical between our two study sites, significant differences in abundance and frequency were found between sites

Living through extreme weather events and natural disasters: How resilient are our high-rise high-density typologies?

The inner city Brisbane suburbs of the West End peninsula are poised for redevelopment. Located within walking distance to CBD workplaces, home to Queensland’s highest value cultural precinct, and high quality riverside parklands, there is currently a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to redevelop parts of the suburb to create a truly urban neighbourhood. According to a local community association, local residents agree and embrace the concept of high-density living, but are opposed to the high-rise urban form (12 storeys) advocated by the City’s planning authority (BCC, 2011) and would prefer to see medium-rise (5-8 storeys) medium-density built form. Brisbane experienced a major flood event which inundated the peninsula suburbs of West End in summer January 2011. The vulnerability of taller buildings to the vagaries of climate and more extreme weather events and their reliance on main electricity was exposed when power outages immediately before, during and after the flood disaster seriously limited occupants’ access and egress when elevators were disabled. Not all buildings were flooded but dwellings quickly became unliveable due to disabled air-conditioning. Some tall buildings remained uninhabitable for several weeks after the event. This paper describes an innovative design research method applied to the complex problem of resilient, sustainable neighbourhood form in subtropical cities, in which a thorough comparative analysis of a range of multiple-dwelling types has revealed the impact that government policy regarding design of the physical environment has on a community’s resilience. The outcomes advocate the role of climate-responsive design in averting the rising human capital and financial costs of natural disasters and climate change.

Dying in hospital: medical failure or natural outcomes?

The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of medical and nursing practice in the care of patients dying of oncological and hematological malignancies in the acute care setting in Australia. A tool validated in a similar American study was used to study the medical records of 100 consecutive patients who died of oncological or hematological malignancies before August 1999 at The Canberra Hospital in the Australian Capital Territory. The three major indicators of patterns of end-of-life care were documentation of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders, evidence that the patient was considered dying, and the presence of a palliative care intention. Findings were that 88 patients were documented DNR, 63 patients' records suggested that the patient was dying, and 74 patients had evidence of a palliative care plan. Forty-six patients were documented DNR 2 days or less prior to death and, of these, 12 were documented the day of death. Similar patterns emerged for days between considered dying and death, and between palliative care goals and death. Sixty patients had active treatment in progress at the time of death. The late implementation of end-of-life management plans and the lack of consistency within these plans suggested that patients were subjected to medical interventions and investigations up to the time of death. Implications for palliative care teams include the need to educate health care staff and to plan and implement policy regarding the management of dying patients in the acute care setting. Although the health care system in Australia has cultural differences when compared to the American context, this research suggests that the treatment imperative to prolong life is similar to that found in American-based studies.

Review : "For the Term of His Natural Life" -- Norman Dawn

Synopsis and review of For the Term of His Natural Life (Norman Dawn, 1927). Includes cast and credits. For the Term of His Natural Life was one of the last Australian silent films, and also one of the most significant in the history of Australian cinema. At the time of its production, controversy raged over its depiction of convict life, its scale and cost (which was reported to be around 50,000 pounds at a time when most Australian films had budgets of less than 2,000 pounds1) and the fact that the director, several of the crew and the leading cast members were American. Australasian Films launched a publicity campaign of unprecedented scale to counter opposition to the film’s subject matter and the charge that they were “seeking to make capital out of the drab and sordid days of Australia”.2 The film’s expense was turned into a virtue: hundreds of unemployed men were used as extras, while the film also provided work for many within the Australian film industry and, according to Australasian, enabled the establishment of new production companies. The American imports who earlier had been accused of being “party to the slaughtering” of the Australian film industry, were feted for their artistic contributions, and the concerns raised in federal parliament about an American “invasion” were deflected by claims about what the local industry could learn from those with Hollywood experience.3 The publicity campaign was successful, as the film proved enormously popular at the Australian box office in its initial run. But the coming of sound film in 1928 had a considerable impact on audiences for silent films like For the Term, and its early local success was not repeated in subsequent seasons or in overseas markets...

