924 resultados para Feed conversion


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Three diets were formulated using locally available feed ingredients in Malawi to test the effect of replacing animal protein (fish meal, meat and bone meal) with soybean meal (10:0, 5:5, 0:10% of diet) as the protein source on growth and feed conversion of Oreochromis karongae. There were no significant differences in growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the three diets. It can be concluded that more expensive and limited animal protein sources can totally be replaced by cheaper soybean in order to get similar growth rates in O. karongae.

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Great advances have been, and are being made in our knowledge of the genetics and molecular biology (including genomics, proteomics and structural biology). Global molecular profiling technologies such as microassays using DNA or oligonucleotide chip, and protein and lipid chips are being developed. The application of such biotechnological advances are inevitable in aquaculture in the areas of improvement of aquaculture stocks where many molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLDs and RAPD are now available for genome analysis, finger printing and genetic linkage mapping. Transgenic technology has been developed in a number of fish species and research is being pursed to produce transgenic fish carrying genes that encode antimicrobial peptides such as lysozyme thereby achieving disease resistance in fish. Also it is a short cut to achieving genetic change for fast growth and other desirable traits like early sexual maturity, temperature tolerance and feed conversion efficiency. KEYWORDS: Fish genetics, transgenesis, monoploidy, diploidy, polyploidy,gynogenesis, androgenesis, cryopreservation.

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Three different stocking rates in a semi-intensive pilot shrimp project was adopted in duplicates of three treatments designated as T1, T2 and T3 having initial per meter square stocking density of shrimp of 40, 44 and 51 respectively of 0.025g size post larva. The study was conducted for 84 days. Commercial pelleted diets designated as starter - 1, 2, 3 and grower were fed at a satiation level during the study period with a feeding frequency of 4 to 5 times per day. Feed rationing was based on the survivability, body weight and tray checking. 5-25% of the pond water was exchanged daily. Sampling was done for growth after every 2nd week. Monthly sampling was done for mortality in the ponds. Mean weight gain of the shrimp in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 16.96 ± 1.14, 16.04 ± 1.38 and 14.08 ± 1.17g respectively and T1 with a low stocking density showed a significantly best growth among the treatments. Total mortality in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were as 30.00, 39.77 and 31.37% respectively. Significantly higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.87 was obtained with shrimp in treatment T3 followed by shrimp in T1 and T2 with FCR values of 1.70 and 1.41 respectively. A positive correlation of growth and salinity was observed during the study. Total production per unit area was the highest in the treatment T3 (4928 kg/ha) and followed by T1 (4747 kg/ha) and T2 (4251 kg/ha). The result show significantly negative correlation between individual growth and density.

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Highest growth of prawn was obtained with Feed B (743 kg/ha) with highest survival rate (60.88%) followed by Feed A where production and survival rate was 659 kg/ha and 53.50%, respectively. Feed A contained 30% dry ground cow viscera, 40% oil cake, 20% rice-bran and 10% heat bran. Feed conversion ratios were found to be 7.60:1 for Feed A and 6.46:1 for Feed B, which indicated that Feed B was more efficiently utilized by the prawn than Feed A. Statistical analysis revealed that the differences in production of prawns among the treatments were highly significant (P< 0.01).

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An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feeds on growth survival and production of African catfish (C. gariepinus) in six cemented tanks (3m² each) over a period of 120 days. Three different feeds namely Feed A (Saudi-Bangla fish feed, 33.43% protein), Feed B (formulated feed, 40.12% protein) and Feed C (chicken raw intestine, 59.58% protein) were applied to treatments I, II and III respectively. Each of the tanks was stocked with 24 fry with mean initial body weight of 2.56±0.06 g. Feeds were supplied to the fish ad-libitum daily in two instalments. Significantly highest weight gain was obtained in treatment III, however, survival rate was low compared to other treatments. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) values ranged from 2.52-6.4. Survival rate of fish varied between 83 and 96%. Treatment II yielded the highest (5000 kg/ha/120 days) production with the highest survival rate of fish. On the basis of survival rate and production, it is suggested that the formulated feed (Feed B) is suitable for the culture of C. gariepinus in cemented tanks.

