66 resultados para Fennoskandian kilpi


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Changes in the abundance of top predators have brought about notable, cascading effects in ecosystems around the world. In this thesis, I examined several potential trophic cascades in boreal ecosystems, and their separate interspecific interactions. The main aim of the thesis was to investigate whether predators in the boreal forests have direct or indirect cascading effects on the lower trophic levels. First, I compared the browsing effects of different mammalian herbivores by excluding varying combinations of voles, hares and cervids from accessing the seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). Additionally, I studied the effect of simulated predation risk on vole browsing by using auditory cues of owls. Moving upwards on the trophic levels, I examined the intraguild interactions between the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and its mesopredator prey, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the pine marten (Martes martes). To look at an entire potential trophic cascade, I further studied the combined impacts of eagles and mesopredators on the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) and the hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia), predicting that the shared forest grouse prey would benefit from eagle presence. From the tree species studied, birch appears to be the most palatable one for the mammalian herbivores. I observed growth reductions in the presences of cervids and low survival associated with hares and voles, which suggests that they all weaken regeneration in birch stands. Furthermore, the simulated owl predation risk appeared to reduce vole browsing on birches in late summer, although the preferred grass forage is then old and less palatable. Browsing by voles and hares had a negative effect on the condition and survival of Scots pine, but in contrast, the impact of mammalian herbivores on spruce was found to be small, at least when more preferred food is available. I observed that the presence of golden eagles had a negative effect on the abundance of adult black grouse but a positive, protective effect on the proportion of juveniles in both black grouse and hazel grouse. Yet, this positive effect was not dependent on the abundance foxes or martens, nor did eagles seem to effectively decrease the abundance of these mesopredators. Conversely, the protection effect on grouse could arise from fear effects and also be mediated by other mesopredators. The results of this thesis provide important new information about trophic interactions in the boreal food webs. They highlight how different groups of mammalian herbivores vary in their effects on the growth and condition of different tree seedlings. Lowered cervid abundances could improve birch regeneration, which indirectly supports the idea that the key predators of cervids could cause cascading effects also in Fennoscandian forests. Owls seem to reduce vole browsing through an intimidation effect, which is a novel result of the cascading effects of owl vocalisation and could even have applications for protecting birch seedlings. In the third cascade examined in this thesis, I found the golden eagle to have a protective effect on the reproducing forest grouse, but it remains unclear through which smaller predators this effect is mediated. Overall, the results of this thesis further support the idea that there are cascading effects in the forests of Northern Europe, and that they are triggered by both direct and non‐lethal effects of predation.

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Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata aSAV:n sairastaneiden henkilöiden voimaantumista ja siihen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli saadun tiedon avulla mahdollistaa aSAV:n sairastaneille henkilöille tarjottavan ohjauksen kehittäminen voimaantumisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa vastattiin tutkimuskysymyksiin: minkälaiseksi aSAV:n sairastaneet henkilöt arvioivat voimaantumiseen yhteydessä olevat tekijät ja miten aSAV:n sairastaneet henkilöt arvioivat voimaantumiseen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Tutkimus on kuvaileva poikkileikkaustutkimus. Tutkimuksen kohdejoukkona oli aSAV:n sairastaneet henkilöt. Otoksen muodosti eräässä yliopistosairaalassa vuosina 2012 - 2014 hoidetut aSAV:n sairastaneet henkilöt (n=102). Aineiston keruun ajankohta oli elo-lokakuu 2015. Aineisto kerättiin kahden strukturoidun mittarin avulla, Sairaalapotilaan tiedon saanti (SPTS  Leino-Kilpi, Salanterä, Hölttä 2003) ja EQ-5D-3L (EuroQuol Group EQ-5D) -mittari. Tutkimusaineistot analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin, hyödyntäen IBM:n SPSS version 23 -tilasto-ohjelmaa. Voimaantuminen kuvailtiin voimaantumiseen yhteydessä olevien tekijoiden (voimaantumista edistävä tieto, sairauteen liittyvät tunteet ja oireet, elämänlaatu ja hoitoon tyytyväisyys) avulla käyttäen frekvenssejä, prosentteja ja keskiarvoja tai mediaaneja. Sosiodemografisten tekijöiden (ryhmäohjaukseen osallistuminen, sukupuoli ja ikä) merkitystä voimaantumiseen yhteydessä oleville tekijöille tarkasteltiin kahden ryhmän t-testin ja yksisuuntaisen varianssianalyysin avulla. Voimaantumista edistävän tiedon saannin yhteyttä elämänlaatuun ja hoitoon tyytyväisyyteen tarkasteltiin Pearsonin korrelaatiokertoimen ja Spearmanin järjestyskorrelaatiokertoimen avulla. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet aSAV:n sairastaneet henkilöt kokivat vähän sairauteen liittyviä oireita ja tunteita tutkimushetkellä. Voimaantuminen biofysiologisella ja toiminnallisella ulottuvuudella koettiin jokseenkin hyväksi. Kokemuksellisella, eettisellä, sosiaalisella ja taloudellisella ulottuvuudella voimaantumista kaivattiin lisää. Voimaantumisen puutteesta huolimatta tutkimukseen osallistuneet aSAV:n sairastaneet henkilöt kokivat elämänlaatunsa suhteellisen hyväksi ja olivat tyytyväisiä tai erittäin tyytyväisiä saamaansa hoitoon. Naisten ja 50 - 59 vuotiaiden henkilöiden voimaantumiseen tulisi kiinnittää erityistä huomiota. Voimaantumista edistävä tiedon saanti on tilastollisesti merkitsevästi positiivisesti yhteydessä aSAV:n sairastaneiden henkilöiden elämänlaatuun ja hoitoon tyytyväisyyteen. ASAV:n sairastaneiden henkilöiden potilasohjausta tulisi kehittää voimaantuminen näkökulmasta. ASAV:n sairastaneiden henkilöiden elämänlaatua ja hoitoon tyytyväisyyttä voidaan parantaa voimaantumista edistävän tiedon avulla.

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Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences infirmières option expertise-conseil en soins infirmiers

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This thesis sets out to explore the place and agency of non-comital women in twelfth-century Anglo-Norman England. Until now, broad generalisations have been applied to all aristocratic women based on a long established scholarship on royal and comital women. Non-comital women have been overlooked, mainly because of an assumed lack of suitable sources from this time period. The first aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that there is a sufficient corpus of charters for a study of this social group of women. It is based on a database created from 5545 charters, of which 3046 were issued by non-comital women and men, taken from three case study counties, Oxfordshire, Suffolk and Yorkshire, and is also supported by other government records. This thesis demonstrates that non-comital women had significant social and economic agency in their own person. By means of a detailed analysis of charters and their clauses this thesis argues that scholarship on non-comital women must rethink the framework applied to the study of non-comital women to address the lifecycle as one of continuities and as active agents in a wider public society. Non-comital women’s agency and identity was not only based on land or in widowhood, which has been the one period in their life cycles where scholars have recognised some level of autonomy, and women had agency in all stages of their life cycle. Women’s agency and identity were drawn from and part of a wider framework that included their families, their kin, and broader local political, religious, and social networks. Natal families continued to be important sources of agency and identity to women long after they had married. Part A of the thesis applies modern charter diplomatic analysis methods to the corpus of charters to bring out and explore women’s presence therein. Part B contextualises these findings and explores women’s agency in their families, landholding, the gift-economy, and the wider religious and social networks of which they were a part.