Validação da termografia no diagnóstico de lesões por esforços repetitivos/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho

As Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos e Doenças Osteomusculares Relacionadas ao Trabalho estão caracterizadas por queixas de grande incapacidade funcional, causadas pelo uso dos membros superiores em tarefas que envolvam movimentos repetitivos. Esses distúrbios também podem ocorrer nas atividades de lazer ou no cotidiano das pessoas, especialmente quando realizadas por períodos longos, sem pausas adequadas para recuperação muscular, ou ainda, sem devido acompanhamento médico. A avaliação de doenças ocupacionais é eminentemente clínica. São raros os casos em que os exames complementares apóiam o diagnóstico médico. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a eficácia da técnica de Termografia no diagnóstico de LER/DORT. A amostra (n=51) foi dividida em dois grupos. Um grupo experimental (n=41) composto por 26 Taquigrafas da Assembléia Legislativa do Rio Grande do Sul e 15 digitadores da Companhia Estadual de Energia Elétrica do Rio Grande do Sul e um grupo controle (n=10) composto por participantes com outras profissões. Todos eles estavam de acordo com o que prescreve a resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Os resultados do teste Q de Cochran mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os 3 observadores da Termografia nas regiões dos punhos, cotovelos e ombros para o teste. Os coeficientes de concordância Kappa de cada observador no teste e reteste foram elevados. O coeficiente de concordância Kappa entre os observadores no teste mostraram que os 3 observadores estavam seguros para diagnosticar punho direito e cotovelos. Tais resultados mostram que a Termografia foi mais sensível e específica que a Ecografia e o Exame Clínico nos punhos direito e esquerdo. Assim, podemos inferir que os dados obtidos através das imagens termográficas permitiram uma melhor visualização das áreas traumatizadas nos componentes da amostra.

O impacto de reestruturação e privatização na gestão integrada do setor de energia elétrica: análise do setor a partir da abordagem de redes

The Brazilian energetic sector is passing through deep transformations. The restructure is mainly characterized by the passage from a vertical and centrally coordinated system, in hands of the State, to a more horizontal one, with characteristics of a network, in which organizations, such as the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), the new regulator entity, the Wholesaler Market of Electric Energy (MAE), the National Operator of Electric System (ONS), Eletrobrás and the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (BNDES) are designated as the principals integrators of the system. The objective of the present work was to analyze the influence of the privatization and restructuring processes in the integration of the Brazilian system of electric energy. The analysis was based on the instruments offered by the network approach. The results of the research show that the Brazilian sector of electric energy cannot be considered as a highly integrated network. In this new horizontal configuration, the social actors are affirming its roles, functions and objectives, while the key-organization like ANEEL, ONS, MAE, Eletrobrás, and BNDES are being structured to strengthen its integrative role.

Trajetória de desenvolvimento tecnológico na indústria de transmissão de energia elétrica: a experiência das Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil S.A. - ELETRONORTE

Esta dissertação estuda as implicações dos processos de aprendizagem para acumulação de competências tecnológicas no nível de firmas. Este relacionamento foi examinado nas Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil S.A. - Eletronorte, ao longo dos anos de 1990 a 2003. A empresa tem sua sede administrativa em Brasília e a sua área de atuação é caracterizada pela Amazônia Legal (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima e Tocantins). A Eletronorte é uma empresa concessionária de geração e transmissão de energia elétrica, contudo, o presente trabalho enfocou apenas as atividades de transmissão, quer dizer, a geração está fora do escopo do estudo. A acumulação de competências tecnológicas para adaptar, modificar ou criar novas tecnologias é essencial para a sobrevivência e o desempenho competitivo das empresas. Para descrever o modo e a velocidade de acumulação de competências tecnológicas na Eletronorte, foram utilizadas estruturas analíticas existentes na literatura. Entretanto, tais estruturas foram adaptadas especificamente para a indústria de transmissão de energia elétrica. A acumulação de competências foi estudada para três funções tecnológicas: "engenharia, projetos e equipamento"; "operação e manutenção"; "processos operacionais". Os processos de aprendizagem foram examinados à luz de quatro características-chave: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação. Durante o período de 1990 e 2003, a empresa construiu e acumulou diferentes níveis de competências tecnológicas nas funções estudadas. Com base nas evidências empíricas, verificou-se que a partir de 1995, quando a empresa passou a coordenar sistematicamente esforços para adquirir e converter conhecimentos do nível individual para o nível organizacional, a construção de capacitação tecnológica foi acelerada. Contudo, a partir do ano de 2000, em que foram diminuídos investimentos no setor elétrico brasileiro, o processo de capacitação tecnológica permaneceu estagnado. Assim, aliando-se a estudos anteriores realizados para outros tipos de indústria, a conclusão deste estudo sugere que o modo e a velocidade com que a firma acumulou capacitação tecnológica podem ser explicados pelos processos de aprendizagem (aquisição interna e externa, socialização e codificação do conhecimento) e pelas características-chave de como esses foram utilizados ao longo do tempo (variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação).