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Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae with an average weight of 6.26 ± 0.23 mg and an average length of 10.67 ± 0.13 mm were fed with one of the five experimental diets having graded levels of lipid (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0%) to satiation two times a day to study their effect on growth, survival and feed utilisation. The highest weight gain was observed in post-larvae fed 7.5% lipid, although there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between groups fed 7.5 and 10.0% lipid. Similar effect was observed in the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of post-larvae fed the diet with 7.5 and 10.0% lipid. The lowest feed conversion ratio was obtained in postlarvae fed the diet with 7.5% lipid. The survival rates of post-larvae fed on various levels of dietary lipid differed significantly (p<0.05) after 15 days of rearing period. Significantly lower survival was observed in the diet with 15.0% lipid level. Dietary lipid did not significantly affect prawn carcass protein, lipid and ash contents. Based on the data analysis (ANOVA – one way analysis), the dietary lipid requirement for 15 days of nursery rearing of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae was estimated to be 7.5 to 10.0% under experimental conditions in this study.

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A growth trial was conducted to test the effect of Lykamin (dietary supplement) on growth, survival and feed conversion in Mystus gulio. Four isoproteic diets were formulated by incorporating the growth promoter, Lykamin at the levels of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% diet. The crude protein content was 30% in each diet. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of catfish fingerlings twice daily at a level of 5% of the total body weight for 120 days. Regular fortnightly sampling was done to evaluate the growth performance of the experimental animals. Water quality parameters during the experimental period were maintained within the range suitable for catfish. The results showed better specific growth rate, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio in the group which was given 0.75% Lykamin diet.

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An experiment was conducted with juvenile prawns Macrobrachium malcolmso11ii, (0:76± 0.01 ro 0.94-::tO.Ol g) w evaluate various protein source diets. Six diets containing 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,and 45% of crude protein were formulated, and fed to prawns in the form of pellet to evaluate their suitability. The experiment was designed for 60 days and sampling was made at every 15 days interval. At the end of the study period growth, feed conversion ration (FCR) specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency and survival were determined for prawns in each dietary treatment. Among the above five feeds poor FCR and higher weight gain observed in 35% protein diet (B-4). Similarly specific growth rate and feed efficiency are also highest with diet containing 35% protein. The dietary protein levels above 35% exerts a decrease in growth of prawn was observed in the present study. The feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio decreased with the increased dietary protein levels. It is concluded that 35% protein diet could be suitable with optimum protein supply for Macrobrachium malcolmsonii Therefore, above and below this 35% protein level in the formulated feed leads to metabolic stress which lowers the conversion efficiency and wastage of nutrients.

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A 70 day long experiment was carried out to evaluate three commercial pangas feeds available in Bangladesh viz. Quality Feeds Ltd. (QF), Aftab Bohumukhi Farm Ltd. (ABF) and Saudi-Bangla Fish Feed Ltd. (SBFF) (designated as treatment_T1 T2 and T3) on the growth of Pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus. Each treatment had two replicates using six experimental ponds of each 80m2 size. The stocking density was 250 fish/80m2. At the beginning, the fish were fed twice daily at 15% of their body weight which was gradually reduced to 10 and 6%, respectively for the rest of the period. The ranges of water quality parameters observed were: temperature 29.0°C- ~5.1 °C, pH 6.85 - 8.52, DO 1.71 - 7.65 mg/1 and transparency or Secchi depth 14.5 - 30.0 em. The mean weight gain of fish was significantly (~<0.05) higher in T3 followed by T2 and T. The specific growth rate (SGR) ranged. between 4.09 and 5.06, feed conversion ratio (FCR) values between 1.54 and 1.61 with treatment T1 showing the lowest FCR. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) values ranged between 2.03 and 2.11. The survival of fish varied between 90.4 and 91.6%. The significantly (P<0.05) highest production of fish (kg/ha/70 days) and profit (Tk/ha/70 days) was observe in T3 (SBFF) followed by T2 (ABF) and T1 (QF), respectively. The result of the study showed that on the basis of nutritive value and growth performance of pangas, feed from Saudi-Bangla Fish Feed Ltd. is the best.

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The influence of formulated isocaloric diets of different protein levels (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50%) on the growth and ammonia excretion of the Indian major carp Cirrhina mrigala fry was studied for a rearing period of four weeks in the laboratory. Fishmeal, groundnut oilcake and silkworm pupae formed the source of protein in all the diets. As the dietary protein level increased from 30 to 40%, the growth and conversion efficiency increased significantly. Further increase in the protein level resulted in decrease in growth and conversion efficiency. Growth rate, weight gain (%), and gross and net feed conversion efficiencies were maximum at 40% dietary protein level. Ammonia excretion was directly proportional to the level of protein in the diet.

