Una perspectiva de la migración interna en Nicaragua

En los esquemas mentales de los tomadores de decisiones, generadores de opinión y del público en general todavía per - siste la visión de que el proceso de urbanización de la po - blación en Nicaragua se debe al desplazamiento de personas desde zonas rurales a zonas urbanas, de ciudades pequeñas a grandes ciudades. Sin embargo, hay poca evidencia sistema - tizada al respecto y algunas investigaciones recientes sugie - ren que tal modelo podría haber dejado de ser predominante en los últimos años.

Evaluación del impacto en seguridad alimentaria del proyecto escuelas de campo (ECAs), dirigido a pequeñas familias campesinas de las comunidades El Terrero y El Mamey del Municipio de San José de Cusmapa, Madriz

La realidad imperante del municipio de San José de Cusmapa, Madriz, plantea la necesidad de ejecutar proyectos que aporten a la Seguridad Alimentaria en las comunidades. Uno de los proyectos más importantes son las Escuelas de Campo, desarrolladas en las comunidades el Terrero y Mamey a partir del 2004. Para realizar el estudio de evaluación de impacto del proyecto Escuelas de Campo, se evaluaron a las familias que culminaron el proceso Escuelas de Campo, mediante encuestas realizadas en los hogares de cada uno de los beneficiarios y entrevistas a los técnicos que apoyaron la ejecución del proyecto. En el estudio se revelan los principales hallazgos: el proyecto escuelas de campo brindó a los participantes conocimientos de Manejo Integrado de Cultivos y Manejo Integrado de Plagas, comercialización, conservación de suelos y agua; dando como resultado el incremento en el área de producción, diversificación de parcelas de las familias beneficiadas, contribuyendo a la disponibilidad, acceso y mejoramiento del patrón de consumo de alimentos. Un impacto positivo es la diversificación en las parcelas de los beneficiarios; las familias han introducido nuevos rubros, como Hortalizas, Frutas y Tubérculos; un 47.62% de las familias cultivan los tres rubros básicos (Maíz, Frijol, Sorgo) y han incorporado a sus parcelas Hortalizas, tales como: Tomate, Chiltoma, Repollo, Cebolla; un 14,29% de las familias beneficiarias cultivan los tres rubros básicos más Hortalizas y Frutas (Aguacate, Cítricos, Mangos) y un 4,76% incorporó a sus parcelas Hortalizas, Frutas y Tubérculos, cultivando siempre los tres rubros básicos; el 9,52% de los beneficiarios cultivan Frutas y Tubérculos más Maíz, Frijol y Sorgo.

Guía para la formulación y evaluación de proyectos con énfasis en el sector agrario

La Universidad Nacional Agraria) institución que promueve el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de la sociedad nicaragüense en el campo Agropecuario y Forestal, pone en manos de la sociedad nicaragüense la GUIA PARA LA FORMULACION y EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS CON ENFASIS EN EL SECTOR AGRARIO, la cual brinda información sobre los pasos necesario para la formulación y evaluación de proyectos agropecuarios. La información que se presenta en la guía, es producto de la experiencia desarrollada por el autor en su labor de docencia, investigaciones realizadas con participación de estudiantes de la Facultad de Desarrollo Rural (FDR), y del intercambio y colaboración con instituciones afines que trabajan en el Campo Agropecuario y Forestal. El objetivo de las GUIAS TECNICAS es apoyar a productores, técnicos y estudiantes en la toma de decisiones sobre la producción de los cultivos, la producción forestal, el manejo pecuario y los procesos agroindustriales que den mayor competitividad al sector agropecuario y forestal. De igual forma , contribuir al manejo integral de las fincas, desde una perspectiva agroecológica. La publicación de la GUIAS TECNICAS, se constituye en una de las estrategias con las que cuenta la UNA para la difusión de su que hacer universitario. Estas se unen al Centro Nacional de Documentación Agropecuaria (CENIDA), así como a la infraestructura y equipo para la investigación, (laboratorios y personal técnico) , a los medios de divulgación de los resultados , eventos Científicos y la Revista Científica La Calera. Las GUIAS TECNICAS han sido elaboradas con el propósito de hacerla s accesibles a una amplia audiencia, que incluye Productores, Profesionales, Técnicos, y Estudiantes, de tal forma que se constituyan en una herramienta de consulta, enseñanza y aprendizaje que motiven la investigación y la adopción de tecnologías, y que contribuyan de la mejor manera al desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal de Nicaragua.

