[Resumen de Taller de Creatividad para la Diversificaci��n. El Retiro. Antioquia].

23 hojas : ilustraciones, fotograf��as.

Effects of nutrient and light enrichment on phytoplankton growth

Alterations of freshwater flow regimes and increasing eutrophication lead to alterations in light availability and nutrient loading into adjacent estuaries and coastal areas. Phytoplankton community respond to these changes in many ways. Harmful phytoplankton blooms, for instance, may be a consequence of changes in nutrient supply, as well as the replacement of some phytoplankton species (like diatoms, that contribute for the development of large fish and shellfish populations) by ohers (like cyanobacteria, that may be toxic and represent an undesirable food source for higher trophic levels). Nutrient and light enrichment experiments allow us to understand and predict the effects of eutrophication on the growth of phytoplankton. This is a fundamental tool in water management issues, since it enables the prediction of changes in the phytoplankton community that may be harmful to the whole ecosystem, and the design of mitigation strategies (Zalewski 2000).

Cheque to H.K. Woodruff from Welland D. Woodruff

Cheque to H.K. Woodruff from Welland D. Woodruff, Feb. 1, 1909.

Caracter��sticas del consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en la poblaci��n escolar de Cantabria.

Obtener informaci��n sobre conocimientos, actitudes y h��bitos de consumo en relaci��n con las drogas de los alumnos de octavo de EGB de Cantabria. Conseguir informaci��n sobre la adaptaci��n personal, familiar, escolar y social de los alumnos de octavo de EGB, cara a analizar la posible influencia que pueda tener el grado de adaptaci��n sobre el consumo de drogas. Aproximarse a los factores que pueden influir, tanto negativa como positivamente en el consumo de drogas. A partir de los datos anteriores, poder deducir cu��les ser��an los objetivos prioritarios a conseguir en un programa de educaci��n sobre las drogas a estas edades. En esta investigaci��n, se realiz�� en primer lugar una experiencia piloto en la que la muestra fueron 121 alumnos de octavo de EGB pertenecientes a 6 colegios de Cantabria. En el estudio definitivo la muestra fueron un total de 800 alumnos de EGB pertenecientes a 25 colegios de Cantabria, tanto p��blicos como privados. Se utilizaron los siguientes cuestionarios: cuestionario sobre los h��bitos de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas, escala de actitudes, cuestionario de adaptaci��n para adolescentes (BELL), aunque este ��ltimo fue sustituido en el estudio definitivo por el Inventario de Adaptaci��n de Conducta (IAC). Se calculan las tablas de frecuencias de las distintas variables estudiadas y se verifican las diferentes hip��tesis del estudio mediante el c��lculo de la correlaci��n entre las distintas variables. Las drogas m��s consumidas por los alumnos son el tabaco y las bebidas alcoh��licas, presentando el resto de las drogas una entidad muy escasa. Los alumnos que presentan un consumo m��s elevado tienen actitudes hacia cada producto m��s favorables, el consumo de sus amigos y compa��eros es mayor y su rendimiento escolar peor. El tener mayor informaci��n sobre el tabaco y las bebidas alcoh��licas no se relaciona siempre con el consumo de ambos productos. El consumo elevado de tabaco y bebidas alcoh��licas de los padres de los profesores y de sus compa��eros y amigos, hacen que vean positivamente este consumo. La educaci��n sobre las drogas en las escuelas, se ha de centrar en la educaci��n para la salud en general, y en el tabaco y las bebidas alcoh��licas. Hay que realizar un trabajo preventivo con los padres y profesores, ya que junto con los amigos y compa��eros son los que tienen m��s influencia con los adolescentes. Hay que evitar o disminuir el rendimiento escolar bajo y el retraso escolar con el fin de prevenir el abuso de las drogas. Hay que impulsar la animaci��n sociocultural y la ocupaci��n del tiempo libre de los alumnos, ya que los principales lugares donde les han ofrecido drogas es el la calle y en las fiestas.

