Burden experienced by families of patients with schizophrenia and its related factors

RESUMO: Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a carga dos cuidadores de doentes com Esquizofrenia e avaliar a correlação com determinadas características demográficas dos doentes e dos cuidadores, assim como com o nível de emoção expressa na família. Métodos: Este estudo descritivo-analítico foi realizado em 172 doentes com Esquizofrenia e seus cuidadores primários, que foram selecionados em ambulatório, a partir da consulta externa do Hospital Psiquiátrico em Teerão, no Irão, mediante uma amostra de conveniência. Os cuidadores foram entrevistados utilizando as escalas Zarit Burden Interview e Family Questionnaire, de forma a avaliar a sobrecarga sentida pelos cuidadores e o nível de emoção expressa na família, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, e Spearman. Resultados: O nível de sobrecarga vivenciada pela maioria dos cuidadores primários foi moderada a grave. A pontuação obtida nas sub-escalas de comentários emocionais, envolvimento excessivo e comentários críticos foram maiores do que o ponto de corte em 51,7% e 64,5% dos cuidadores, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que as pontuações obtidas nas duas subescalas do questionário família tinham uma correlação significativa e direta com a carga experimentada pelos cuidadores. O nível de carga experimentada pelos cuidadores foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos de idade e estado civil dos cuidadores, e género, status ocupacional e estado civil dos doentes. O número de membros da família, as condições 5 de alojamento, o tempo gasto pelo cuidador com o paciente diariamente, o nível de renda familiar e a duração da doença afetaram significativamente o nível de carga experimentada pelo cuidador. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados, alguns fatores demográficos dos cuidadores, pacientes e seus familiares afetam significativamente a carga experimentada pelos cuidadores primários. A maioria das famílias dos pacientes têm alto nível de emoção expressa e existe uma significativa associação direta entre as emoções expressas e a carga experimentada.------------ABSTRACT: Aim: This study aimed to assess the burden experienced by the caregiver of patients with Schizophrenia, and evaluate its correlation with some demographic characteristics of patients, their caregivers, and the level of expressed emotion in the family. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 172 schizophrenic patients and their primary caregivers selected from the outpatient clinic of a mental hospital in Tehran, Iran using convenience sampling. Caregivers were evaluated with Zarit Burden Interview and Family Questionnaire to assess the burden experienced by the caregivers and the level of expressed emotion in the family, respectively. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman’s tests. Results: The level of burden experienced by the majority of primary caregivers was moderate to severe. The scores obtained in the subscales of emotional over-involvement and critical comments were higher than the cutoff point in 51.7% and 64.5% of caregivers respectively. The results showed that the scores obtained in the two subscales of family questionnaire had a significant, direct correlation with the burden experienced by the caregivers. The level of burden experienced by the caregivers was significantly different between the subgroups of age and marital status of the caregivers, and gender, occupational status and marital status of the patients. Number of family members, home ownership status, time spent by the caregiver with the patient daily, level of family income and duration of disorder significantly affected the level of burden experienced by the caregiver. Conclusion: Based on the results, some demographic factors of the primary caregivers, patients and their family significantly affect the burden experienced by the primary caregivers. Most of the families of patients have high expressed emotions and a significant, direct association exists between the expressed emotions and the burden experienced.

General and mental health of poor and multiproblematic families

The main feature of the so called multiproblem families is the persistence along time of a set of problems in various areas of the individual’s functioning in several family members.This research study aims: a) To identify and characterise the major health problems faced by the members of these families; b) To explore the perceived relevance of these problems; c) To explore the perceived effectiveness of health care interventions received by respondents; d) To explore the level of control perceived over these problems.

The Portuguese programme ‘one laptop per child’ and its impact on families: a study on parents’ and children’s perspectives

This paper intends to present and reflect upon some of the findings emerging from a research project entitled “Navigating with ‘Magalhães’: Study on the Impact of Digital Media on Schoolchildren” that was conducted at the Communication and Society Research Centre at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. The project focused on the politics of the governmental programme “One Laptop per Child” part of the Portuguese Technological Plan for Education, and the uses of the “Magalhães” computer, and other media, by children aged 8-10 years. This paper analyses the impact of this particular public policy on digital literacy of young children based mostly on the perspectives of parents and their modes of mediation. It also debates parents’ and children’s perspectives on parental rules on computer and Internet usage. It ends by concluding that the impact of this programme occurred mainly at the level of access rather than the social and educational uses and practices. It also highlights the importance of family in the way children access and use ICT.

Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch Indië. :Beschrijving van de families en geslachten der Nederl. Indische phanerogamen /door J.G. Boerlage.

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Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch Indië. :Beschrijving van de families en geslachten der Nederl. Indische phanerogamen /door J.G. Boerlage.

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Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch Indië. :Beschrijving van de families en geslachten der Nederl. Indische phanerogamen /door J.G. Boerlage.

v. 3

Arrangement of the families of mammals. With analytical tables. Prepared for the Smithsonian institution. By Theodore Gill.

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Composition and construction of embedded software families

Feature modeling, embebbed software, software product lines, tool support

Negotiating cultural values in bi-national relationships : a comparative research on children from German-Chinese families

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Geistes-, Sozial- und Erziehungswiss., Diss., 2012

Flora of Guatemala : families Leguminosae, Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, and Malpighiaceae / by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark.

v.24:pt.5(1946)

The families and genera of Marsupialia / Larry G. Marshall --.

n.s. no.8(1981)

In search of mathematical primitives for deriving universal projective hash families

We provide some guidelines for deriving new projective hash families of cryptographic interest. Our main building blocks are so called group action systems; we explore what properties of this mathematical primitives may lead to the construction of cryptographically useful projective hash families. We point out different directions towards new constructions, deviating from known proposals arising from Cramer and Shoup's seminal work.

Observations on the dipteran fauna in a focus of dermal leishmaniasis in the State of Minas Gerais: II. The distribution of families in relation to their medical, veterinary and economic importance

Miniature light traps used to collect Phlebotominae in a focus of dermal leishmaniasis in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Over a period of seven months, the other Diptera captured in 179 light trap samples were identified to family level. The traps were placed in eight localities which constituted three different biotopes: three woodland aresas, cultivated land, and a peridomestic site. A comparison is made between the totals of Dipeterans collected in each biotope, the total numbers of families collected in each biotope and the estimated indices of diversity. Dendograms representing the degrees of association between families of Diptera in different biotopes are presented. Some families of Diptera are uniformly distributed throughout the study area; a few families seem to have become adapted to areas where human activity has induced the greatest ecological changes. The impact between Dipterans and human well-being is discussed. The availabel evidence indicates that transmission of dermal leishmaniasis does not occur in areas where sand flies can be captured in greatest densities.