Manutenção produtiva total: o caso da Eletronorte

The continuous search of the increase of the productivity has been facilitating the growing diffusion of modern and advanced technologies, that open new ways for the renovation of the industrial productive process, as well as, to the appearance of modern administration systems that establish ways in direction to the democratization of the social relationships in the organizations. Accompanying that tendency and, motivated by the competitive characteristic of the market of electric energy, Eletronorte, adopted the Total Productive Maintenance - TPM, of japanese origin, as the system of administration of its productive process. This dissertation has as objective, to analyze the methodological content of the Total Productive Maintenance, showing its significance and its reach in the Regional of Transmission of Mato Grosso, adopting the post fordism, as comparison paradigm. The whole study and analysis had as focus the offices of the company and the Substation of Coxipó, placed in the city of Cuiabá, as well as the Substations of Rondonópolis and Sinop, placed in cities with the same name. The offices and the substations are geographically located in the state of Mato Grosso, and under the responsibility of the Regional of Transmission of Mato Grosso, of the Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil SA - Eletronorte. The work method was of qualitative orientation and of case study, through a research of applied nature. The research was accomplished with explanatory and exploratory objectives. They were used as instruments of collection of data the analysis of documents, interviews, and application of questionnaires. The data collected through documents and of the application of questionnaires they were compiled and analyzed. The results of the interviews had for objective to confirm the consistency of the collected data. The obtained results demonstrate increases of productivity of the order of 40%, and reduction of the costs of up to 29%. The study still demonstrated, that TPM provoked significant impacts in the practices you work, denoting the presence of an action managerial dialógica. It was still characterized that the transference of TPM will depend in that context the administration system will be applied, because if this is here different from it studied, there won't be transference warranties.

Gestão de riscos na cadeia de suprimentos e valoração do custo da escassez de energia elétrica: Modelos e uma proposta de implementação para o Brasil

Este trabalho apresenta as principais aplicações de técnicas de gestão de riscos ao estudo de interrupções em cadeias de fornecimento, tendo como motivação o caso do fornecimento de energia elétrica, assunto de extrema relevância para o Brasil. Neste sentido, o cálculo do “custo do déficit” ou perda de produção dada uma falha no fornecimento de energia elétrica (parâmetro utilizado em todo o planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro), foi escolhido como fator relevante a ser analisado. As principais metodologias existentes para a apuração desse parâmetro são apresentadas fazendo uma comparação com aquela atualmente em uso no Brasil. Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma proposta de implementação para as metodologias alternativas, utilizadas no exterior, e baseadas no conceito de VOLL (“Value of Lost Load”) - medida do valor da escassez de energia para empresas ou consumidores individuais e fundamental para o desenho de programas de gerenciamento de demanda.

Um estudo da inadimplência dos geradores no setor elétrico brasileiro à luz da teoria da regulação

Essa dissertação objetiva analisar, à luz da Teoria da Regulação, os principais problemas enfrentados pelo Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) quando ocorrem atrasos ou não entrega de novos empreendimentos de geração. Para tal estudo, serão apresentados os conceitos-chave do SEB, sua estrutura institucional e o funcionamento da Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica (CCEE), além de detalhadas as regras vigentes para lidar com a inadimplência de agentes. Em seguida, serão apresentados dois casos recentes e importantes do setor elétrico: Bertin e Santo Antônio. Finalmente, os casos apresentados e seus impactos no setor serão analisados a partir da literatura de regulação econômica.

