Análise mercadológica do sistema turístico da cidade de Ouro Preto-MG

O trabalho apresenta inicialmente considerações gerais sobre o turismo e o turismo no Brasil; posiciona conceitualmente o sistema de Marketing para o turismo, e apresenta sob um ponto de vista histórico o sistema específico a ser analisado. Posteriormente é estudada a oferta turística de Ouro Preto tomando-se como base analítica seus elementos formadores, e a demanda turísticos do local é analisada através de uma pesquisa mercadológica levada a efeito em fontes primárias. Os fundamentos conceituais do marketing turístico são apresentados, assim como suas particularidades e variáveis de decisão. No Último capítulo são elaboradas proposições mercadológicas para o turismo em Ouro Preto.

A formação de agenda de políticas públicas de turismo em âmbito local: os casos de Ouro Preto (MG) e Paraty (RJ)

Esta Tese teve como objetivo geral compreender como se dá a formação de agenda das políticas públicas de turismo em âmbito local, bem como identificar quais são os diferentes atores que influenciam esse processo. Tem como marco teórico a literatura sobre a análise de políticas públicas, especialmente no que se refere ao processo de formação de agenda. Para compreender o objeto da política analisada, também se apresenta como referência para este estudo a literatura sobre turismo e políticas públicas de turismo. A fim de conhecer um caso prático (reconhecidamente importante) sobre como se dá gestão pública local do turismo, analisou-se o Modelo Turístico de Barcelona, do qual foi possível extrair proposições que serviram de referência para a análise de duas cidades brasileiras, Ouro Preto (MG) e Paraty (RJ). A coleta de dados foi realizada in loco e envolveu tanto entrevistas semiestruturadas com importantes atores públicos e privados ligados à atividade turística em cada um dos municípios quanto a análise documental. Ademais, foram utilizados dados secundários, que permitiram complementar os dados primários. As estratégias utilizadas para a interpretação dos dados foram a análise within-case (cada caso em profundidade) e a análise cross-case (entre casos). Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados do estudo indicaram os seguintes fatores como elementos que influenciam a forma como o turismo é considerado pelos governos locais: o grau de dependência da cidade em relação ao turismo, o estágio de desenvolvimento do turismo em cada cidade e a rede de atores que participam da política; a prioridade dada ao tema pelo governo local; e o contexto político. De forma geral foram identificadas três perspectivas sobre como a temática turismo ascende à agenda dos governos locais: o turismo como oportunidade; o turismo como solução para problemas diversos de outras áreas; e o turismo como problema (social e setorial). Em ambos os casos analisados, constatou-se que a rede de atores que participam da política de turismo local é pouco articulada e a interação entre eles (que se dá principalmente por meio do Conselho Municipal de Turismo – caso de Ouro Preto, ou da formatação desse e de outros arranjos - caso de Paraty) não consegue ainda influenciar as políticas públicas. Contudo, assim como foi evidenciado em Paraty, a atuação isolada de algum ator (nesse caso, da iniciativa privada), tem conseguido fazer com que alguns temas sejam considerados como objeto de políticas públicas. Apesar de não haver uma relação clara de causa – efeito, o estudo apresenta evidências de que a atuação dos governos somente em alguns aspectos do turismo, beneficiando a interesses particulares, e a inação em outros, que afetam, sobretudo os interesses dos cidadãos, pode impulsionar um modelo de desenvolvimento turístico desigual, onde os benefícios são concentrados e os custos dispersos.

Ouro Verde (parte 1 e 2)

O Fórum de Investidores em Negócios Sustentáveis edição 2006, foi realizado em 14 de dezembro de 2006, em São Paulo (SP) no Salão Nobre da FGV-EAESP

Separador de arraste do tipo ás de ouro

Curso de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira. Disciplina de Tecnologia de Produção de Açúcar. Ilustração. Dimensão: 1100x626. Tamanho: 72Kb.