Economía agraria

La producción agropecuaria en Nicaragua, tanto para consumo interno, como para la exportación se ha estancado en los últimos veinte años. Ello indica que los niveles de productividad se han deteriorado en ese importante sector de la economía nacional. La falta de inversión que incide en el mejoramiento de la calidad de la producción, la escasa diversificación de la oferta exportable, el inadecuado impulso en la generación de tecnologías apropiadas y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los recursos humanos, la ausencia de servicios que permitan mejorar la eficiencia del sector, la escasez de crédito y las altas tasas de interés de los fondos de crédito disponibles son los obstáculos más importantes que afectan al sector agrícola. A ello debe agregarse el problema de acceso a mercados tanto nacionales como externos. Todo ello ha contribuido al incremento de la pobreza en el área rural y que ésta se haya convertido en zona de pobres que trabajan la tierra y producen bajo condiciones cada vez más adversas. No obstante, el aporte en la generación de ingresos por exportaciones del país es significativo, y es responsable en la generación de empleo de la Población Económicamente Activa. De los diez principales productos exportables de Nicaragua a los EEUU, seis son de origen agrícola Además, Nicaragua cuenta con extensas áreas con vocación agrícola, terrenos altamente fértiles con condiciones para ser cultivados con métodos intensivos de producción, clima apropiado para diversificar la oferta exportable, considerable experiencia de la población rural en la producción de granos básicos; condiciones que combinadas con políticas dirigidas al desarrollo del sector, darían al país la posibilidad de enfrentar los nuevos retos de la apertura y la liberalización comercial. En el marco de los Tratados de Libre Comercio, la producción agrícola nacional deberá competir con productos extranjeros que ingresarán libremente al mercado nacional. De igual manera su oferta exportable deberá competir con los productos de otros países en los mercados de destino. Es decir, a la agricultura nicaragüense le tocará competir con producciones de países desarrollados, que además de proporcionar altos subsidios a sus productores, también les suministran recursos para la inversión y la investigación. La producción agrícola nicaragüense enfrenta un doble reto; por un lado, deberá incrementar sus niveles de productividad y reducir sus costos de producción; y por otro lado, deberá diversificar su oferta exportable y mejorar la calidad de su producción. Ello le dará la posibilidad de mejorar las condiciones para competir tanto en el mercado interno, como en el mercado externo. Esta obra que ha sido elaborada por el Doctor Elgin Vivas Viachica, decano de la Facultad de Desarrollo Rural de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, es la culminación de varios años de trabajo docente - investigativo del autor. Diseñada para servir como manual a los estudiantes relacionados con la agricultura, la obra proporciona fundamentos para una mejor utilización y aprovechamiento de los factores productivos. De igual manera, orienta sobre diferentes métodos para aumentar la productividad de todos los recursos que se combinan para la elaboración de productos agrícolas. Esta obra desea contribuir a la materialización de uno de los principales objetivos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria; dotar a sus estudiantes y a través de ellos a la población nicaragüense dedicada a la agricultura, de los fundamentos teóricos que trasladados a la práctica cotidiana, incidan en el aumento de la productividad de las actividades agrícolas y en el incremento de la calidad de la producción. Ambos instrumentos en el marco de los TLC, permitirán al país mejorar sus condiciones para competir a nivel interno y externo, incrementar su nivel de ingresos, reducir las disparidades económicas y sociales entre el campo y la ciudad, y evitar que la pobreza siga incrementándose en la zona rural. Managua, mayo de 2010.