Los clusters como mecanismo para la generaci��n de econom��as a escala en el sector de medicamentos de alto costo en Colombia

La presente investigaci��n tiene por objeto considerar los cluster en la industria farmac��utica Colombiana, como un mecanismo para la disminuci��n de los sobrecostos de los medicamentos, que han impactado de forma importante, entre otras causas, al sistema de salud, con unos recobros (por concepto de medicamentos No POS) que superan el bill��n de pesos, situaci��n que dada la crisis que enfrenta al respecto, el Estado Colombiano, ha propuesto una quinta reforma que cursa actualmente en el Congreso de la Rep��blica. Se trata de una investigaci��n cualitativa tipo estudio de caso, en la que se presenta el modelo Colombiano de Salud y las cifras de recobros de las Empresas Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (EPS), cantidad que represent�� el 0.4% del PIB (Producto Interno Bruto) en el 2009. Para tal fin se analizar�� el comportamiento de los recobros durante el a��o 2012, en cuarenta y una (41) EPS reconocidas del sector. Subsecuentemente se estudian las diferentes estrategias para la generaci��n de econom��as de escala y dentro de ellas, los clusters como un posible modelo a seguir hacia la disminuci��n de estos costos en salud, se analizan sus componentes y su posible constituci��n dentro del entorno Colombiano. Al final del estudio se establece como conclusi��n, que existen suficiente evidencia para apoyar la implementaci��n de un cluster farmac��utico dentro del territorio Colombiano.

Pol��tica p��blica de resocializaci��n. Diagn��stico de la c��rcel La Picota de Bogot��. 2004-2013

El sistema penitenciario y carcelario en Colombia atraviesa por una crisis de hacinamiento sin precedentes. El sobrecupo en los establecimientos de reclusi��n y los deficientes servicios de salud, alimentaci��n e higiene dificultan la habitabilidad de los internos en prisi��n y atenta contra los derechos fundamentales y los Derechos Humanos de los condenados. La resocializaci��n, mediante el Plan de Acci��n y Sistema de oportunidades (PASO), presenta m��ltiples dificultades para su realizaci��n en el Complejo Penitenciario y Carcelario (COMEB) ��� La Picota; por lo que esta investigaci��n tiene como prop��sito analizar las condiciones y oportunidades que ofrece este establecimiento para un tratamiento penitenciario digno durante el periodo 2004-2013, y establecer recomendaciones para su mejoramiento.

La historia del Vaup��s: desde esta orilla

El Vaup��s es un territorio m��tico. Durante siglos esta regi��n y su gente han sido motivo de m��ltiples leyendas que van desde las m��s ins��litas historias, hasta las ya acostumbradas notas de curiosos, viajeros y etn��grafos. Vaup��s es territorio, es r��o, es gente, es raudales y selva inh��spita. Ha sido tambi��n epicentro de una de las m��s dram��ticas tragedias de intervenci��n, asolamiento y destrucci��n protagonizada por el europeo y sus descendentes.El grupo de Estudios en Sistemas Tradicionales de Salud de la facultad de medicina de la Universidad del Rosario trabaja por la protecci��n de los sistemas tradicionales de salud y el mejoramiento de la salud humana. Desde el a��o 1999, tuvo la oportunidad de encontrarse con m��dicos ind��genas especialistas, kum��s o pay��s del Vaup��s. Un extra��o encuentro que finalmente condujo a que el grupo acompa��ara a los ind��genas de la zona del r��o Yap�� en su proceso de uni��n, organizaci��n y protecci��n cultural. En ese contexto empieza la descripci��n de la presente historia. Se ha querido recorrer, a trav��s de fuentes secundarias, lo que se sabe de la llegada de los hombres occidentales a las tierras del Vaup��s

Estimativa da profundidade do embasamento na bacia potiguar usando invers��o gravim��trica