O ouro branco abre caminho: o algodão e a modernização do espaço urbano da Cidade da Parahyba (1850-1924)

The present research deals with the modernization process of the Cidade da Parahyba2, between 1850 and 1924, and its relation with the cotton economy, which represented the main source of wealth accumulation for both the private and the public sectors throughout the First Republic. This study on urban history was developed by focusing on the understanding of the city s spatial formation, and despite its emphasis on the economic aspects involved, other factors that also contribute to the development of the social life were not put aside. The modernization process of the Cidade da Parahyba was also analyzed during the period established for the study according to a chronological and thematic approach that established comparisons with the financial situation of the State, whenever this was necessary, with special attention to the contribution of the cotton economy to the State´s revenues. It was possible to detect a lack of financial help and loans from the federal and municipal administrations for finishing several public works already underway in the capital, since the federal funds allocated to the State of Parahyba do Norte were rather employed in emergency works against droughts and in agricultural development. One can then conclude that the financial resources required for the urban interventions were withdrawn from the State s treasury itself, resources that were collected mainly from activities such as cotton exportation and cotton trading. Another factor shows the interdependence between the urban remodeling and the cotton economy: during the years marked by great droughts or by hard plagues on the cotton plantations, cotton production decreased, as well as the State s finances. The first measures taken by the State s administrators were to halt all projects of urban remodeling in progress in the Cidade da Parahyba, which was, clearly, the most privileged city by the State s presidents during the period analyzed. 2 The city of João Pessoa was named Cidade da Parahyba, a designation that remained until September 1930, when it received its present-day name in order to pay homage to the president of the State, João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, murdered in the city of Recife in August of that same year. At that time, the State of Paraíba was known as Parahyba do Norte. Since this work is limited to a period of time comprised within the First Republic, the names employed respect the terms used in those days

Coordenação entre as respostas da catalase e da ascorbato peroxidade em folhas de feijão caupi submetidas a diferentes fontes de peróxido de hidrogênio

The plants are often exposed to variations in environmental conditions that may trigger metabolic disturbances leading to a consequent loss in productivity of crops. These stressful conditions usually induce an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, a condition known how oxidative stress. Among these species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule involved in numerous signaling mechanisms. The present study aimed to understand the relationship between the different enzymatic mechanisms of elimination of H2O2 by catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaf tissues of seedlings of the species Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by application of CAT inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), and H2O2 itself on the roots. Three experiments were conducted. The first experiment was performed applying the compound 3-AT (5 mM) during the time (hours). In the second experiment, seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of H2O2 (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 mM) for 48 h. The third strategy included the pre-treatment with H2O2 (2.5 mM) for 24 h, followed by subsequent treatment with the inhibitor 3-AT and recovery control condition. Treatment with 3-AT causes a strong inhibition of CAT activity in leaf tissues accompanied by an increase of activity of APX. However a decrease in oxidative damage to lipids is not observed as indicated by TBARS. It was observed that activity of APX is directly linked to the content of peroxide. Inductions in the activities of CAT and APX were observed mainly in the seedlings treated with 2.5 mM H2O2. This can be associated with a decrease in oxidative damage to lipids. In contrast, one same tendency was not observed in treatments with higher concentrations of this ROS. These results suggest that the concentration of 2.5 mM H2O2 can induce responses antioxidants later in seedling cowpea. This concentration when applied as pre-treatment for 24 h promoted an induction systems removers CAT and APX, both in activity and in terms of gene expression. However this increment was not observed in the recovered plants and the plants subsequently subjected to 3-AT. Additionally, the pretreatment was not sufficient to attenuate the inhibition of CAT activity and oxidative damage to lipids caused by the subsequent application of this inhibitor. The results showed that the application of 3-AT and H2O2 in the root systems of seedlings of cowpea promote changes in the parameters analyzed in leaf tissues that indicate a direct response to the presence of these factors or systemic signaling mecanisms. H2O2 appears to activate the responses of two antioxidant systems in this study thar does not promote greater protection in case of additional treatment with 3-AT. This demonstrates the importance of the CAT system. In this work, complete results indicate that there is a difference between the signaling and the effects caused by exposure to H2O2 and by treatment with 3-AT

Atividade antioxidante e antiproliferativa de extratos de folhas de Plukenetia volubilis L. (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Variação sazonal da concentração de nutrientes em folhas de bananeiras, no Vale do Ribeira-SP

The Vale do Ribeira, SP, main agricultural activity is the banana crop, which accounts for most of this fruit production in the State of São Paulo. The nutritional balance of the plant is one of the most important factors for the banana plant can complete the cycle and achieve high productivity. Aiming to evaluate the seasonal variation of leaf nutrient concentration in banana plants in Vale do Ribeira-SP, we used the results of 252 chemical analyses of plant tissue, collected from August 2009 to September 2010, in the 18 representative properties for the region, ten cultivated with subgroup Cavendish banana plant and eight of subgroup Prata banana plant. The largest variation between the macronutrient occurred for K and S, and among the micronutrients, especially for Fe and B. In some dates of evaluation, there was a higher leaf concentration of P, K, Ca and Zn, in subgroup Cavendish banana plants, while the subgroup Prata banana plants showed higher leaf concentration, especially of Mn, B and N. Climatic conditions, especially rain, influenced the leaf nutrient content, especially for K, N, S, B and Fe.