O termo de ajustamento de conduta como instrumento de efetividade da regulação da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL)

A partir dos dados do Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) que apontaram que, entre os anos de 2009 e 2013, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) arrecadou apenas 32,7% do total de multas administrativas aplicadas, passamos a questionar quais seriam as possíveis hipóteses que poderiam, de certa forma, ter influenciado nesse percentual. O próprio TCU chegou a apontar algumas hipóteses, entre elas, destacamos: recursos administrativos pendentes de julgamento, recursos pendentes no Poder Judiciário, falha no sistema de inscrição de inadimplentes no Cadastro Informativo de Créditos Não Quitados do Setor Público Federal (CADIN) e a celebração de Termos de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC). O presente trabalho concentrou a análise apenas nessa última hipótese levantada, em razão da importância que esse instituto vem ganhando ao longo dos últimos anos. Visando testar a hipótese acima mencionada, realizamos uma pesquisa na Biblioteca Virtual da ANEEL e analisamos as decisões da diretoria da agência que julgaram os pedidos de celebração dos TACs entre os anos de 2011 e abril de 2015, tendo como objetivo identificar em que medida esses acordos celebrados com a agência impactaram na redução do valor das multas aplicadas.

Estudo da viabilidade do sistema LZAS para uso como selante de PaCOS

Cells the solid oxide fuel are systems capable to directly convert energy of a chemical reaction into electric energy in clean, quiet way and if its components in the solid state differentiate of excessively the techniques for having all. Its more common geometric configurations are: the tubular one and to glide. Geometry to glide beyond the usual components (anode, cathode and electrolyte) needs interconnect and sealant. E the search for materials adjusted for these components is currently the biggest challenge found for the production of the cells. The sealants need to present chemical stability in high temperatures, to provoke electric isolation, to have coefficient of compatible thermal expansion with the excessively component ones. For presenting these characteristics the glass-ceramics materials are recommended for the application. In this work the study of the partial substitution of the ZrO2 for the Al2O3 in system LZS became it aiming at the formation of system LZAS, this with the addition of natural spodumene with 10, 20 and 30% in mass. The compositions had been casting to a temperature of 1500°C and later quickly cooled with the objective to continue amorphous. Each composition was worn out for attainment of a dust with average diameter of approximately 3μm and characterized by the techniques of DRX, FRX, MEV, dilatometric analysis and particle size analysis. Later the samples had been conformed and treated thermally with temperatures in the interval between 700-1000 °C, with platform of 10 minutes and 1 hour. The analyses for the treated samples had been: dilatometric analysis, DRX, FRX, electrical conductivity and tack. The results point with respect to the viability of the use of system LZAS for use as sealant a time that had presented good results as isolating electric, they had adhered to a material with similar α of the components of a SOFC and had presented steady crystalline phases

Análise do monitoramento de descargas atmosféricas na área de concessão da companhia força e luz do oeste em Guarapuava, Estado do Paraná

Aiming to analyze the monitoring of the atmospheric discharges incidence, the concession area of Companhia Forca e Luz do Oeste (CFLO) - Western Power and Light Company, located in the district of Guarapuava, state of Parana was chosen for a study developed in 2003, from January to December. After the air masses dynamics description, it was possible to identify the occurrence of atmospheric discharges and to compare them to the energy interruptions. To that end, atmospheric discharges density maps were created within the CFLO concession area for a later analysis of their influence in the electric energy supply. The monitoring of the atmospheric discharges and the comparison between this phenomenon and the occurrence of interruptions in the electric energy supply enabled this study. Results showed that such events are directly related, and that the rural area of the region under study underwent a major interference.