Fundamentos de economía agraria

Este texto representa un esfuerzo por tratar de simplificar la asignatura de economía agraria. Desde luego que este material representa un primer nivel para estudiantes de la carrera de Economía Agraria y carreras afines. Para las carreras técnicas relacionadas con el sector agropecuario como Ingeniería Agrónoma, Forestal y otras, este material se considera suficiente. La lógica del material es ubicar al proceso productivo con sus principales factores, analizando la fase del proceso productivo propiamente dicho y la fase post-productiva. En la fase productiva se analizan los factores productivos: tierra, capital, ecursos laborales e intensificación de la producción como un proceso complejo y multifactorial. La fase post-productiva es una introducción al análisis de factores más complejos, como la administración de la oferta-demanda y la planificación como un proceso clave para el desarrollo de las unidades productivas y por ende del sector agropecuario. Siguiendo la secuencia anterior, el texto se ha divido en once capítulos: El Capítulo I "Evolución de pensamiento económico", pretende ubicar al lector en una dimensión de que los fenómenos económicos y sus particularidades han venido evolucionando en el tiempo, pero en los países pobres y subdesarrollados implementamos y adoptamos concepciones obsoletas y equivocadas. El Capítulo II "La economia agraria como ciencia", explica diferentes conceptos, objeto y métodos de la economía agrícola como ciencia y algunas particularidades de la economía agropecuaria como sector. El Capítulo III "Desarrollo económico-social y Sistema de la agricultura nicaragüense", brinda un panorama general del sector agrope- cuario del país. Los capítulos IV, V, VI,Vll Y VIII analizan las condiciones naturales (localización) tierra, capital recursos laborales e intensificación de la producción como factores de producción y sus respectivos indicadores que caracterizan el nivel de uso y racionalidad de los mismos. Los capítulos IX. X y XI analizan factores más complejos, como costo, comercialización y planificación, los cuales requieren de un alto nivel de conocimiento de los productores y especialistas para darle un manejo racional. En conclusión este texto pretende inducir al lector a que la esencia del concepto ECONOMLA. es la permanente búsqueda de reservas productivas. Si los productores y especialistas agropecuarios hiciéramos el análisis de la estructura de los recursos productivos, lo cuales un análisis elemental, nos brindaría importante información para buscar alternativas de racionalidad sin necesidad de recurrir a análisis más complejos, lo cual sería una segunda parte de este trabajo. Consideramos que este texto será una importante herramienta no sólo para los estudiantes de Ingeniería y Economía agrarias, sino también para todos aquellos profesionales que se encuentran vinvulados de una forma u otra con las actividades agrosocio-económicas en nuestro país.

Geological evolution of two crustal scale shear zones. Part I. The Rand thrust complex, northwestern Mojave Desert, California. Part II. The Magdalena metamorphic core complex, north central Sonora, Mexico

The geology and structure of two crustal scale shear zones were studied to understand the partitioning of strain within intracontinental orogenic belts. Movement histories and regional tectonic implications are deduced from observational data. The two widely separated study areas bear the imprint of intense Late Mesozoic through Middle Cenozoic tectonic activity. A regional transition from Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary plutonism, metamorphism, and shortening strain to Middle Tertiary extension and magmatism is preserved in each area, with contrasting environments and mechanisms. Compressional phases of this tectonic history are better displayed in the Rand Mountains, whereas younger extensional structures dominate rock fabrics in the Magdalena area.