The gravity inversion method is a mathematic process that can be used to estimate the basement relief of a sedimentary basin. However, the inverse problem in potential-field methods has neither a unique nor a stable solution, so additional information (other than gravity measurements) must be supplied by the interpreter to transform this problem into a well-posed one. This dissertation presents the application of a gravity inversion method to estimate the basement relief of the onshore Potiguar Basin. The density contrast between sediments and basament is assumed to be known and constant. The proposed methodology consists of discretizing the sedimentary layer into a grid of rectangular juxtaposed prisms whose thicknesses correspond to the depth to basement which is the parameter to be estimated. To stabilize the inversion I introduce constraints in accordance with the known geologic information. The method minimizes an objective function of the model that requires not only the model to be smooth and close to the seismic-derived model, which is used as a reference model, but also to honor well-log constraints. The latter are introduced through the use of logarithmic barrier terms in the objective function. The inversion process was applied in order to simulate different phases during the exploration development of a basin. The methodology consisted in applying the gravity inversion in distinct scenarios: the first one used only gravity data and a plain reference model; the second scenario was divided in two cases, we incorporated either borehole logs information or seismic model into the process. Finally I incorporated the basement depth generated by seismic interpretation into the inversion as a reference model and imposed depth constraint from boreholes using the primal logarithmic barrier method. As a result, the estimation of the basement relief in every scenario has satisfactorily reproduced the basin framework, and the incorporation of the constraints led to improve depth basement definition. The joint use of surface gravity data, seismic imaging and borehole logging information makes the process more robust and allows an improvement in the estimate, providing a result closer to the actual basement relief. In addition, I would like to remark that the result obtained in the first scenario already has provided a very coherent basement relief when compared to the known basin framework. This is significant information, when comparing the differences in the costs and environment impact related to gravimetric and seismic surveys and also the well drillings

A territorial perspective: towards the consolidation of human settlements in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Coyuntura laboral en Am��rica Latina y el Caribe: crisis en los mercados laborales y respuestas contrac��clicas

Tal como se hab��a previsto en el primer bolet��n conjunto preparado por la Comisi��n Econ��mica para Am��rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); y la Organizaci��n Internacional del Trabajo (OIT);, la crisis econ��mica continu�� golpeando a los pa��ses de Am��rica Latina y el Caribe durante el segundo trimestre de 2009. Los mercados internacionales se mantuvieron d��biles, lo que afect�� las exportaciones regionales de bienes y servicios, las remesas y la inversi��n extranjera directa continuaron cayendo, el cr��dito perdi�� dinamismo y la masa salarial se contrajo, sobre todo por la p��rdida de empleo. En consecuencia, las proyecciones de crecimiento de muchos pa��ses debieron corregirse a la baja. Por otra parte, desde fines del a��o pasado, aunque con marcadas diferencias entre los pa��ses de la regi��n, se viene implementando una pol��tica contrac��clica para compensar con el gasto p��blico la debilidad de la inversi��n y el consumo privados y estimular la reactivaci��n de la demanda agregada.En este segundo bolet��n, la CEPAL y la OIT se��alan c��mo se ha profundizado el impacto de la crisis en los mercados de trabajo de la regi��n en el primer semestre de este a��o y analizan las opciones y los avances de la inversi��n p��blica en infraestructura y de los programas de empleo de emergencia para contrarrestar los efectos de la crisis en el mercado de trabajo.Pr��cticamente en todos los pa��ses se registr�� un aumento de la tasa de desempleo en comparaci��n con el a��o anterior y esta situaci��n empeor�� en el segundo trimestre respecto del primero. En el segundo trimestre, el desempleo urbano super�� la tasa del mismo per��odo del a��o anterior en un punto porcentual (un 8,5% frente a un 7,5%);, mientras que en el primero esta brecha fue de 0,6 puntos porcentuales. Adem��s, algunos indicadores muestran un aumento de la informalidad, un debilitamiento del empleo con protecci��n social y una contracci��n del empleo de jornada completa.Si se analiza la evoluci��n de los mercados laborales en el primer semestre y se considera la proyecci��n de una ca��da del producto regional del 1,9% en 2009, se estima que la tasa de desempleo urbano regional rondar�� el 8,5% en el promedio anual. Esta proyecci��n es ligeramente menos pesimista que la adelantada en el primer bolet��n, lo que tendr��a su principal explicaci��n en la ca��da de la tasa de participaci��n que se observa en el primer semestre y se mantendr��a vigente durante todo el a��o. Si no se diera esta reducci��n de la oferta laboral, que en buena parte se deber��a a un efecto de "desaliento", el promedio anual de la tasa de desempleo urbano se ubicar��a entre el 8,8% y el 8,9%. De esta manera,el n��mero de desempleados abiertos urbanos aumentar��a 2,5 millones, pero, si se incluye a los "desalentados", el n��mero de personas adicionales que no encuentran espacio en el mercado laboral urbano crecer��a a 3,2 millones.Sin embargo, como ocurre a nivel mundial, algunas se��ales indican que la crisis econ��mica en la regi��n habr��a tocado fondo a mediados de a��o. En muchos pa��ses se ha detenido la ca��da de la producci��n y hay indicios de una incipiente recuperaci��n que motiva un cauto optimismo, ya que esto favorecer��a la evoluci��n de los mercados laborales en el cuarto trimestre. Sin embargo, consideramos que la recuperaci��n ser�� gradual y no se dar�� de manera homog��nea en todos los pa��ses de la regi��n.Es importante destacar que los problemas laborales no se resolver��n con el retorno a un sendero ascendente de crecimiento. En primer lugar, es de esperar que la recuperaci��n del empleo se d�� con un cierto rezago respecto de la actividad econ��mica. En segundo t��rmino, con un crecimiento econ��mico que a corto plazo continuar�� siendo moderado y no volver�� a las tasas registradas entre fines de 2003 y mediados de 2008, la demanda laboral seguir�� d��bil y eso repercutir�� en la generaci��n de empleo de buena calidad. Por lo tanto, los pa��ses no deben desistir de los esfuerzos para estimular la defensa y la creaci��n de puestos de trabajo decente y deben reforzar la efectividad y eficiencia de los instrumentos disponibles. De esta manera, la regi��n no solo enfrentar�� mejor los desaf��os de la recuperaci��n econ��mica, sino que tambi��n fortalecer�� las bases para lograr la inclusi��n social y poder avanzar en mejores condiciones hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.