Natural enemies of Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in south-eastern Queensland eucalypt plantations

A field survey for natural enemies of Paropsis atomaria was conducted at two south-eastern Queensland Eucalyptus cloeziana plantation sites during 2004-2005. Primary egg and larval parasitoids and associated hyperparasitoids were identified to genus or species, and parasitism rates were determined throughout the season. Predators were identified to family level but their impact was not quantified. P. atomaria adults were also examined as potential hosts for parasitic mites and nematodes. An undescribed species of Neopolycystus (Pteromalidae) was the major primary egg parasitoid species reared from egg batches, parasitising half of all egg batches collected. Three hyperparasitoid species (Baeoanusia albifunicle (Encyrtidae), Neblatticida sp. (Encyrtidae) and Aphaneromella sp. (Platygasteridae) were present, representing around one-quarter to one-third of all emergent wasps; this is the first host association record for Neopolycystus-B. albifunicle. In contrast to populations of P. atomaria from the Australian Capital Territory, primary larval parasitism was very low, around 1%, and attributable only to the tachinid flies Anagonia sp. and Paropsivora sp. However, the presence of the sit-and-wait larval hyperparasitoid, Perilampus sp. (Perilampidae) was high, emerging from around 17% of tachinid pupae, with planidia infesting a further 40% of unparasitised hosts. Three species of podapolipid mites parasitised sexually mature P. atomaria adults, while no nematodes were found in this study. Spiders were the most common predators and their abundance was positively correlated with P. atomaria adult and egg numbers. Although natural enemy species composition was identical between our two study sites, significant differences in abundance and frequency were found between sites.

Shelter from the storm? Use and misuse of coastal vegetation bioshields for managing natural disasters

Vegetated coastal ecosystems provide goods and services to billions of people. In the aftermath of a series of recent natural disasters, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and Cyclone Nargis, coastal vegetation has been widely promoted for the purpose of reducing the impact of large storm surges and tsunami. In this paper, we review the use of coastal vegetation as a "bioshield" against these extreme events. Our objective is to alter bioshield policy and reduce the long-term negative consequences for biodiversity and human capital. We begin with an overview of the scientific literature, in particular focusing on studies published since the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and discuss the science of wave attenuation by vegetation. We then explore case studies from the Indian subcontinent and evaluate the detrimental impacts bioshield plantations can have upon native ecosystems, drawing a distinction between coastal restoration and the introduction of exotic species in inappropriate locations. Finally, we place bioshield policies into a political context, and outline a new direction for coastal vegetation policy and research.

Shelter from the storm? Use and misuse of coastal vegetation bioshields for managing natural disasters

Vegetated coastal ecosystems provide goods and services to billions of people.In the aftermath of a series of recent natural disasters, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and Cyclone Nargis, coastal vegetation has been widely promoted for the purpose of reducing the impact of large storm surges and tsunami. In this paper, we review the use of coastal vegetation as a ``bioshield'' against these extreme events. Our objective is to alter bioshield policy and reduce the long-term negative consequences for biodiversity and human capital. We begin with an overview of the scientific literature, in particular focusing on studies published since the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and discuss the science of wave attenuation by vegetation. We then explore case studies from the Indian subcontinent and evaluate the detrimental impacts bioshield plantations can have upon native ecosystems, drawing a distinction between coastal restoration and the introduction of exotic species in inappropriate locations. Finally, we place bioshield policies into a political context, and outline a new direction for coastal vegetation policy and research.

Nitrogen and carbon flows through Belandur lake - Role of Bellandur lake as a natural wetland treating Bangalore wastewater

Much of the Bangalore sewage is treated in three streams namely Bellandur (K&C Valley),Vrishabhavati and Hebbal-Nagavara stream systems. Among these it is estimated that out of a total of about 500MLD of partially treated sewage is let into the Bellandur tank. We estimate that a total of about 77t N non-industrial anthropogenic nitrogen efflux (mainly urine and excreta) in Bangalore city. This is distributed between that handled by the three sewage streams, soak-pits and land deposition. About 17-24.5t N enters the Bellandur tank daily. This has been happening over few decades and our observations suggest that this approximately 380ha tank is functioning as a C and N removal system with reasonable efficiency. The ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen content of the water at the discharge points were estimated and found that over 80% of the nitrogen influx and over 75% of the C influx is removed by this tank system. We observed that there are three nitrogen sinks namely bacterial, micro-algal and macrophytes. The micro-algal fraction is dominated by Microcystis and Euglenophyceae members and they appear to constitute a significant fraction. Water hyacinth represents the single largest representative of the macrophytes. This tank has been functioning in this manner for over three decades. We attempt to study this phenomenon from a material balance approach and show that it is functioning with a reasonable degree of satisfaction as a natural wetland. As the population served and concomitant influx into this wetland increases, there is a potential for the system to be overloaded and to collapse. Therefore a better understanding of its function and the need for maintenance is discussed in the paper.