Efeitos do herbicida lactofen sobre três cultivares de soja I. Alterações morfológicas externas e internas de folhas

O lactofen, herbicida do grupo dos difenil éteres, é indicado para uso na cultura da soja, em pós-emergência, devido sua eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas latifoliadas. No presente trabalho, conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, foram utilizadas as cultivares de soja Foscarin-31, IAC-8 e IAC-9, tratadas com lactofen nas doses 0,018 e 0,36 kg de lactofen i.a./ha, aplicadas quando as plantas apresentavam a Segunda folha composta totalmente expandida. Aos quatro e doze dias após as aplicações, foram analisadas e descritos os sinais macroscópicos e microscópicos de intoxicação nos folíolos das folhas. Os resultados indicaram que o lactofen ocasionou expressivas alterações morfológicas externas e internas das folhas, nos locais onde foi depositado, e que a dose maior acentua os efeitos do produto sobre as plantas, sendo que as cultivares de soja apresentaram diferentes graus de sensibilidade ao produto.

Sintomas da intoxicação inicial de Eucalyptus proporcionados por subdoses de glyphosate aplicadas no caule ou nas folhas

Com o objetivo de avaliar os sintomas de intoxicação causados pela aplicação de glyphosate, foi montado um estudo composto por quatro ensaios com aplicações de glyphosate (360 g e.a. L-1) em eucalipto. em todos os ensaios, mudas foram transplantadas em vasos de 5,0 L. Nos ensaios 1 e 2, foram aplicados volumes crescentes de solução de glyphosate no caule do eucalipto. No ensaio 1, a solução de 3% (v/v) foi aplicada nos volumes de 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 e 160 µL de calda por planta e, no segundo, a solução de glyphosate a 2% (v/v) foi aplicada nos volumes de 0, 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 µL de calda por planta. Nos ensaios 3 e 4, foram feitas aplicações de glyphosate sobre as plantas de eucalipto. No ensaio 3, as doses foram de 0, 7,2.10-7, 7,2.10-6, 7,2.10-5, 7,2.10-4, 7,2.10-3, 7,2.10-2, 7,2.10-1, 7,2, 72, 360 e 720 g e.a. de glyphosate ha-1 e, no ensaio 4, de 0, 9, 18, 36, 72, 144, 288, 432, 576, 720, 1.080, 1.440 e 2.160 g e.a. de glyphosate ha-1. Nos quatro ensaios foi utilizado o delineamento DIC, com três repetições. Nas plantas, foram avaliadas a altura, a área foliar e a matéria seca de caule e folhas. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a análises de regressão. Quando aplicadas no caule, doses de 40,78 e 51,41 µL de calda por planta de glyphosate a 3 e 2% (v/v), respectivamente, nos ensaios 1 e 2, foram suficientes para redução média de 50% das características estudadas. Nas aplicações sobre as folhas, houve maior sensibilidade das plantas mais desenvolvidas. Para redução média de 50% nas variáveis analisadas, foram necessárias doses de 277,4 e 143,3 g e.a. de glyphosate ha-1 nos ensaios 3 e 4, respectivamente.

Avaliação in vitro e in vivo da Atividade Antioxidante do Extrato Hidroetanólico de Folhas de Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae)

