Fact Sheet: Terrorism, 2009

Learn about the nature of terrorism. ��� Terrorists often choose targets that offer little danger to themselves and areas with relatively easy public access. ��� Foreign terrorists look for visible targets where they can avoid detection before or after an attack such as international airports, large cities, major international events, resorts, and high-profile landmarks. Learn about the different types of terrorist weapons including explosives, kidnappings, hijackings, arson, and shootings. Prepare to deal with a terrorist incident by adapting many of the same techniques used to prepare for other crises.

Fact Sheet: Terrorism, 2011

Learn about the nature of terrorism. ��� Terrorists often choose targets that offer little danger to themselves and areas with relatively easy public access. ��� Foreign terrorists look for visible targets where they can avoid detection before or after an attack such as international airports, large cities, major international events, resorts, and high-profile landmarks. Learn about the different types of terrorist weapons including explosives, kidnappings, hijackings, arson, and shootings. Prepare to deal with a terrorist incident by adapting many of the same techniques used to prepare for other crises.

Health consultation : Des Moines (Ex) Ordnance Site Landfill and Lagoon Complex Prairie Trail Development Site [Ankeny] (2012)

The Prairie Trail Development Area is located in the southern portion of Ankeny, Iowa. This development area is located in an area that was formally occupied by the Des Moines Ordnance Plant. The Des Moines Ordnance Plant was constructed for the production and testing of small arms munitions for use during World War II. The Landfill and Lagoon Complex was utilized for disposal of wastes from the ordnance plant and also from various entities that utilized the site property until 1991. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is verseeing the cleanup of the Landfill and Lagoon Complex. A portion of the remainder of the site property had been used for burning of scrap explosives, the storage and disposal of chemicals, a disposal pond, testing of products, and various munitions manufacturing activities. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) is overseeing the cleanup of this remaining portion of the site property. The Iowa Department of Public Health has been contacted by residents within the Prairie Trail Development Area and by individuals that have an interest in relocating to the Prairie Trail Development Area. These residents are concerned with any environmental contamination that will be left after site remedial activities are completed. These residents want to know if any remaining environmental contamination will adversely impact their health or the health of their families.

Study of isotopic variations in black powder: reflections on the use of stable isotopes in forensic science for source inference.

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has recently made its appearance in the forensic community. This high-precision technology has already been applied to a broad range of forensic fields such as illicit drugs, explosives and flammable liquids, where current, routinely used techniques have limited powers of discrimination. The conclusions drawn from the majority of these IRMS studies appear to be very promising. Used in a comparative process, as in food or drug authentication, the measurement of stable isotope ratios is a new and remarkable analytical tool for the discrimination or the identification of a substance with a definite source or origin. However, the research consists mostly of preliminary studies. The significance of this 'new' piece of information needs to be evaluated in light of a forensic framework to assess the actual potential and validity of IRMS, considering the characteristics of each field. Through the isotopic study of black powder, this paper aims at illustrating the potential of the method and the limitations of current knowledge in stable isotopes when facing forensic problems.

Pakkausrakenteenmateriaalinvalinta ja rakennesuunnittelu

Ep��herkkien r��j��hteiden teknologian k��ytt�� mahdollistaa r��j��hdeturvallisuuden ja sa-malla sotilaallisen suorituskyvyn parantumisen. Suomen Puolustusvoimat p����tti IM-teknologian k��ytt����notosta vuonna 2004, mik�� on edellytt��nyt r��j��hdevalmistajilta tuotteidensa kehitystoimenpiteit��. Yksi osa-alue er����n r��j��hdevalmistajan ajopanostuotteen kehitysty��st�� on Exel Oyj:n valmistama panospakkaus, joka pyrit����n kehitt��m����n uudistuneiden vaatimusten mukaiseksi. T��ss�� diplomity��ss�� selvitettiin IM-tuotteen vaatimukset ja laadittiin panospakkauksen vaatimusprofiili, jonka perusteella tehtiinkirjallisen selvitys ballistisista materiaaleista. Panospakkauksen rakenneratkaisut perustuivat materiaalinvalintaan, joka toteutettiin ominaisarvovertailulla.Rakenneratkaisuja testattiin sek�� ballistisesti ett�� mekaanisilla testausmenetelmill��. Lis��ksi testausmenetelmien v��lille tehtiin korrelaatiovertailuja, joidentulokset ovat lupaavia. Projektin lopputuloksena saatiin kehitetty�� Exel Oyj:lle panospakkausratkaisu, jolla voidaan edist���� suojattavan tuotteen IM-vaatimusten t��yttymist��. Rakenteelle toteutetun lujuusanalyysin perusteella pakkausrakennetta voidaan pit���� k��ytt��kohteeseen soveltuvana.