La crisis económica y humana del capitalismo financiero-consumista

Introducción: El capitalismo se encuentra sumido en una profunda crisis: la mayor desde 1930. Pronósticos que oscilan entre el fin del sistema y una recesión más o menos duradera, muestran divergentes posiciones y, muchas veces, “sensaciones personales”, que esta situación genera. Es que el capitalismo parece haber ingresado en una crisis endógena a su propia dinámica. La pregunta que muchos se formulan es si el propio sistema puede encontrar por sí mismo la solución, de manera de no generar en la humanidad del presente más efectos negativos de los que ya está produciendo la crisis global. En este trabajo se analizan los antecedentes del capitalismo desde los aportes de la teoría económica moderna así como desde una mirada antropológica. Desde esta perspectiva, la crisis actual nace de una visión particular del homo oeconomicus, que se aparta de una cosmovisión cristiana, y que ha tenido como resultado un retroceso en la regulación y una confianza ciega en los mecanismos de equilibrio de mercado. En el primer punto analizaremos brevemente el sendero histórico del capitalismo entre 1970 y 2008, para poder comprender algunos aspectos de la actual crisis del capitalismo financiero-consumista. Revisaremos los antecedentes de la teoría económica que han dado fundamento a esta visión en las últimas décadas. En el segundo punto abordaremos la dimensión humana de la crisis económica del capitalismo financieroconsumista, profundizando en los antecedentes antropológicos del sistema y en el homo oeconomicus. En el tercer punto presentaremos algunas reflexiones finales que tratan de ser esperanzadoras, en el sentido de analizar las posibilidades de gestación de un sistema económico que seguirá siendo capitalista, pero con una mayor regulación, una mayor función social del capital, un menor consumismo, y una redistribución de la riqueza más justa, a partir de una antropología más humana

Acceso y competitividad de la miel natural nicaragüense al mercado centroamericano,2007-2013

La producción de miel está principalmente en manos de pequeños y medianos apicultores que se desarrollan con muchas limitaciones pero con la seguridad de trabajar con un rubro de grandes oportunidades por su gran demanda en el mercado internacional, sin embargo, el sector apícola no ha desarrollado ampliamente sus capacidades y la competitividad de este rubro está cayendo. El estudio se realizó para identificar la capacidad de producción y exportación de miel nicaragüense, evaluar la posición competitiva de Nicaragua con este rubro en Centroamérica y analizar los problemas que afectan su acceso a este mercado. La metodología empleada fue el análisis de indicadores de competitividad en el comercio centroamericano y la recolección de información suministrada por productores nicaragüenses, organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales relacionadas al sector apícola a través de entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados revelan que Nicaragua es un país con muchas ventajas comparativas que le permiten producir orgánicamente la miel natural, esta condición ubica al país en el mercado externo con determinado grado de competitividad por la calidad del producto y participación relativa en las exportaciones, sin embargo, su baja producción y el limitado desarrollo del sector apícola nicaragüense, ponen al país en peligro de retirarse del mercado centroamericano debido a su reducida dinámica exportadora. La miel destinada a la exportación no tiene limitaciones de acceso a los mercados por su ventaja competitiva comercial, manifestada en la buena calidad del producto que cumple estándares internacionales (Codex Alimentarius) y por el dominio que tienen las empresas exportadoras de los canales de comercialización internacional y requisitos para la tramitación de las exportaciones al mercado convencional y justo. Se ha recomendado que los tomadores de decisión diseñen planes estratégicos que permitan el desarrollo del liderazgo, articulación y fortalecimiento del capital humano, incrementar la productividad, mejorar condiciones de acceso a mercados y elevar la competitividad de la miel en el mercado de centroamericano.