984 resultados para France- Ecclesiastical History


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Since 1986, the Canadian Public Administration is required to analyze the socio-economic impact of new regulatory requirements or regulatory changes. To report on its analysis, a Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement (RIAS) is produced and published in the Canada Gazette with the proposed regulation to which it pertains for notice to, and comments by, interested parties. After the allocated time for comments has elapsed, the regulation is adopted with a final version of the RIAS. Both documents are again published in the Canada Gazette. As a result, the RIAS acquires the status of an official public document of the Government of Canada and its content can be argued in courts as an extrinsic aid to the interpretation of a regulation. In this paper, an analysis of empirical findings on the uses of this interpretative tool by the Federal Court of Canada is made. A sample of decisions classified as unorthodox show that judges are making determinations on the basis of two distinct sets of arguments built from the information found in a RIAS and which the author calls “technocratic” and “democratic”. The author argues that these uses raise the general question of “What makes law possible in our contemporary legal systems”? for they underline enduring legal problems pertaining to the knowledge and the acceptance of the law by the governed. She concludes that this new interpretive trend of making technocratic and democratic uses of a RIAS in case law should be monitored closely as it may signal a greater change than foreseen, and perhaps an unwanted one, regarding the relationship between the government and the judiciary.

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Les médecins et autres écrivains de l’Ancien Régime qui ont décrié les effets néfastes de la mise en nourrice l’ont tenue en partie responsable de la forte mortalité infantile. L’habitude de confier l’allaitement et les soins de l’enfant à une femme autre que sa mère est présente dès le XIIIe siècle dans les milieux aristocratiques français. Bourgeois et autres citadins feront de même dès le XVIIe siècle. Transportée outre-Atlantique par les colons du Canada, la mise en nourrice a laissé de nombreuses traces dans les sources paroissiales, notariales et judiciaires de la colonie. Les démographes et historiens se sont penchés sur le phénomène dans le cadre d’études portant sur différents groupes sociaux (noblesse, « bourgeoisie ») ou populations (ville de Québec et l’ensemble du Canada sous le Régime français). Ils ont privilégié l’étude des nourrissons et de leurs familles. Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la mise en nourrice à Montréal et aux alentours des années 1680 aux années 1760. Il s’emploie d’abord à suivre le parcours de 436 nourrissons, décédés pour la plupart en bas âge : milieu socio-professionnel des parents connus, profil démographique, lieu d’accueil par une nourrice. Il étudie ensuite 245 femmes qui ont pris soin de ces enfants : leur parcours migratoire, les différents paramètres socio-démographiques de leur existence. Plusieurs de nos observations correspondent à celles d’autres chercheurs ou, du moins, ne les contredisent pas, tout en offrant une perspective montréalaise sur le phénomène. Au chapitre de l’inédit, citons l’élargissement, au XVIIIe siècle, de la gamme des professions exercées par les pères de nourrissons, ainsi que l’existence de plus d’un profil de nourrice, du point de vue de l’âge (et de la capacité à allaiter), de l’état matrimonial et du degré de vulnérabilité.

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This article contends that the papacy and ultramontane Catholicism played a pivotal role in the democratization of culture in Second Empire France. Drawing upon recent scholarship, which argues that religion played an important role in the constitution of mass democracies in modern Europe, this article revisits the pamphlet campaign led by Mgr Gaston de Ségur at the height of the Italian question in February 1860. Ségur made the most of the freedom of expression enjoyed by the Catholic Church in France in an attempt to direct Catholic opinion, and place pressure on the French government over its diplomatic relations with the pope. New archive material, notably Ségur’s correspondence with the leading Catholic journalist of the time, Louis Veuillot, sheds further light on Rome’s interventions in French culture and politics and its consequences. The article demonstrates that one of the most important, if unintended, results of the ultramontane campaign was to trigger reforms to the cultural sphere, and the granting of freedoms to their political enemies: the Republicans and freethinkers.

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