Proposal for a code of good practice in statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean and implementation plan for 2012-2013

Incluye Bibliograf��a

Pactos para la igualdad: Hacia un futuro sostenible

Este documento forma parte de la "Trilog��a de la Igualdad"

An��lise da utiliza����o de cartas geot��cnicas em diferentes escalas para a gest��o ambiental de rodovia em opera����o

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Mapeamento geol��gico-geot��cnico pelo m��todo de detalhamento progressivo: aplica����o no planejamento e gest��o de obras rodovi��rias

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Essays on the political economy of European integration

Recently, a rising interest in political and economic integration/disintegration issues has been developed in the political economy field. This growing strand of literature partly draws on traditional issues of fiscal federalism and optimum public good provision and focuses on a trade-off between the benefits of centralization, arising from economies of scale or externalities, and the costs of harmonizing policies as a consequence of the increased heterogeneity of individual preferences in an international union or in a country composed of at least two regions. This thesis stems from this strand of literature and aims to shed some light on two highly relevant aspects of the political economy of European integration. The first concerns the role of public opinion in the integration process; more precisely, how economic benefits and costs of integration shape citizens' support for European Union (EU) membership. The second is the allocation of policy competences among different levels of government: European, national and regional. Chapter 1 introduces the topics developed in this thesis by reviewing the main recent theoretical developments in the political economy analysis of integration processes. It is structured as follows. First, it briefly surveys a few relevant articles on economic theories of integration and disintegration processes (Alesina and Spolaore 1997, Bolton and Roland 1997, Alesina et al. 2000, Casella and Feinstein 2002) and discusses their relevance for the study of the impact of economic benefits and costs on public opinion attitude towards the EU. Subsequently, it explores the links existing between such political economy literature and theories of fiscal federalism, especially with regard to normative considerations concerning the optimal allocation of competences in a union. Chapter 2 firstly proposes a model of citizens��� support for membership of international unions, with explicit reference to the EU; subsequently it tests the model on a panel of EU countries. What are the factors that influence public opinion support for the European Union (EU)? In international relations theory, the idea that citizens' support for the EU depends on material benefits deriving from integration, i.e. whether European integration makes individuals economically better off (utilitarian support), has been common since the 1970s, but has never been the subject of a formal treatment (Hix 2005). A small number of studies in the 1990s have investigated econometrically the link between national economic performance and mass support for European integration (Eichenberg and Dalton 1993; Anderson and Kalthenthaler 1996), but only making informal assumptions. The main aim of Chapter 2 is thus to propose and test our model with a view to providing a more complete and theoretically grounded picture of public support for the EU. Following theories of utilitarian support, we assume that citizens are in favour of membership if they receive economic benefits from it. To develop this idea, we propose a simple political economic model drawing on the recent economic literature on integration and disintegration processes. The basic element is the existence of a trade-off between the benefits of centralisation and the costs of harmonising policies in presence of heterogeneous preferences among countries. The approach we follow is that of the recent literature on the political economy of international unions and the unification or break-up of nations (Bolton and Roland 1997, Alesina and Wacziarg 1999, Alesina et al. 2001, 2005a, to mention only the relevant). The general perspective is that unification provides returns to scale in the provision of public goods, but reduces each member state���s ability to determine its most favoured bundle of public goods. In the simple model presented in Chapter 2, support for membership of the union is increasing in the union���s average income and in the loss of efficiency stemming from being outside the union, and decreasing in a country���s average income, while increasing heterogeneity of preferences among countries points to a reduced scope of the union. Afterwards