Identificação de alterações de ocupação do solo com imagens de satélite para atualização de inventários florestais

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

Prevalência de Aeromonas ssp em fezes diarréicas de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, no biênio 1995 - 1996

Foram analisadas 163 amostras de fezes de crianças com idade abaixo de 5 anos no período de 1995 a 1996, sendo 91 de fezes diarréicas e 72 de fezes não diarréicas. O material foi coletado em meio para transporte e submetido ao processo de enriquecimento a 4oC por 7 dias. Para o isolamento primário foi utilizado ágar amido ampicilina e incubado a 35oC por 18 a 24 horas. Foram isoladas 20 (21,9%) das seguintes espécies: Aeromonas A. caviae (7,7%), A. salmonicida salmonicida (6,6%), A. sobria (4,3%), A. hydrophila (2,2%) e Salmonicida achromogenes (1,1%). Nenhuma Aeromonas spp foi isolada dos 72 pacientes-controles. A susceptibilidade das amostras de Aeromonas spp aos antimicrobianos foi maior com a ciprofloxacina, diminuindo gradativamente com cloranfenicol, gentamicina, ampicilina e eritromicina.

The comparison of the Butzler medium, filtration technique and their association with isolation of Campylobacter ssp

Campylobacter was isolated in 178 out of 622 stool samples (200 porcine, 220 bovine, and 202 canine). From these 178 samples, the microorganism was identified in 64 samples (36%) isolated only in Butzler selective medium (BSM), 34 samples (19%) using filtration technique (FT), and in 80 samples (45%) using both BSM and FT. Comparison of the proportion of positivity using both techniques showed a significant value (c2 = 9,184; p > 0.001); BSM (36%) being more efficient than FT (19%). The use of both techniques yielded the highest isolation positivity (45%).

Studies on the eucalyptus leaf disease complex in Portugal

Native from south eastern Australia, Eucalyptus globulus is the main species in eucalypts plantations in Portugal. The most serious foliar disease in eucalypt plantations is linked to Mycosphaerella senso lato, which affects young trees in the juvenile phase foliage causing leaf necrosis. This disease results in reduced growth rate of the host and lower wood volume, thus causing significant productivity losses. The most common name for this disease was Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease that became inappropriate when most of the pathogens on eucalypts were re-distributed into several genera. The term "Eucalyptus Leaf Disease Complex" is now more appropriate. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the Eucalyptus Leaf Disease Complex in Portugal, focusing on species diversity, taxonomy and the role played by each species in the disease complex on Eucalyptus globulus. Literature on the Eucalyptus Leaf Disease Complex was reviewed and the species were distributed into several genera. A survey based on symptomatic leaves collected from several Eucalyptus globulus plantations and characterized by morphological and molecular tools provided an overview of species incidence and of the most frequent species in the disease complex. The present work reveals additional species of Mycosphaerella senso lato associated with eucalypt plantations in Portugal. Thus, five new records of Teratosphaeria and phylogenetically related species were added to the Iberian Peninsula, namely, Neodevriesia hilliana, for the first time on Myrtaceae; Quasiteratosphaeria mexicana, Teratosphaericola pseudoafricana, Teratosphaeria pluritubularis and Teratosphaeria lusitanica, a new species. Furthermore, new anamorphic structures were found and two new combinations were made. Regarding other genera, some species were observed for the first time, such as Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusicladium eucalypti, Mycosphaerella madeirae, in the mainland. In addition to leave diseases, Teratosphaeria gauchensis was found causing a severe stem and trunk canker on Eucalyptus globulus. The aggressiveness of several species was compared to evaluate each species individually in the complex, permitting to distinguish different behaviours, from primary to secondary pathogens. Cladosporium cladosporioides, M. communis and M. lateralis, appeared to be more aggressive than Teratosphaeria nubilosa. In fact, contrary to the prevailing views on this disease complex, Teratosphaeria nubilosa is not the only species responsible for the disease, which clearly involves a complex of species acting together.