In the northwestern Mojave desert, the Rand Thrust Complex reveals a stack of four distinctive tectonic plates offset along the Garlock Fault. The lowermost plate, Rand Schist, is composed of greenschist facies metagraywacke, metachert, and metabasalt. Rand Schist is structurally overlain by Johannesburg Gneiss (= garnet-amphibolite grade orthogneisses, marbles and quartzites), which in turn is overlain by a Late Cretaceous hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Biotite granite forms the fourth and highest plate. Initial assembly of the tectonic stack involved a Late Cretaceous? south or southwest vergent overthrusting event in which Johannesburg Gneiss was imbricated and attenuated between Rand Schist and hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Thrusting postdated metamorphism and deformation of the lower two plates in separate environments. A post-kinematic stock, the Late Cretaceous Randsburg Granodiorite, intrudes deep levels of the complex and contains xenoliths of both Rand Schist and mylonitized Johannesburg? gneiss. Minimum shortening implied by the map patterns is 20 kilometers.

Some low angle faults of the Rand Thrust Complex formed or were reactivated between Late Cretaceous and Early Miocene time. South-southwest directed mylonites derived from Johannesburg Gneiss are commonly overprinted by less penetrative north-northeast vergent structures. Available kinematic information at shallower structural levels indicates that late disturbance(s) culminated in northward transport of the uppermost plate. Persistence of brittle fabrics along certain structural horizons suggests a possible association of late movement(s) with regionally known detachment faults. The four plates were juxtaposed and significant intraplate movements had ceased prior to Early Miocene emplacement of rhyolite porphyry dikes.

In the Magdalena region of north central Sonora, components of a pre-Middle Cretaceous stratigraphy are used as strain markers in tracking the evolution of a long lived orogenic belt. Important elements of the tectonic history include: (1) Compression during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, accompanied by plutonism, metamorphism, and ductile strain at depth, and thrust driven? syntectonic sedimentation at the surface. (2) Middle Tertiary transition to crustal extension, initially recorded by intrusion of leucogranites, inflation of the previously shortened middle and upper crustal section, and surface volcanism. (3) Gravity induced development of a normal sense ductile shear zone at mid crustal levels, with eventual detachment and southwestward displacement of the upper crustal stratigraphy by Early Miocene time.

Elucidation of the metamorphic core complex evolution just described was facilitated by fortuitous preservation of a unique assemblage of rocks and structures. The "type" stratigraphy utilized for regional correlation and strain analysis includes a Jurassic volcanic arc assemblage overlain by an Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous quartz pebble conglomerate, in turn overlain by marine strata with fossiliferous Aptian-Albian limestones. The Jurassic strata, comprised of (a) rhyolite porphyries interstratified with quartz arenites, (b) rhyolite cobble conglomerate, and (c) intrusive granite porphyries, are known to rest on Precambrian basement north and east of the study area. The quartz pebble conglomerate is correlated with the Glance Conglomerate of southeastern Arizona and northeastern Sonora. The marine sequence represents part of an isolated arm? of the Bisbee Basin.

Crosscutting structural relationships between the pre-Middle Cretaceous supracrustal section, younger plutons, and deformational fabrics allow the tectonic sequence to be determined. Earliest phases of a Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary orogeny are marked by emplacement of the 78 ± 3 Ma Guacomea Granodiorite (U/Pb zircon, Anderson et al., 1980) as a sill into deep levels of the layered Jurassic series. Subsequent regional metamorphism and ductile strain is recorded by a penetrative schistosity and lineation, and east-west trending folds. These fabrics are intruded by post-kinematic Early Tertiary? two mica granites. At shallower crustal levels, the orogeny is represented by north directed thrust faulting, formation of a large intermontane basin, and development of a pronounced unconformity. A second important phase of ductile strain followed Middle Tertiary? emplacement of leucogranites as sills and northwest trending dikes into intermediate levels of the deformed section (surficial volcanism was also active during this transitional period to regional extension). Gravitational instabilities resulting from crustal swelling via intrusion and thermal expansion led to development of a ductile shear zone within the stratigraphic horizon occupied by a laterally extensive leucogranite sill. With continued extension, upper crustal brittle normal faults (detachment faults) enhanced the uplift and tectonic denudation of this mylonite zone, ultimately resulting in southwestward displacement of the upper crustal stratigraphy.