we empirically test the model with data on the EU; more precisely, we perform an econometric analysis employing a panel of member countries over time. The second part of Chapter 2 thus tries to answer the following question: does public opinion support for the EU really depend on economic factors? The findings are broadly consistent with our theoretical expectations: the conditions of the national economy, differences in income among member states and heterogeneity of preferences shape citizens��� attitude towards their country���s membership of the EU. Consequently, this analysis offers some interesting policy implications for the present debate about ratification of the European Constitution and, more generally, about how the EU could act in order to gain more support from the European public. Citizens in many member states are called to express their opinion in national referenda, which may well end up in rejection of the Constitution, as recently happened in France and the Netherlands, triggering a European-wide political crisis. These events show that nowadays understanding public attitude towards the EU is not only of academic interest, but has a strong relevance for policy-making too. Chapter 3 empirically investigates the link between European integration and regional autonomy in Italy. Over the last few decades, the double tendency towards supranationalism and regional autonomy, which has characterised some European States, has taken a very interesting form in this country, because Italy, besides being one of the founding members of the EU, also implemented a process of decentralisation during the 1970s, further strengthened by a constitutional reform in 2001. Moreover, the issue of the allocation of competences among the EU, the Member States and the regions is now especially topical. The process leading to the drafting of European Constitution (even if then it has not come into force) has attracted much attention from a constitutional political economy perspective both on a normative and positive point of view (Breuss and Eller 2004, Mueller 2005). The Italian parliament has recently passed a new thorough constitutional reform, still to be approved by citizens in a referendum, which includes, among other things, the so called ���devolution���, i.e. granting the regions exclusive competence in public health care, education and local police. Following and extending the methodology proposed in a recent influential article by Alesina et al. (2005b), which only concentrated on the EU activity (treaties, legislation, and European Court of Justice���s rulings), we develop a set of quantitative indicators measuring the intensity of the legislative activity of the Italian State, the EU and the Italian regions from 1973 to 2005 in a large number of policy categories. By doing so, we seek to answer the following broad questions. Are European and regional legislations substitutes for state laws? To what extent are the competences attributed by the European treaties or the Italian Constitution actually exerted in the various policy areas? Is their exertion consistent with the normative recommendations from the economic literature about their optimum allocation among different levels of government? The main results show that, first, there seems to be a certain substitutability between EU and national legislations (even if not a very strong one), but not between regional and national ones. Second, the EU concentrates its legislative activity mainly in international trade and agriculture, whilst social policy is where the regions and the State (which is also the main actor in foreign policy) are more active. Third, at least two levels of government (in some cases all of them) are significantly involved in the legislative activity in many sectors, even where the rationale for that is, at best, very questionable, indicating that they actually share a larger number of policy tasks than that suggested by the economic theory. It appears therefore that an excessive number of competences are actually shared among different levels of government. From an economic perspective, it may well be recommended that some competences be shared, but only when the balance between scale or spillover effects and heterogeneity of preferences suggests so. When, on the contrary, too many levels of government are involved in a certain policy area, the distinction between their different responsibilities easily becomes unnecessarily blurred. This may not only leads to a slower and inefficient policy-making process, but also risks to make it too complicate to understand for citizens, who, on the contrary, should be able to know who is really responsible for a certain policy when they vote in national,local or European elections or in referenda on national or European constitutional issues.