Viabilidade e superação da dormência em sementes de Araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata ssp. sororia)

O araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata ssp. sororia McVaugh - Myrtaceae) é uma frutífera amazônica com potencial agroindustrial. O presente trabalho verificou os efeitos da desidratação sobre a viabilidade de sementes e avaliou métodos de escarificação mecânica (por descascamento e lixamento) na superação da dormência de sementes dessa espécie. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes é afetada pela redução do teor de água. As sementes apresentam comportamento recalcitrante, sendo que o nível crítico de umidade pode estar situado entre 58,8 e 47,1%. A desidratação a níveis iguais ou inferiores a 25,76% de água provocou a morte em 100% das sementes. As sementes devem ser semeadas, preferencialmente, logo após a extração e limpeza. O tegumento das sementes apresenta resistência mecânica à expansão do embrião. A remoção total do tegumento foi o método mais eficiente na superação da dormência, pois elimina a resistência na região onde ocorrerá a ruptura pelo embrião, com tempo médio de emergência de 66 dias e percentagem final de emergência de 96%. Os lixamentos provocaram injúrias mecânicas nas sementes, tendo consequências diretas na emergência e vigor.

Morfologia, germinação e teor de água das sementes De Araçá-boi (Eugenia Stipitata Ssp. Sororia)

O araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata ssp. sororia McVaugh - Myrtaceae) é uma espécie frutífera originária da Amazônia Ocidental que apresenta grande potencial para a indústria de sucos e sorvetes. A morfologia das sementes é complexa e sua fisiologia pouco compreendida. Sabe-se que elas são resistentes a injúrias mecânicas e sensíveis ao dessecamento. Objetivou-se caracterizar a morfologia das sementes através da biometria, determinar o grau de umidade das sementes e descrever os eventos do processo germinativo, visando dar subsídios para o manejo das sementes e a produção de mudas. As médias de comprimento, peso fresco e peso seco das sementes foram de 1,06 cm, 0,49 g c 0,17 g, respectivamente. O teor de água encontrado nas sementes foi de 62%. A germinação das sementes é hipógea c criptocotiledonar, mostrando-se lenta e desuniforme. A germinação iniciou-se por volta de 50 dias e estendeu-se até mais de 280 dias. A plântula, com 60 dias, apresentou altura média de 13 cm e 18 folhas. As sementes apresentam alto poder de regeneração pois, mesmo quando cortadas ao meio ou na zona meristemática, foram capazes de formar plântulas.

Toxicity and repellency of essential oils to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Phaseolus vulgaris L

The effects of tangerine (Phaseolus vulgaris Blanco), lemon (Citrus medica limonum Lush), pear orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), red copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.), rosemary (Baccharis dracunculifolia De Candole), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière and E. citriodora Hook), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and citronella (Cimbopogon nardus Linnaeus) oils at several concentrations on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) were studied. In toxicity tests, grains of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Rajadinho were impregnated with oils and infested with adults of Z. subfasciatus up to 24 hours old. All tested oils were effective in reducing the viable egg-laying and adult emergence of this pest, in function of the concentrations used, highlighting E. citriodora and E. globulus oils which caused 100% effectiveness from 0.5 mL Kg-1 concentration. In repellency tests, two arenas consisting of plastic containers, connected symmetrically to a central box by two plastic tubes were used. In one of the boxes, untreated beans were placed and on the other ones beans treated with each oil concentration were used. In the central box, five couples of Z. subfasciatus were released. Grains of P. vulgaris treated with oils of E. citriodora, C. citratus and C. oleifera reduced the attraction percentage of Z. subfasciatus adults, while the E. globulus increased this percentage. The percentages of reduced viable eggs ranged from 17.9% (C. medica limonum) to 93.3% (C. nardus), while the reduction on the number of emerged insects was 23.9% and 95.9%, respectively for these same oils.

Valorization of eucalyptus wood by glycerol-organosolv pretreatment within the biorefinery concept: an integrated and intensified approach

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass and the reduction of production cost are mandatory to attain a cost-effective lignocellulose-to-ethanol process. The selection of suitable pretreatment that allows an effective fractionation of biomass and the use of pretreated material at high-solid loadings on saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes are considered promising strategies for that purpose. Eucalyptus globulus wood was fractionated by organosolv process at 200 C for 69 min using 56% of glycerol-water. A 99% of cellulose remained in pretreated biomass and 65% of lignin was solubilized. Precipitated lignin was characterized for chemical composition and thermal behavior, showing similar features to commercial lignin. In order to produce lignocellulosic ethanol at high-gravity, a full factory design was carried to assess the liquid to solid ratio (3e9 g/g) and enzyme to solid ratio (8e16 FPU/g) on SSF of delignified Eucalyptus. High ethanol concentration (94 g/L) corresponding to 77% of conversion at 16FPU/g and LSR ¼ 3 g/g using an industrial and thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was successfully produced from pretreated biomass. Process integration of a suitable pretreatment, which allows for whole biomass valorization, with intensified saccharification-fermentation stages was shown to be feasible strategy for the co-production of high ethanol titers, oligosaccharides and lignin paving the way for cost-effective Eucalyptus biorefinery.