Riskianalyysist��ohjeelliseen panostussuunnitelmaan

Nykytekniikalla kyet����n tehokkaaseen ja turvalliseen ty��n toteuttamiseen. Suorituksen aikaansaanti edellytt���� ymp��rist��n kartoittamista niin, ett�� urakoitsija tuntee ne seikat, jotka ovat tarpeen, jotta ty�� voidaan suorittaa vaurioittamatta olevia rakennuksia ja aiheuttamatta asukkaille vaaratilanteita. Riskianalyysi tuo esille ne seikat, jotka on syyt�� tiet���� ty��n laskenta- ja suoritustilanteessa. On tunnettava k��ytett��v��t r��j��hdysaineet ja mit�� tapahtuu r��j��hdysprosessissa. Prosessin ideaalimallin (harmoninen v��r��htely) pohjalta on kehitetty teorioita, joiden avulla kyet����n pit��m����n suorituksen aiheuttama t��rin��taso sellaisena, ettei ymp��rist��ss�� olevia entisi�� rakennuksia vaurioiteta eik�� teknisest�� suorituksesta aiheudu vaaratilanteita ihmisille. Riskianalyysi- ja rakennuskatselmustietojen perusteella mitoitetaan k��ytett��v�� panos sellaiseksi, ett�� asetetut turvallisuusvaateet tulevat t��ytetyiksi. Ty��n suorituksen onnistumiseksilaaditaan ohjeellinen panostussuunnitelma, jossa k��ytett��v�� panoskoko ilmoitetaan et��isyyden funktiona varottavasta kohteesta. Samassa esityksess�� k��y selville rakenteille sallittu t��rin��aallon heilahdusnopeus mm/s:ssa. Muuttunut et��isyys ja se tosiasia, etteiv��t r��j��ytyskent��t ole t��rin��tasoltaan identtisi��, vaikka et��isyys ja panoskoko ovat samat, tarvitsee muutostentekoa varten teoreettistasoisen esityksen tuekseen. Tuo tuki on ohjeellinen panostussuunnitelma. Muutosten perusteena ei ole mutu - menettely, vaan teoreettinen, yleisesti hyv��ksyttyihin menettelytapoihin perustuva malli.

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry as a tool for source inference in forensic science: a critical review

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has been used in numerous fields of forensic science in a source inference perspective. This review compiles the studies published on the application of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to the traditional fields of forensic science so far. It completes the review of Benson et al. [1] and synthesises the extent of knowledge already gathered in the following fields: illicit drugs, flammable liquids, human provenancing, microtraces, explosives and other specific materials (packaging tapes, safety matches, plastics, etc.). For each field, a discussion assesses the state of science and highlights the relevance of the information in a forensic context. Through the different discussions which mark out the review, the potential and limitations of IRMS, as well as the needs and challenges of future studies are emphasized. The paper elicits the various dimensions of the source which can be obtained from the isotope information and demonstrates the transversal nature of IRMS as a tool for source inference.

Cloreto isocian��rico e cloreto cian��rico: aspectos gerais e aplica����es em s��ntese org��nica

The aromatic six-membered heterocycles having three nitrogen atoms are denominated triazines. Among these heterocycles, isocyanuric chloride and cyanuric chloride are inexpensive and readily available 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, which have been attracting significant attention of organic chemists due to their different kinds of applications, which vary from pharmaceuticals to explosives. This short overview explores their uses in synthetic methods, as chlorinating and oxidating agents and some procedures for their preparation.