Strains associated with the two ductile deformation events have been successfully partitioned through a multifaceted analysis. R_f/Ø measurements on various markers from the "type" stratigraphy allow a gradient representing cumulative strain since Middle Cretaceous time to be determined. From this gradient, noncoaxial strains accrued since emplacement of the leucogranites may be removed. Irrotational components of the postleucogranite strain are measured from quartz grain shapes in deformed granites; rotational components (shear strains) are determined from S-C fabrics and from restoration of rotated dike and vein networks. Structural observations and strain data are compatable with a deformation path of: (1) coaxial strain (pure shear?), followed by (2) injection of leucogranites as dikes (perpendicular to the minimum principle stress) and sills (parallel to the minimum principle stress), then (3) southwest directed simple shear. Modeling the late strain gradient as a simple shear zone permits a minimum displacement of 10 kilometers on the Magdalena mylonite zone/detachment fault system. Removal of the Middle Tertiary noncoaxial strains yields a residual (or pre-existing) strain gradient representative of the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary deformation. Several partially destrained cross sections, restored to the time of leucogranite emplacement, illustrate the idea that the upper plate of the core complex bas been detached from a region of significant topographic relief. 50% to 100% bulk extension across a 50 kilometer wide corridor is demonstrated.

Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Magdalena region are dominated by Basin and Range style faulting. Northeast and north-northwest trending high angle normal faults have interacted to extend the crust in an east-west direction. Net extension for this period is minor (10% to 15%) in comparison to the Middle Tertiary detachment related extensional episode.

Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen isotope studies of contact metamorphism

The O¹⁸/O¹⁶, C¹³/C¹², and D/H ratios have been determined for rocks and coexisting minerals from several granitic plutons and their contact metamorphic aureoles in northern Nevada, eastern California, central Colorado, and Texas, with emphasis on oxygen isotopes. A consistent order of O¹⁸/O¹⁶, C¹³/C¹², and D/H enrichment in coexisting minerals, and a correlation between isotopic fractionations among coexisting mineral pairs are in general observed, suggesting that mineral assemblages tend to approach isotopic equilibrium during contact metamorphism. In certain cases, a correlation is observed between oxygen isotopic fractionations of a mineral pair and sample distance from intrusive contacts. Isotopic temperatures generally show good agreement with heat flow considerations. Based on the experimentally determined quartz-muscovite O¹⁸/O¹⁶ fractionation calibration curve, temperatures are estimated to be 525 to 625°C at the contacts of the granitic stocks studied.

Small-scale oxygen isotope exchange effects between intrusive and country rock are observed over distances of 0.5 to 3 feet on both sides of the contacts; the isotopic gradients are typically 2 to 3 per mil per foot. The degree of oxygen isotopic exchange is essentially identical for different coexisting minerals. This presumably occurred through a diffusion-controlled recrystallization process. The size of the oxygen isotope equilibrium systems in the small-scale exchanged zones vary from about 1.5 cm to 30 cm. A xenolith and a re-entrant of country rock projecting into on intrusive hove both undergone much more extensive isotopic exchange (to hundreds of feet); they also show abnormally high isotopic temperatures. The marginal portions of most plutons have unusually high O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios compared to "normal" igneous rocks, presumably due to large-scale isotopic exchange with meta-sedimentary country rocks when the igneous rocks were essentially in a molten state. The isotopic data suggest that outward horizontal movement of H₂O into the contact metamorphic aureoles is almost negligible, but upward movement of H₂O may be important. Also, direct influx and absorption of water from the country rock may be significant in certain intrusive stocks.