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A 90-day experiment was conducted to determine the effect of restricted ration and full feeding on the recovery growth and carcass compositions of fingerlings (average weight - 20.74 ± 0.13 g) of rohu, Labeo rohita (H.). Rohu fingerlings procured from a local fish breeder were fed with commercial pelleted feed (27% crude protein) during the two-week acclimatization in the laboratory condition. Experimental pelleted diet (30% crude protein) was prepared and the control group (T sub(CFR)) was fed at 3% of body weight for the 90-day trial period. The experimental group T sub(1FR) was fed for three days at 1% of body weight and the next three days at 3% of body weight, T sub(2FR) was fed for seven days at 1% of body weight and the next seven days at 3% of body weight, T sub(3FR) was fed for 15 days at l% of body weight and the 15 days at 3% of body weight and T sub(4FR) was fed for 25 days at 1% of body weight and the next 25 days at 3% of body weight, alternating between 1 and 3% for the specified period during the 90-day trial period. Daily rations were divided into two equal meals per day at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Average percent survival rate of rohu during the 90-day trial period was more than 90. Percent live weight gain (98.90 ± 0.34, 113.0 ± 5.93, 125.71 ± 11.01 and 141.90 ± 2.89), specific growth rate (1.53 ± 0.01 1.68 ± 0.06, 1.80 ± 0.10 and 1.96 ± 0.02%/d) and absolute growth rate (1.33 ± 0.13, 1.38 ± 0.07, 1.39 ± 0.04 and 1.44 ± 0.07g/d) of the experimental groups (T sub(1FR), T sub(2FR), T sub(3FR) and T sub(4FR) respectively) increased with the advancement of the experiment in comparison to those in control, T sub(CFR) (90.92 ± 5.81%, 1.44 ± 0.07%/d and 1.34 ± 0.20g/d, respectively) and were proportionately correlated with the degree of deprivation probably through the mechanism of increased feed intake (hyperphagia), feed efficiency ratio or gross growth efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and the superior feed conversion ratio reflecting in better performance index. The body length and muscle composition of fish indicated that recovery growth happened due to protein growth but certainly not due to fat deposition in the gut. Feeding at 1 and 3% of body weight alternating over a period of 25 days might economize the culture operation of rohu.

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Postlarvae of tiger prawns, P. monodon , were fed with various protein levels of 0; 30; 40 and 50%, fish meal and rice bran were combined and pelletized for 16 wks. Prawns used had an average mean length of 1.2 mm and an average mean weight of 5.5 mg. Nitrite, ammonia, dissolved oxygen content, temperature and pH were monitored. After one month of feeding, growth increments of postlarvae fed with 30% protein diet were significantly different from those given 0; 40 and 50%. Survival rate of the group fed 40% protein was higher (81.7%) but was not significantly different from those fed 30% (68.0%). The highest feed efficiency was obtained from the 30% protein pellets (4.6). At the end of 16 weeks, growth increment of 40% protein level was significantly different from the 30% and 50% protein levels, but the survival rate was not signficantly different from the 30% protein level. Feed conversion for the 40% protein diet was 2.8.

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Growth rate of fish appeared to be related to the levels of the protein in the diet up to 40%. Fish fed diets containing 50 and 60% grew slower than those fed 40%, and the optimum level appears to be 40% when fed to fry at a rate of 10% of body weight. Best feed conversion of 1.96 was also obtained from the 40% protein diet. Mean survival rates were low in all treatments, but highest for the 40% protein diet. The competition of 5 isocaloric experimental diets containing various levels of protein are tabulated, as are weight gains, diet conversions and survival rates for milkfish fry fed various dietary levels of protein. Growth curves for milkfish fry are shown, and the relationship between weight gains of milkfish fry and the dietary levels of protein are illustrated.

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Although shrimp head meal alone does not provide for good growth and survival, fish meal can provide high survival rate. The addition of shrimp head improves this diet. It is suggested that cholesterol present in shrimp could have caused this difference. Composition of the test diets is tabulated, as are proximate chemical analysis of the diets, and the mean initial weights, final weights, weight gains, survival rate, feed consumed, protein consumed, of Penaeus monodon postlarvae, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio.

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P. monodon postlarvae were fed with fresh brown mussel (Modiolus metcalfei ) meat, and artificial diets containing casein, shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis ) meal, squid (Loligo ) meal, and Spirulina as protein sources at a rate of 20% of their biomass per day for a period of 10 days. No statistical difference was found among the weight gains of shrimp fed on various experimental diets. However, shrimp fed squid meal diet had highest weight gain followed by shrimp meal, fresh brown mussel meat, casein and Spirulina . Shrimp fed squid meal diet had a significantly better feed conversion and those receiving other experimental diets. Poorest fed conversion was observed in shrimp fed Spirulina . The protein efficiency ratio was statistically highest for the squid meal diet, with the lowest value again for Spirulina diets. Survival rate was significantly highest for shrimp fed the shrimp meal diet. No statistical differences were found among shrimp fed other experimental diets. Appropriate data are tabulated.