Caracteriza����o f��sica, qu��mica e ecotoxicol��gica de efluente da ind��stria de fabrica����o de explosivos

The production and use of nitroaromatic explosives have resulted in their dissemination into the environment, where their presence in waterways and soil represents an ecological and health hazard. The hazardous characteristics of these compounds need to be carefully studied, so that the impact of their discharge on the environment can be better evaluated. This work presents the characterization of wastewater from Brazilian TNT industry using as analytical techniques mass spectroscopy, chromatography, toxicity assays and other physico-chemical analyses.

Determina����o quantitativa de TNT e HNS por TG e FT-IR

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an energetic material that shows scarce crystalline properties that can be improved by addition of 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in the crystallization process. HNS is a very important high explosive used in a variety of military, aerospace and industrial formulations owing to its suitable properties. It is an insensitive and thermal stable explosive that can be produced from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The purpose of this work is the quantitative determination of HNS and TNT in explosives by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

Estudo cin��tico da decomposi����o t��rmica do pentaeretritol-tetranitrado (PETN)

The pentaerythritol-tetranitrate (PETN) is a nitroether used in explosives and propellant formulations. Due to its suitable properties, PETN is used in booster manufacture. Knowing the thermal decomposition behavior of an energetic material is very important for storage and manipulation, and the purpose of this work is to study the kinetic parameters of the decomposition of PETN, compare the results with literature data and to study the decomposition activation energy differences between two crystalline forms of PETN (tetragonal and needle) by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is used to study the two crystalline forms.

CRBNE-terrorismi : turhaa pelottelua vai varteenotettava riski?

Asymmetristen uhkien noustessa varteenotettaviksi turvallisuusriskeiksi 9/11 terrori-iskujen j��lkeen ovat turvallisuusviranomaiset maailmanlaajuisesti tiivist��neet yhteisty��t����n erityisesti ns. CBRNE ja kaksik��ytt��tuotteiden terrorik��yt��n ennaltaehk��isemiseksi. CBRNE-lyhenne tulee englannin kielen sanoista chemical, biological, radiological/nuclear, explosives. Uhkassa ei sin��ns�� ole mit����n uutta - ihminen on l��pi historian k��ytt��nyt innovatiivisuuttaan yh�� tuhoisampien sodank��yntikeinojen kehitt��miseen. Yhteiskunnan ja kansalaisten suojelu asymmetrisilta uhkilta on noussut t��rke��lle sijalle terroristien valitessa maalinsa yh�� useammin ���pehmeist����� kohteista. Uuden terrorismin modus operandi ovat iskut siviilikohteita vastaan. N��iden uhkien ennaltaehk��isy ja torjunta edellytt���� kaikkien viranomaisten yhteistoimintaa kansallisella ja kansainv��lisell�� tasolla. Vaikka maailmanlaajuisesti esim. biologisten aseiden vastaisten rokotteiden kehitt��misohjelmiin k��ytet����n miljardeja dollareja, on aukotonta suojaa asymmetrist�� uhkaa vastaan mahdotonta luoda. Jokaista maahantuotavaa ruokakonttia tai laivakuljetusten hedelm��- ja vihanneslavaa ei voida tarkastaa.