Except in the exchanged zones, the O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios of pelitic rocks do not change appreciably during contact metamorphism, even in the cordierite and sillimanite grades; this is in contrast to regional metamorphic rocks which commonly decrease in O¹⁸ with increasing grade. Low O¹⁸/O¹⁶ and C¹³/C¹² ratios of the contact metamorphic marbles generally correlate well with the presence of calc-silicate minerals, indicating that the CO₂ liberated during metamorphic decarbonation reactions is enriched in both O¹⁸ and C¹³ relative to the carbonates.

The D/H ratios of biotites in the contact metamorphic rocks and their associated intrusions show a geographic correlation that is similar to that shown by the D/H ratios of meteoric surface waters, perhaps indicating that meteoric waters were present in the rocks during crystallization of the biotites.

A study of flow conditions near the substratum in an experimental channel [Translation from: Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 18, 718-725, 1972]

In a slow flow, on a smooth uniform substratum, a limited bed allows the existence of currents slow enough for benthic invertebrates. These conditions rarely occur naturally. The investigations carried out in this work aimed, on an intermediary scale, to define the influence of irregularities in the substratum on flow near the bottom. The substrata used were made of glass marbles. The investigations were carried out in a transparent channel of 70 cm in length and a rectangular section 10 x 5 cm. The data was analysed to study the general evolution of flow in terms of average speeds and the appearance of the turbulence near the bottom.

I. The attenuation and dispersion of sound in a condensing medium. II. The flow of a gas-particle mixture downstream of a normal shock in a nozzle

I. The attenuation of sound due to particles suspended in a gas was first calculated by Sewell and later by Epstein in their classical works on the propagation of sound in a two-phase medium. In their work, and in more recent works which include calculations of sound dispersion, the calculations were made for systems in which there was no mass transfer between the two phases. In the present work, mass transfer between phases is included in the calculations.

The attenuation and dispersion of sound in a two-phase condensing medium are calculated as functions of frequency. The medium in which the sound propagates consists of a gaseous phase, a mixture of inert gas and condensable vapor, which contains condensable liquid droplets. The droplets, which interact with the gaseous phase through the interchange of momentum, energy, and mass (through evaporation and condensation), are treated from the continuum viewpoint. Limiting cases, for flow either frozen or in equilibrium with respect to the various exchange processes, help demonstrate the effects of mass transfer between phases. Included in the calculation is the effect of thermal relaxation within droplets. Pressure relaxation between the two phases is examined, but is not included as a contributing factor because it is of interest only at much higher frequencies than the other relaxation processes. The results for a system typical of sodium droplets in sodium vapor are compared to calculations in which there is no mass exchange between phases. It is found that the maximum attenuation is about 25 per cent greater and occurs at about one-half the frequency for the case which includes mass transfer, and that the dispersion at low frequencies is about 35 per cent greater. Results for different values of latent heat are compared.

II. In the flow of a gas-particle mixture through a nozzle, a normal shock may exist in the diverging section of the nozzle. In Marble’s calculation for a shock in a constant area duct, the shock was described as a usual gas-dynamic shock followed by a relaxation zone in which the gas and particles return to equilibrium. The thickness of this zone, which is the total shock thickness in the gas-particle mixture, is of the order of the relaxation distance for a particle in the gas. In a nozzle, the area may change significantly over this relaxation zone so that the solution for a constant area duct is no longer adequate to describe the flow. In the present work, an asymptotic solution, which accounts for the area change, is obtained for the flow of a gas-particle mixture downstream of the shock in a nozzle, under the assumption of small slip between the particles and gas. This amounts to the assumption that the shock thickness is small compared with the length of the nozzle. The shock solution, valid in the region near the shock, is matched to the well known small-slip solution, which is valid in the flow downstream of the shock, to obtain a composite solution valid for the entire flow region. The solution is applied to a conical nozzle. A discussion of methods of finding the location of a shock in a nozzle is included.

Investigations of nonhistone chromosomal proteins

The major nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHC proteins) are a group of 14-20 acidic proteins associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromatin. In comparisons by SDS gel electrophoresis (molecular weight sieving) one observes a high degree of homology among the NHC protein fractions of different tissues from a given species. Tissue-specific protein bands are also observed. The appearance of a new NHC protein, A, in the NHC proteins of rat liver stimulated to divide by partial hepatectomy and of rat ascites cells suggests that this protein may play a role in preparing the cell for division. The NHC proteins of the same tissue from different species are also very similar. Quantitative but not qualitative changes in the NHC proteins of rat uterus are observed on stimulation (in vivo) with estrogen. These observations suggest that the major NHC proteins play a general role in chromatin structure and the regulation of genome expression; several may be enzymes of nucleic acid and histone metabolism and/or structural proteins analogous to histones. One such enzyme, a protease which readily and preferentially degrades histones, can be extracted from chromatin with 0.7 N NaCl.

Although the NHC proteins readily aggregate, they can be separated from histone and fractionated by ion exchange chromatography on Sephadex SE C-25 resin in 10 M urea-25% formic acid (pH 2.5). Following further purification, four fractions of NHC protein are obtained; two of these are single purified proteins, and the other two contain 4-6 and 4-7 different proteins. These NHC proteins show a ratio of acidic to basic amino acids from 2.7 to 1.2 and isoelectric points from apparently less than 3.7 to 8.0. These isolated fractions appear more soluble and easier to work with than any whole NHC protein preparation.

化德群和土门群沉积岩碎屑锆石研究：对华北克拉通基底及元古宙盆地演化的指示意义

The Huade Group, consisting of low-grade and un-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks with no volcanic interlayer, is located at the northern margin of the North China craton and adjoining the south part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. It is east to the Paleo- to Meso-Proterozoic Bayan Obo and Zhaertai-Langshan rifts and northwest to the Paleo- to Neo-proterozoic Yanshan aulacogen, in which the typical Changcheng, Jixian and Qingbaikou systems are developed. The Huade Group are mainly composed of pebbly sandstones, sandstones, greywackes，shales，calc-silicate rocks and limestones, partly undergoing low-grade metamorphism and being changed to meta-sandstones, schists, phyllites, slates and crystalline limestones or marbles. The stratigraphic sequences show several cycles of deposition. Each of them developed coarse clastic rocks – interbedded fine clastic rocks and pelites from bottom upward or from coarse clastic rocks to interbedded fine clastic rocks and pelites to carbonate rocks. The Tumen Group outcrop sporadically around or west to the Tanlu faults in western Shandong. They are mainly composed of pebbly sandstones, sandstones, shales and limestones. This thesis deals with the characteristics of petrology, geochemistry and sedimentary of the Huade Group and the Tumen Group, and discusses the LA-ICP-MS and SIMS U-Pb ages, Hf isotope and trace element composition of the detrital zircons from 5 meta-sandstone samples of the Huade Group and 3 sandstone samples of the Tumen Group. The age populations of the detrital zircons from the Huade Group are mainly ~2.5 Ga and ~1.85 Ga, and there are also minor peaks at ~2.0 Ga, ~1.92 Ga and ~1.73 Ga. Most of the detrital zircon grains of 2.47-2.57 Ga and a few of 1.63-2.03 Ga have Hf crust model ages of 2.7-3.0 Ga, and most of the detrital zircon grains of 1.63-2.03 Ga have Hf crust model ages of 2.35-2.7 Ga, with a peak at 2.54 Ga. The main age peaks of the detrital zircons from the Tumen Group are ~2.5 Ga、~1.85 Ga, 1.57 Ga, 1.5 Ga, 1.33 Ga and 1.2 Ga. Different samples from the Tumen Group have distinct Hf isotopic characteristics. Detrital zircon grains of ~2.52 Ga from one sandstone sample have 2.7-3.2 Ga Hf crust model ages, whereas zircon grains of 1.73-2.02 Ga and 2.31-2.68 Ga from another sample have Hf crust model ages of 2.95-3.55 Ga. Detrital zircon grains of Mesoproterozoic ages have Paleoproterozoic (1.7-2.25 Ga) crust model ages. Through detailed analyses of the detrital zircons from the Huade and Tumen Group and comparison with those from the sedimentary rocks of similar sedimentary ages, the thesis mainly reaches the following conclusions: 1. The youngest age peaks of the detrital zircons of 1.73 Ga constrains the sedimentary time of the Huade Group from late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic. 2. The age peaks of detrital zircons of the Huade Group correspond to the significant Precambrian tectonic-thermal events of the North China craton. The basement of the North China craton is the main provenance of the Huade Group, of which the intermediate to high grade metamorphic sedimentary rocks are dominant and provide mainly 1.85-1.92 Ga sediments. 3. The Huade basin belongs to the North China craton and it is suggested that the northern boundary of the North China craton should be north to the Huade basin. 4. The stratigraphic characteristics indicate the Huade Group formed in a stable shallow-hypabyssal sedimentary basin. The rock association and sedimentary time of the Huade Group are similar to those of the Banyan Obo Group and the Zhaertai Group, and they commonly constitute late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic continental margin basins along the northern margin of the North China craton. 5. The continental margin basins would have initiated coeval with the Yanshan and Xiong’er aulacogens. 6. The ages of the detrital zircons from the Tumen Group and the Penglai Group at Shandong peninsula and the Yushulazi Group at south Liaoning are similar, so their sedimentary time is suggested to be Neoproterozoic，coeval with the Qingbaikou system. The detrital zircon ages of 1.0-1.2 Ga from the Tumen Group, the Penglai Group and the Yushulazi Group indicate that there have being 1.0-1.2 Ga magmatic activities at the eastern margin of the North China craton. 7. The U-Pb age populations of the detrital zircons from the late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks suggest that the main Precambrian tectonic-thermal events of the North China craton happened at ~2.5 Ga and ~1.85 Ga. But the events at 2.7 Ga and 1.2 Ga are also of great significance. Hf isotope characteristics indicate that the significant crust growth periods of the North China craton are 2.7-3.0 Ga and ~2.5 Ga.

South and south central Africa : a record of fifteen years' missionary labors among primitive peoples / by H. Frances Davidson (with photographs by the missionaries.).

http://www.archive.org/details/southsouthcentra00daviiala/

Liquid marble formation using hydrophobic powders

This work aims to investigate and quantitatively measure “liquid marble” phenomena using hydrophobic powders (granules). The hydrophobic powders based on a copper substrate were prepared by a silver deposition technique of particle sizes 9 µm, 20 µm and 320 µm and of contact angle with water approaching 160°. The hydrophobic powder poly-methylmethacralate (PMMA) particle size 42 µm and contact angle of 120° was also used to determine the effect of powder density on liquid marble stability. The experimental investigations indicated that for successful formation of liquid marbles a number of variables in addition to hydrophobicity need to be considered, namely: powder density; powder particle size; powder shape; liquid marble formation technique. It was found that liquid marbles were formed using all four powders to varying extents, with a low powder particle size forming more stable liquid marbles. In a series of gravimetric tests, adhered powder mass on liquid marbles was found to be directly proportional to the water droplet surface area. A more complete coverage of the water drops were found with PMMA powder than the hydrophobic granules. Moreover, a further procedure was developed to increase the mechanical strength of the liquid marble, by polymerising methylmethacrylate (MMA) on the surface of a PMMA powder – liquid marble, with the aim of maintaining water within a more robust PMMA – liquid marble shell. This technique may prove to be a novel way of encapsulating drug compounds, such as gentamicin sulphate, for PMMA bone cement.

Aquifer recharge in Moura region (South Portugal)

Dissertação de mest., Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

The Tales of Hoffmann November 10, 11, 12, 13, 1988

Concert Program for The Tales of Hoffmann November 10, 11, 12, 13 1988