Introducción de nuevas especies y orígenes del género Eucalyptus en tres sitios de la provincia de Córdoba

Casi todas las especies de eucaliptos son rústicas y de gran plasticidad, lo que les permite adaptarse a diversas condiciones de suelo y clima. Poseen la capacidad de producir, dentro de un ciclo relativamente corto, asombrosos volúmenes de madera; de recuperarse de la acción destructiva del fuego, la sequía y el ramoneo mediante mecanismos defensivos, así como de colonizar tierras degradadas por el uso irracional o suelos pobres por las condiciones ambientales limitantes. En Argentina se han introducido cerca de 140 especies, destacándose por la amplia superficie ocupada: E. grandis, E. saligna, E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E. viminales, E. globulus var. globulus, E. cinerea, E. dunnii, entre otros. La producción maderera de algunas especies del género es, sin lugar a dudas, una de las más espectaculares entre todas las especies forestales. En buenas plantaciones es fácil encontrar crecimientos superiores a los 30m3/ha/año. La provincia de Córdoba no ha prestado mayor atención al cultivo de Eucalyptus. Actualmente existen alrededor de 4.215 hectáreas implantadas principalmente con E. vitaminalis, como cortinas rompevientos y macizos. La industrialización de estas especies en la provincia es de poca importancia. Existe, entre los productores y las industrias forestales una permanente inquietud por probar nuevas especies y orígenes que amplíen sus horizontes en un mercado cada vez más competitivo. El género Eucalyptus ofrece especies y orígenes alternativos que pueden adaptarse a distintas condiciones ambientales y diversos requerimientos del mercado. Es necesario identificar cuáles, entre ellos, son los más adecuados para el cultivo en Córdoba. El presente proyecto plantea, como objetivo general: identificar las especies y orígenes de eucaliptos más adecuados para su cultivo en tres regiones ecológicamente diferentes de la provincia de Córdoba.

Biomphalaria Tenagophila Guaibensis ssp. n. from Southern Brazil and Uruguay (pulmonata: Planorbidae). I. Morphology

A new subspecies of planorbid snail, biomphalaria tenagophila guaibensis, is described. It has been found along the coastal belt of the Brazilian state of rio grande do Sul and the middle part of Uruguay, from Porto Alegre to Mercedes. It differs from the nominate subspecies, Biomphalaria tenagophila tenagophila, in the appearance of the penial complex (prepuce longer and proportionally slenderer in B. t. guaibensis, shorter and proportionally stouter in b. t. tenagophila), in the ratio between the lengths of the penial sheath and the prepuce, in the ratio between the lengths of the uterine complex and the penial complex, and in a coefficient of difference of 2.44 for the ratio between the penis sheath and prepuce and of 2.02 for the ratio between the uterine complex and penial complex. The shell and the other organs of the genital system are similar in both subspecies. B. t. guaibensis is very similar to Biomphalaria occidentalis Paraense, 1981, but is readily separated from it by the presence of a vaginal pouch, which is lacking in the latter, besides showing highly significant difference in the penis sheath: prepuce and uterine complex: penial complex ratios. Crossbreeding experiments which lend additional support to the recognition of B. t. guaibensis as a subspecies will be reported elsewhere.

Lutzomyia gasparviannai Martins, Godoy & Silva, 1962, probable vector of Leishmania mexicana ssp. in Viana municipality, Espírito Santo State, Brazil

Dos flebótomos atraídos pelo Proechimys iheringi numa área onde esse roedor foi achado naturalmente infectado por Leishmania mexicana ssp., 98,1% foram Lutzomyia gasparviannai, o que sugere que essa espécie não antropofílica seja o transmissor entre os roedores mas não habitualmente ao homem.