Investigations on Structural response of Water Backed Perforated plates

The study envisaged herein contains the numerical investigations on Perforated Plate (PP) as well as numerical and experimental investigations on Perforated Plate with Lining (PPL) which has a variety of applications in underwater engineering especially related to defence applications. Finite element method has been adopted as the tool for analysis of PP and PPL. The commercial software ANSYS has been used for static and free vibration response evaluation, whereas ANSYS LS-DYNA has been used for shock analysis. SHELL63, SHELL93, SOLID45, SOLSH190, BEAM188 and FLUID30 finite elements available in the ANSYS library as well as SHELL193 and SOLID194 available in the ANSYS LS-DYNA library have been made use of. Unit cell of the PP and PPL which is a miniature of the original plate with 16 perforations have been used. Based upon the convergence characteristics, the utility of SHELL63 element for the analysis of PP and PPL, and the required mesh density are brought out. The effect of perforation, geometry and orientation of perforation, boundary conditions and lining plate are investigated for various configurations. Stress concentration and deflection factor are also studied. Based on these investigations, stadium geometry perforation with horizontal orientation is recommended for further analysis.Linear and nonlinear static analysis of PP and PPL subjected to unit normal pressure has been carried out besides the free vibration analysis. Shock analysis has also been carried out on these structural components. The analytical model measures 0.9m x 0.9m with stiffener of 0.3m interval. The influence of finite element, boundary conditions, and lining plate on linear static response has been estimated and presented. Comparison of behavior of PP and PPL in the nonlinear strain regime has been made using geometric nonlinear analysis. Free vibration analysis of the PP and PPL has been carried out ���in vacuum��� condition and in water backed condition, and the influence of water backed condition and effect of perforation on natural frequency have been investigated.Based upon the studies on the vibration characteristics of NPP, PP and PPL in water backed condition and ���in vacuum��� condition, the reduction in the natural frequency of the plate in immersed condition has been rightly brought out. The necessity to introduce the effect of water medium in the analysis of water backed underwater structure has been highlighted.Shock analysis of PP and PPL for three explosives viz., PEK, TNT and C4 has been carried out and deflection and stresses on plate as well as free field pressure have been estimated using ANSYS LS-DYNA. The effect of perforations and the effect of lining plate have been predicted. Experimental investigations of the measurement of free field pressure using PPL have been conducted in a shock tank. Free field pressure has been measured and has been validated with finite element analysis results. Besides, an experiment has been carried out on PPL, for the comparison of the static deflection predicted by finite element analysis.The distribution of the free field pressure and the estimation of differential pressure from experimentation and the provision for treating the differential pressure as the resistance, as a part of the design load for PPL, has been brought out.

Avalia����o de Riscos : Estima����o Qualitativa da Probabilidade e da Gravidade em Contexto de Risco Elevado

O processo de gest��o de risco consiste, no estudo estruturado de todos os aspetos inerentes ao trabalho e �� composto pela an��lise de risco, avalia����o de risco e controlo de risco. Na an��lise de risco, �� efetuada a identifica����o de todos os perigos presentes e a estima����o da probabilidade e da gravidade, de acordo com o m��todo de avalia����o de risco escolhido. Este estudo centra-se na primeira etapa do processo de avalia����o de risco, mais especificamente na an��lise de risco e nos marcadores de informa����o necess��rios para se efetuar a estima����o de risco na industria extrativa a c��u aberto (atividade de risco elevado). Considerando que o n��vel de risco obtido, depende fundamentalmente da estima����o da probabilidade e da gravidade, ajustada a cada situa����o de risco, procurou-se identificar os marcadores e compreender a sua influ��ncia nos resultados da avalia����o de risco (magnitude). O plano de trabalhos de investiga����o foi sustentado por uma metodologia qualitativa de recolha, registo e an��lise dos dados. Neste estudo, a recolha de informa����o foi feita com recurso ��s seguintes t��cnicas de investiga����o: - Observa����o estruturada e planeada do desmonte da rocha com recurso a explosivos; - Entrevista individual de formadores e gestores de risco (amostragem de casos t��picos); Na an��lise e discuss��o qualitativa dos dados das entrevistas recorreu-se ��s seguintes t��cnicas: - Triangula����o de analistas e tratamento de dados cognitiva (t��cnicas complementares); - Aposi����o dos marcadores de informa����o, versus, tr��s m��todos de avalia����o de risco validados. Os resultados obtidos apontam no sentido das hip��teses de investiga����o formuladas, ou seja, o tipo de risco influi da sele����o da informa����o e, existem diferen��as significativas no n��vel de risco obtido, quando na estima����o da probabilidade e da gravidade s��o utilizados marcadores de informa����o distintos.

The decomposition of some RDX and HMX based materials in the one dimensional time to explosion apparatus. Part 2. Estimating the violence of the cook-off event

Various methods of assessment have been applied to the One Dimensional Time to Explosion (ODTX) apparatus and experiments with the aim of allowing an estimate of the comparative violence of the explosion event to be made. Non-mechanical methods used were a simple visual inspection, measuring the increase in the void volume of the anvils following an explosion and measuring the velocity of the sound produced by the explosion over 1 metre. Mechanical methods used included monitoring piezo-electric devices inserted in the frame of the machine and measuring the rotational velocity of a rotating bar placed on the top of the anvils after it had been displaced by the shock wave. This last method, which resembles original Hopkinson Bar experiments, seemed the easiest to apply and analyse, giving relative rankings of violence and the possibility of the calculation of a ���detonation��� pressure.