Recently, it has been a increasing interest in the antioxidative role of natural products to aid the endogenous protective biological systems against the deleterious effects of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) reactive species. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring from plant sources. Natural antioxidants can protect and prevent the human body from oxidative stress and retard the progress of many diseases in which free radical are involved. Several plants used in the folk medicine to treat certain disorders that are accompanied by inflammation and other pharmacological properties have been proved their attributed properties, such antioxidant activity. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae), frequently employed by population as a medicinal plant, demonstrated antioxidant activity by in vitro and in vivo assays, using its leaf hydroethanolic extract (10%) he in vitro DPPH radical-scanvenging activity showed a strong antioxidant activity (86.57% ± 0.14), similar to Carduus marianus and catequine effects. For the in vivo assays, adult female Wistar rats (n=48) with carbon tetrachloride hepatic injury induced (2,5mL/kg i.p.) were used, Six groups or rats were uses (n=8) [G1 = control (1,25 mL/kg i.p. vehicle); G2 = CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p.); G3 = CCl4 + extract 7 days (500 mg/kg p.o.); G4 = CCl4 + Legalon® 7 days (50 mg/kg p.o.), G5 = CCl4 + extract 21 days (500 mg/kg p.o.) e G6 = CCl4 + Legalon® 21 days (50 mg/kg p.o.)]. The hepatic oxidative injury was evaluated through biochemical parameters [alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST)] histopathological study, while thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were used to evaluate proantioxidant parameters. The plant extract tested was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by a decreasing in the ALT and AST activities (p<0.001) and TBAR (plasma, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001). Levels of GSH (blood, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001) and antioxidant enzymes [CAT erythrocyte (p<0.05) and hepatic (p<0.01); SOD erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001); GPx erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001)] were also significantly increased. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly reduced by the extract treatment. The data obtained were comparable to that of Legalon®, a reference hepatoprotective drug. The results showed that T. ulmifolia leaf extract protects against CCl4 induced oxidative damage. Therefore, this effect must be associated to its antioxidant activity, attributed to the phenolic compounds, present in these extract, which can act as free radical scavengers

Caracterização e quantificação de marcadores químicos do extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess

Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess (Crassulaceae), commonly known as saião , coirama branca , folha grossa , is originally from Brazil and commonly found in São Paulo to Bahia, mainly in the coastal zone. Regarding of biological activities, most preclinical studies were found in the literature, mainly about the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts obtained from leaves and / or aerial parts of K. brasiliensis. As regards the chemical constitution, it has been reported mainly the presence of flavonoids in the leaves of the species, but until this moment did not knows which are the active compounds. Although it is a species widely used in traditional medicine in Brazil, there is no monograph about the quality parameters of the plant drug. In this context, this study aims to characterize and quantify the chemical markers of hydroethanolic extract (HE) from the leaves of K. brasiliensis, which can be used in quality control of plant drug and derivatives obtained from this species. The methodology was divided into two parts: i. Phytochemical study: to fractionate, isolate and characterizate of the chemical (s) marker (s) of the HE from the leaves of K. brasiliensis; ii. To Developed validate of analytical method by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) to quantify the chemical (s) marker (s) of the EH. i. The EH 50% was prepared by turbo extraction method. It was then submitted to liquid-liquid partition, obtaining dichloromethane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) fractions. The AcOEt fraction was selected to continue the fractionation process, because it has a chemical profile rich in flavonoids. The acOEt fraction was submitted to column chromatography using different systems for obtaining the compound Kb1. To identify this compound, it was submitted to UV analysis ii. For quantitative analysis, the EH was analyzed by HPLC, using different methods. After selecting the most appropriate method, which showed satisfactory resolution and symmetrical peaks, it was validated according to parameters in the RE 899/2003. As result, it was obtained from the AcOEt fraction the compound Kb1 (2.7 mg). Until this moment, the basic nucleus was characterized by UV analysis using shift reagents. The partial chemical structure of the compound Kb1 was identified as a flavonol, containing hydroxyls in 3 , 4 position (ring A), 5 and 7 free (ring B) and a replacement of the C3 hydroxyl by a sugar. As the analysis were performed in the HPLC coupled to a DAD, we observed that the UV spectrum of the major peaks of EH from K. brasiliensis shown similar UV spectrum. According to the literature, it has been reported the presence of patuletin glycosydes derivatives in the leaves of this species. Therefore, it is suggested that the compound Kb1 is glycosylated patuletin derivative. Probably the sugar (s) unit(s) are linked in the C3 in the C ring. . Regarding the development of HPLC analytical method, the system used consists of phase A: water: formic acid (99,7:0,3, v / v) and phase B: methanol: formic acid (99,7:0,3, v / v), elution gradient of 40% B - 58% B in 50 minutes, ccolumn (Hichrom ®) C18 (250x4, 0 mm, 5 μm), flow rate 0.8 mL / min, UV detection at 370 nm, temperature 25 ° C. In the analysis performed with the co-injection of thecompound Kb1 + HE of K. brasiliensis was observed that it is one of the major compounds with a retention time of 12.47 minutes and had a content of 15.3% in EH of leaves from K. brasiliensis. The method proved to be linear, precise, accurate and reproducible. According to these results, it was observed that compound Kb1 can be used as a chemical marker of EH from leaves of K. brasiliensis, to assist in quality control of drug plant and its derivatives