Leishmania braziliensis ssp. in the nasal mucosa of guinea pigs inoculated in the tarsi

Two lots of 20 young male guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously in the tarsi with 10 (elevated to fourth potency) amastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis or L. b. guyanensis to study the susceptibility of this Neotropical hystricomorph rodent the autochthonous parasites. Almost 50% of the animals showed lesions in the inoculation site and had parazitations that were infective to hamsters, as shown by inoculating homogenates of the dermal lesion, of the spleen, of the liver, and of the nasal mucosa into hamsters at 20, 40, 60 and 120 days after inoculation of the guinea pig. Smears of the above organs showed the presence of amastigotes. Parasites inoculated into the tarsi were detected early in the skin, spleen, and liver of the guinea pig host. Blood cultures made by cardiopuncture on sacrifice of the guinea pigs were uniformly negative. The nasal mucosa of nearly all animals positive in the skin or viscera was invaded early by the parasites, although with grater frequency between 60 and 120 days post-inoculation. The use of this model for the study of mucocutaneous parasitism by L. brasiliensis is discussed, together with the phenomena of parasitism at a distance from the inoculation site, the temperature of the body regions affected, and the possible genetic influence on susceptibility of the guinea pig to L. brasiliensis.

Genetic structure of a linear population of Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (sea beet) revealed by isozyme and RFLP analysis

Knowledge of the genetic structure of plant populations is necessary for the understanding of the dynamics of major ecological processes. It also has applications in conservation biology and risk assessment for genetically modified crops. This paper reports the genetic structure of a linear population of sea beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (the wild relative of sugar beet), on Furzey Island, Poole Harbour. The relative spatial positions of the plants were accurately mapped and the plants were scored for variation at isozyme and RFLP loci. Structure was analysed by repeated subdivision of the population to find the average size of a randomly mating group. Estimates of F-ST between randomly mating units were then made, and gave patterns consistent with the structure of the population being determined largely by founder effects. The implications of these results for the monitoring of transgene spread in wild sea beet populations are discussed.

Basic density and pulp yield relationship with some chemical parameters in eucalyptus trees

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of basic density and pulp yield correlations with some chemical parameters, in order to differentiate an homogeneous eucalyptus tree population, in terms of its potential for pulp production or some other technological applications. Basic density and kraft pulp yield were determined for 120 Eucalyptus globulus trees, and the values were plotted as frequency distributions. Homogenized samples from the first and fourth density quartiles and first and fourth yield quartiles were submitted to total phenols, total sugars and methoxyl group analysis. Syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) and syringaldehyde/vanillin (S/V) ratios were determined on the kraft lignins from wood of the same quartiles. The results show the similarity between samples from high density and low yield quartiles, both with lower S/G (3.88-4.12) and S/V (3.99-4.09) ratios and higher total phenols (13.3-14.3 g gallic acid kg-1 ). Woods from the high yield quartile are statistically distinguished from all the others because of their higher S/G (5.15) and S/V (4.98) ratios and lower total phenols (8.7 g gallic acid kg-1 ). Methoxyl group and total sugars parameters are more adequate to distinguish wood samples with lower density.

Desempenho silvicultural e seleção precoce de clones de híbridos de eucalipto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética e o desempenho silvicultural de clones de híbridos interespecíficos de Eucalyptus urophylla, E. globulus, E. maidenii, E. saligna, E. grandis, E. pellita, E. resinifera, E. kirtoniana e E. dunnii, e determinar a viabilidade da seleção precoce em selecionar clones superiores. Os diâmetros do tronco à altura do peito aos três (DAP3) e sete (DAP7) anos de idade e a altura total das árvores aos sete anos de idade foram mensurados. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 138 clones, 10 repetições e seis plantas por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e agrupados pelo método das k-médias, tendo-se realizado a comparação de médias e determinado a correlação de Pearson (r) entre as variáveis avaliadas. A validação do agrupamento foi realizada por meio de análise de variância e do teste de Tukey. Os clones de híbridos interespecíficos de Eucalyptus apresentaram variabilidade genética. Foram estabelecidos cinco grupos de clones com base no desempenho silvicultural (DAP3, DAP7 e altura). O DAP3 é altamente correlacionado ao DAP7 e à altura aos sete anos de idade. A seleção com base no DAP3 pode ser utilizada para identificar clones superiores de Eucalyptus com grande vigor de crescimento.