Amylase utilization for the extrusion of dog diets

Effects of amylase addition on extruder parameters, cost of extrusion, kibble quality and digestibility of dog food were measured in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, 120 kilo-novo-alpha-amilase-unit (KNU)/kg of heat stable alpha-amylase produced by Bacillus licheniformis was added in liquid form during a preconditioning period. In experiment 23684 KNU/kg of heat stable alpha-amylase produced by Aspergillus oryzae was mixed with the ingredients before extrusion. The diets were processed in a single screw extruder and submitted to digestibility and on experiment 1 also to palatability tests. Digestibility was tested using 12 dogs, six per diet. Data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by F-test. Amylase addition altered extrusion parameters in both experiments (P<0.05), with higher output (kg of dry matter [DM]/h: 28% and 43% higher in experiments 1 and 2) and less electric energy consumption (kW to produce 100 kg DM: 22% and 29% lower in experiments 1 and 2). Kibble appearance and quality [density (g/L), cutting force (g), and starch gelatinization degree (%)] did not change with enzyme treatment (P>0.05). Likewise, enzyme addition did not change nutrient digestibility, fecal dry matter or food palatability (P<0.05). Taken together our results suggest that amylase promoted the breakdown of amylose chains, thereby reducing the dough viscosity and resistance inside the extruder which allowed for higher product flow and less electricity energy consumption without altering food quality. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Custo de energia elétrica em cultura do feijoeiro irrigado por pivô central, afetado pelo manejo da irrigação e sistemas de cultivo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o consumo e o custo de energia elétrica em cultura do feijoeiro irrigado por pivô central, cultivar IAC-Carioca, submetida a dois manejos de irrigação: TENS - tensiometria; TCA - balanço hídrico-climatológico, baseado no tanque Classe A; e dois sistemas de cultivo em Latossolo Vermelho: PD - plantio direto; PC - plantio convencional, no ano de 2002. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Área Demonstrativa e Experimental de Irrigação - ADEI da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal - SP. O consumo de energia elétrica do sistema de irrigação foi monitorado, e seu custo, analisado para dois grupos tarifários: A e B, sendo os preços do kWh dos sistemas tarifários de energia elétrica obtidos na CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz). Os tratamentos em que o manejo da irrigação foi realizado pelo método do tanque Classe A, ocasionaram os maiores consumos e custos de energia elétrica, em relação aos tratamentos em que o manejo foi realizado por tensiometria; entre os sistemas de plantio, não foram observadas diferenças. A tarifa Horo-Sazonal (verde e/ou azul), com desconto, foi a melhor opção para os quatro tratamentos.

Descompassos nas políticas educacionais: a reorganização da educação rural em Jardim de Piranhas/RN

The present work has as aim to analyze the reorganization process of the rural education in Jardim de Piranhas-RN, on the context of the education policies, in particular of the period of 1999-2006, having as reference the transformations in the political, cultural and socio-economic setting in the national, regional and local level, above all from the decade of 1990. The studies carried out in diverse sources made possible to understand from the context in which they had developed the education policies, in particular, that one directed for the rural way, as well as the mediation of this with the education reorganization in the local scope. Besides these research procedures, we carry out interviews - semi-structuralized - with managers and teachers, and we analyze documents from the produced ones in national level to those local ones. From the viewpoint theoretician-methodological, we focus the national discussion that comes developing under a new ideological political configuration and, being entitled by the Field Education, understood as a policy directed to education specifities in this sector and consolidated in the Operational Guidelines for the Basic Education in the Field Schools (CNE/MEC/2002). As particularity of this object in Jardim de Piranhas-RN, we emphasize events occurred that had marked the rural education reorganization in that city, especially from the creation of the Rural Education named Center Teacher Maria Edite Batista. Studies make possible to realize that until the Center creation, the schools functioned in rather precarious infrastructure and physical conditions, that is, without electric energy and water supplying, as well as the lack of school snack and the management structure. There was not a project or specific pedagogical accompaniment for the sector. Moreover, the teachers worked predominantly with several grade classes and still they fulfilled the manager functions, caretakers, and cook- in some cases as school secretary. However, exactly with the creation of the Rural Education Center, the education municipal system did not become capable to overcome problems as of the evasion and school failure, as well as decreasing the work overload of teachers, neither to give greater consistency to the pedagogical project of the field schools in that city

Fatores de decisão da adoção do gás natural na geração de energia elétrica em pequena escala em postos de combustíveis: um estudo de anális de decusão usando o processo de hierarquia analítica AHP

A modeling of criterias and alternatives is through and applied a questionnaire based on method AHP to proprietors of gas stations. The considered alternatives had been the maintenance of the current state with electric energy of the deliverer and the generation in small scale based on the natural gas. The used criteria had been Cost of the Investment, Final Cost of the Energy, Operational cost, Ambient Benefits, Risk and Variation of Costs. The study it was carried through in the city of Natal, RN in ranks that make use of the natural as for resale, where the generation alternative on the basis of the available gas is present. The main results evidence in a dimension the viability of use of method AHP with questionnaire by means of validation of the judgments with analysis of variance beyond proper the normal mechanisms of analysis of consistency to the method. The main results of the analysis help to show that in this in case that the profile of models of criteria and judgments of the actors is similar, with the final evidence of that it has a dominance of the maintenance of the energy of the deliverer. The main criterion to influence this decision was the risk

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity