APRENDIZAGENS NA MODALIDADE EAD: A ÓPTICA DE ALUNOS DO CURSO DE LETRAS DE UMA INSTITUIÇÃO DE ENSINO SUPERIOR DO GRANDE ABC

Com os avanços tecnológicos de comunicação e informação (TICs) e a utilização em larga escala da internet, tem-se uma inovação no processo educativo que pode se valer de instrumentos diferenciados e permitir acesso à informação e à educação para um maior número de pessoas. A partir dessa evolução, a implantação de programas nacionais de Educação a Distância (EAD) no país começou a ocorrer de forma significativa. Esta modalidade acompanha o avanço das tecnologias e a democratização do acesso à educação, expandindo-se de forma visível, conquistando novos espaços e permitindo que o processo da educação aconteça de maneira eficiente, buscando formar discentes críticos e participativos do seu processo de formação educacional. Com base nesta perspectiva, este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a aprendizagem sob a óptica do aluno de um curso de Letras na modalidade EAD. Realizou-se, para tanto, a contextualização histórica da EAD no mundo, no Brasil e na instituição alvo desta pesquisa. A metodologia utilizada para este fim foi uma pesquisa qualitativa e o corpus de pesquisa são as respostas dos sujeitos participantes a um questionário de caráter exploratório. Foram elaboradas três categorias para análise do conteúdo das respostas Opção pelo curso em EAD: tecnologia versus disponibilidade temporal; Interação via AVA: desvelando o preparo dos atores atuantes na modalidade e Fatores que implicam no processo de aprendizagem na modalidade EAD: autonomia, organização e comprometimento. Alguns aspectos se evidenciaram nesta pesquisa e possibilitaram concluir que a EAD na instituição pesquisada tem buscado contemplar as necessidades existentes nesse cenário, por meio do oferecimento de ações educativas e de recursos tecnológicos que possam oferecer aos alunos uma educação de qualidade, com uma relação de interação contínua, na qual a distância não seja uma limitação. Para tanto, requer dos alunos uma postura de comprometimento, interesse, organização e disciplina, pois dessa forma, as aprendizagens nessa modalidade podem ser tão significativas e eficazes quanto na presencial. Nesse sentido, foi possível inferir também, que os alunos da EAD têm procurado responder a tais exigências adequando-se a elas de forma consciente ao demonstrar, sobretudo, autonomia e visão crítica de que só assim poderão se tornar sujeitos ativos e participativos do processo de construção do próprio conhecimento.

A SUPERVISÃO ESCOLAR DO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO PAULO: DA FUNÇÃO À PROFISSÃO

A sobreposição da ação administrativa à ação pedagógica no cotidiano de trabalho do Supervisor Escolar tem ocupado, nas últimas décadas, espaço importante na discussão acadêmica. Fruto da insatisfação de grande parte desses profissionais que, ao assumirem os cargos, deparam-se com uma carga de obrigações burocráticas que os impede de atuar efetivamente nos projetos pedagógicos das escolas, a pesquisa na área, embora crescente, ainda carece de exploração. O problema dessa pesquisa diz respeito às formas pelas quais os supervisores escolares da Rede Municipal de Ensino de São Paulo articulam essas duas faces da função que constitui a sua profissão, a administrativa, ligada às obrigações burocráticas e a pedagógica, ligada ao trabalho pedagógico nas escolas e em outras esferas. Parte-se do delineamento da trajetória histórica do Supervisor Escolar no município, feito perante o levantamento dos referenciais legais que objetivaram sua função/profissão e dos contextos históricos em que se inseriram. Na sequência, as respostas da pesquisa realizada com supervisores escolares de diretorias regionais de educação da cidade analisadas em suas relações com o levantamento histórico citado e os referenciais teóricos eleitos, em que se destacam as obras de Demerval Saviani e Celestino Alves da Silva Júnior, autores reconhecidos como referenciais importantes e amplamente citados nas pesquisas da área da supervisão educacional. A pesquisa aponta importantes indicadores para contribuir com a elucidação do problema em tela, especialmente no que tange à controvérsia das atribuições impostas à Supervisão Escolar, à formação deficitária desses profissionais e, por conseguinte, à dificuldade de se construir a identidade profissional do Supervisor Escolar do Município de São Paulo.  

A OCUPAÇÃO RACIONAL DA ARTE NA EDUCAÇÃO FORMAL: UM ESTUDO DESDE A PERSPECTIVA DA CRIATIVIDADE

A arte e a atividade criativa são alguns dos ingredientes essenciais para o crescimento individual, social e cultural do ser humano e, em consequência, da humanidade. Contudo, desde o século XVI vivemos fortemente influenciados pelos parâmetros da racionalidade cognitivo-instrumental. Particularmente na cultura ocidental tem sido predominante a supervalorização da objetividade, da racionalidade e das ciências duras em detrimento da criação artística. Esta pesquisa examina a ocupação racional da arte e sua influência na limitação da criatividade no ambiente escolar. Assim, analisa as diversas concepções de criatividade, à luz da evolução histórica e as influências herdadas do contexto sóciocultural. Considera ainda o conceito de Arte/Educação em sua relação com as condições históricas da inserção da educação formal no Brasil. Finalmente, esta dissertação identifica as marcas da racionalidade em processos educacionais correntes no Brasil, tendo como referência teorias contemporâneas. As conclusões deste trabalho poderão servir como base para fornecer subsídios à reflexão sobre a necessidade de renovação dos olhares sobre a criatividade, como instrumento de formação intelectual, no ensino de artes no contexto escolar.

The development and evaluation of distance learning materials for administrative personnel in a multi-national company

There has been substantial research into the role of distance learning in education. Despite the rise in the popularity and practice of this form of learning in business, there has not been a parallel increase in the amount of research carried out in this field. An extensive investigation was conducted into the entire distance learning system of a multi-national company with particular emphasis on the design, implementation and evaluation of the materials. In addition, the performance and attitudes of trainees were examined. The results of a comparative study indicated that trainees using distance learning had significantly higher test scores than trainees using conventional face-to-face training. The influence of the previous distance learning experience, educational background and selected study environment of trainees was investigated. Trainees with previous experience of distance learning were more likely to complete the course and with significantly higher test scores than trainees with no previous experience. The more advanced the educational background of trainees, the greater the likelihood of their completing the course, although there was no significant difference in the test scores achieved. Trainees preferred to use the materials at home and those opting to study in this environment scored significantly higher than those studying in the office, the study room at work or in a combination of environments. The influence of learning styles (Kolb, 1976) was tested. The results indicated that the convergers had the greatest completion rates and scored significantly higher than trainees with the assimilator, accommodator and diverger learning styles. The attitudes of the trainees, supervisors and trainers were examined using questionnaire, interview and discussion techniques. The findings highlighted the potential problems of lack of awareness and low motivation which could prove to be major obstacles to the success of distance learning in business.

The relationship between the teacher's experience, the teacher's college major, and the teacher's level of education in predicting classroom attitudes in high school science students

A review of the literature reveals few research has attempted to demonstrate if a relationship exists between the type of teacher training a science teacher has received and the perceived attitudes of his/her students. Some of the teacher preparation factors examined in this study include the college major chosen by the science teacher, the highest degree earned, the number of years of teaching experience, the type of science course taught, and the grade level taught by the teacher. This study examined how the various factors mentioned, could influence the behaviors which are characteristic of the teacher, and how these behaviors could be reflective in the classroom environment experienced by the students.^ The instrument used in the study was the Classroom Environment Scale (CES), Real Form. The measured classroom environment was broken down into three separate dimensions, with three components within each dimension in the CES. Multiple Regression statistical analyses examined how components of the teachers' education influenced the perceived dimensions of the classroom environment from the students.^ The study occurred in Miami-Dade County Florida, with a predominantly urban high school student population. There were 40 secondary science teachers involved, each with an average of 30 students. The total number of students sampled in the study was 1200. The teachers who participated in the study taught the entire range of secondary science courses offered at this large school district. All teachers were selected by the researcher so that a balance would occur in the sample between teachers who were education major versus science major. Additionally, the researcher selected teachers so that a balance occurred in regards to the different levels of college degrees earned among those involved in the study.^ Several research questions sought to determine if there was significant difference between the type of the educational background obtained by secondary science teachers and the students' perception of the classroom environment. Other research questions sought to determine if there were significant differences in the students' perceptions of the classroom environment for secondary science teachers who taught biological content, or non-biological content sciences. An additional research question sought to evaluate if the grade level taught would affect the students' perception of the classroom environment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

Academic performance of college students in financial management and related prerequisite courses: A comparison of senior high school and commercial high school graduates attending Tamsui Oxford University College in Taiwan

In Taiwan, the college freshmen are recruited graduates of both senior high school and senior vocational school. The Ministry of Education (MOE) of the Republic of China prescribes the standards of curriculum and equipment for schools at all levels and categories. There exists a considerably different curriculum arrangement for senior high schools and vocational high schools in Taiwan at the present time. The present study used a causal-comparative research design to identify the influences of different post-secondary educational background on specialized course performance of college business majors. ^ The students involved in this study were limited to the students of four business-related departments at Tamsui Oxford University College in Taiwan. Students were assigned to comparison groups based on their post-secondary educational background as senior high school graduates and commercial high school graduates. The analysis of this study included a comparison of students' performance on lower level courses and a comparison of students' performance in financial management. The analysis also considered the relationship between the students' performance in financial management and its related prerequisite courses. The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) survey was administered to categorize subjects' learning styles and to compare the learning styles between the two groups in this study. The applied statistical methods included t-test, correlation, multiple regression, and Chi-square. ^ The findings of this study indicated that there were significant differences between the commercial high school graduates and the senior high school graduates on academic performances in specialized courses but not in general courses. There were no significant differences in learning styles between the two groups. These findings lead to the conclusion that business majors' academic performance in specialized courses were influenced by their post-secondary educational background. ^

A study of teachers' espoused instructional beliefs

The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers' espoused instructional beliefs and whether they differed in relation to schools' socioeconomic status, extent of teachers' educational background, or extent of teachers' classroom experience. The study comprised a total of 242 Miami-Dade County public school educators who responded to a thirty-nine question Likert scale, Literacy Instructional Practices Questionnaire. Eighteen schools, three from each of the six regions, were purposively selected based on the socioeconomic status of students. Nine participants were interviewed using semi-standardized interview procedures and open-ended questioning techniques. ^ Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) results revealed that teachers' espoused beliefs concerning the instruction of literacy and forces and influences affecting instruction do not significantly differ depending on schools' socioeconomic status, extent of teachers' educational background, or extent of teachers' classroom experience. The majority of teachers appear to follow a top-down generated direct instruction model. Generally, students are taught as a whole class and ability grouped for specific skill instruction utilizing commercially produced reading and language arts texts. ^ There was no evidence of a relationship between teachers' espoused beliefs concerning the model of instruction that they practice or teachers' espoused beliefs concerning research and its application to practice and the three independent variables. Interview data corroborated much of the information garnered through the questionnaire. However, interview participants espoused the belief that research did not influence their selection of instructional practices. ^ Although teachers perceive of themselves as eclectic in their espoused instructional beliefs, they appear to follow a skills based direct instruction pedagogy in practice. Much of what teachers believe constitutes effective practice, few researchers recommend, affirming the findings of Calderhead (1993) and the National Educational Research Policy and Priorities Board (U.S. Department of Education, 1998, p. 18) that “educators rarely know research, seek it out, or act in accordance with its results.” ^

The conflict resolution behaviors of occupational therapy students as a function of the personality types, demographic characteristics and contextual factors

Interpersonal conflicts have the potential for detrimental consequences if not managed successfully. Understanding the factors that contribute to conflict resolution has implications for interpersonal relationships and the workplace. Researchers have suggested that personality plays an important and predictable role in conflict resolution behaviors (Chanin & Schneer, 1984; Kilmann & Thomas, 1975; Mills, Robey & Smith, 1985). However, other investigators have contended that contextual factors are important contributors in triggering the behavioral responses (Shoda & Mischel, 2000; Mischel & Shoda, 1995). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among personality types, demographic characteristics and contextual factors on the conflict resolution behaviors reported by graduate occupational therapy students (n = 125). ^ The study design was correlational. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Thomas-Kilmann (MODE) Instrument were used to establish the personality types and the context independent conflict resolution behaviors respectively. The effects of contextual factors of task vs. relationship and power were measured with the Conflict Case Scenarios Questionnaire (CCSQ). One-way ANOVA and linear regression procedures were used to test the relationships between personality types and demographic characteristics with the context independent conflict behaviors. Chi-Square procedures of the personality types by contextual conditions ascertained the effects of contexts in modifying the resolution modes. Descriptive statistics established a profile of the sample. ^ The results of the hypotheses tests revealed significant relationships between the personality types of feeling-thinking and sensing-intuition with the conflict resolution behaviors. The contextual attributes of task vs. relationship orientation and of peer vs. supervisor relationships were shown to modify the conflict behaviors. Furthermore, demographic characteristics of age, gender, GPA and educational background were shown to have an effect on the conflict resolution behaviors. The knowledge gained has implications for students' training, specifically understanding their styles and use of effective conflict resolution strategies. It also contributes to the knowledge on management approaches and interpersonal competencies and how this might facilitate the students' transition to the clinical role. ^

An investigation of the effects of mothers' participation in adult literacy classes on interactive literacy activities (ILAs) at home

The National Center for Family Literacy (2003a) and the National Even Start Association (2005) have stated that the single most effective and influential factor in increasing student academic achievement is parental involvement. The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine how participation in adult literacy courses influences parent-child interaction in various educationally related activities known as Interactive Literacy Activities (ILAs). This study investigated ILAs from the mothers? perspective, and examines the changes that occur in parental involvement or ILAs when immigrant parents of a limited educational background participate in an adult education program. The principal method of data collection was key informant interviews (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996). Other methods of data collection included observations of parent-child interactions and field observations. Data analysis methods included Memo-ing (Miles & Huberman, 1994), within case analysis and cross-case analysis. ^ Findings demonstrate that changes occurred in the parent-child relationship when mothers of a limited educational background participated in an adult literacy course. When participating in ILAs or English literacy activities related to second language acquisition (including reading and speaking for comprehension and pronunciation), the children of these mothers took on the role of the adult. Participation in literacy activities was often initiated by the child and the children were frequently concerned with their mother's literacy acquisition. Mothers reported that their children were more confident, worked harder on school related activities and were more open to communication. ^ It can be concluded from this study that, in the case of these immigrant families, a mother's participation in adult literacy classes is influential in the relationship between mother and child. These children participated in ILAs for the benefit of their mothers and initiated literacy activities more frequently. The children responded better to their parents during literacy activities because there was a positive change in the relationship between mother and child. The relationship between mother and child appeared to be strengthened by greater trust, a sense of pride and more communication. ^

A Study of Teachers' Espoused Instructional Beliefs

The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ espoused instructional beliefs and whether they differed in relation to schools’ socioeconomic status, extent of teachers’ educational background, or extent of teachers’ classroom experience. The study comprised a total of 242 Miami-Dade County public school educators who responded to a thirty-nine question Likert scale, Literacy Instructional Practices Questionnaire. Eighteen schools, three from each of the six regions, were purposively selected based on the socioeconomic status of students. Nine participants were interviewed using semi-standardized interview procedures and open-ended questioning techniques. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) results revealed that teachers’ espoused beliefs concerning the instruction of literacy and forces and influences affecting instruction do not significantly differ depending on schools’ socioeconomic status, extent of teachers’ educational background, or extent of teachers’ classroom experience. The majority of teachers appear to follow a top-down generated direct instruction model. Generally, students are taught as a whole class and ability grouped for specific skill instruction utilizing commercially produced reading and language arts texts. There was no evidence of a relationship between teachers’ espoused beliefs concerning the model of instruction that they practice or teachers’ espoused beliefs concerning research and its application to practice and the three independent variables. Interview data corroborated much of the information garnered through the questionnaire. However, interview participants espoused the belief that research did not influence their selection of instructional practices. Although teachers perceive of themselves as eclectic in their espoused instructional beliefs, they appear to follow a skills based direct instruction pedagogy in practice. Much of what teachers believe constitutes effective practice, few researchers recommend, affirming the findings of Calderhead (1993) and the National Educational Research Policy and Priorities Board (U.S. Department of Education, 1998, p. 18) that “educators rarely know research, seek it out, or act in accordance with its results.”

The relationship between the teacher's experience, the teacher's college major, and the teacher's level of education in predicting classroom attitudes in high school science students

A review of the literature reveals few research has attempted to demonstrate if a relationship exists between the type of teacher training a science teacher has received and the perceived attitudes of his/her students. Considering that a great deal of time and energy has been devoted by university colleges, school districts, and educators towards refining the teacher education process, it would be more efficient for all parties involved, if research were available that could discern if certain pathways in achieving that education, would promote the tendency towards certain teacher behaviors occurring in the classroom, while other pathways would lead towards different behaviors. Some of the teacher preparation factors examined in this study include the college major chosen by the science teacher, the highest degree earned, the number of years of teaching experience, the type of science course taught, and the grade level taught by the teacher. This study examined how the various factors mentioned, could influence the behaviors which are characteristic of the teacher, and how these behaviors could be reflective in the classroom environment experienced by the students. The instrument used in the study was the Classroom Environment Scale (CES), Real Form. The measured classroom environment was broken down into three separate dimensions, with three components within each dimension in the CES. Multiple Regression statistical analyses examined how components of the teachers' education influenced the perceived dimensions of the classroom environment from the students. The study occurred in Miami-Dade County Florida, with a predominantly urban high school student population. There were 40 secondary science teachers involved, each with an average of 30 students. The total number of students sampled in the study was 1200. The teachers who participated in the study taught the entire range of secondary science courses offered at this large school district. All teachers were selected by the researcher so that a balance would occur in the sample between teachers who were education major versus science major. Additionally, the researcher selected teachers so that a balance occurred in regards to the different levels of college degrees earned among those involved in the study. Several research questions sought to determine if there was significant difference between the type of the educational background obtained by secondary science teachers and the students' perception of the classroom environment. Other research questions sought to determine if there were significant differences in the students' perceptions of the classroom environment for secondary science teachers who taught biological content, or non-biological content sciences. An additional research question sought to evaluate if the grade level taught would affect the students' perception of the classroom environment. Analysis of the multiple regression were run for each of four scores from the CES, Real Form. For score 1, involvement of students, the results showed that teachers with the highest number of years of experience, with masters or masters plus degrees, who were education majors, and who taught twelfth grade students, had greater amounts of students being attentive and interested in class activities, participating in discussions, and doing additional work on their own, as compared with teachers who had lower experience, a bachelors degree, were science majors, and who taught a grade lower than twelfth. For score 2, task orientation, which emphasized completing the required activities and staying on-task, the results showed that teachers with the highest and intermediate experience, a science major, and with the highest college degree, showed higher scores as compared with the teachers indicating lower experiences, education major and a bachelors degree. For Score 3, competition, which indicated how difficult it was to achieve high grades in the class, the results showed that teachers who taught non-biology content subjects had the greatest effect on the regression. Teachers with a masters degree, low levels of experience, and who taught twelfth grade students were also factored into the regression equation. For Score 4, innovation, which indicated the extent in which the teachers used new and innovative techniques to encourage diverse and creative thinking included teachers with an education major as the first entry into the regression equation. Teachers with the least experience (0 to 3 years), and teachers who taught twelfth and eleventh grade students were also included into the regression equation.

Effects of nutrition education on the nutrition knowledge of future aerobic dance instructors

The effectiveness of nutrition education on the nutrition knowledge of future aerobic instructors was studied. Forty-seven subjects participated in the study. The experimental group (n=31) chose to and paid for a two-hour per week session of structured nutrition education for four weeks, the control group (n=16) did not. A nutrition knowledge test was completed by all subjects before and after the intervention. Results were analyzed for relationships between subject's nutrition knowledge and age, gender, educational background, income, and body mass index. No significant differences were found between the groups. The results showed that prior to any formal nutrition education, fitness instructors in the experimental and control groups had low nutrition knowledge (8.06%±16.4% and 4.38%±4.12%, respectively). Post-intervention nutrition knowledge significantly improved (p

Laboratory focussed learning of core electronic engineering concepts in the first year of an honours degree programme

In common with most universities teaching electronic engineering in the UK, Aston University has seen a shift in the profile of its incoming students in recent years. The educational background of students has moved away from traditional Alevel maths and science and if anything this variation is set to increase with the introduction of engineering diplomas. Another major change to the circumstances of undergraduate students relates to the introduction of tuition fees in 1998 which has resulted in an increased likelihood of them working during term time. This may have resulted in students tending to concentrate on elements of the course that directly provide marks contributing to the degree classification. In the light of these factors a root and branch rethink of the electronic engineering degree programme structures at Aston was required. The factors taken into account during the course revision were:. Changes to the qualifications of incoming students. Changes to the background and experience of incoming students. Increase in overseas students, some with very limited practical experience. Student focus on work directly leading to marks. Modular compartmentalisation of knowledge. The need for provision of continuous feedback on performance We discuss these issues with specific reference to a 40 credit first year electronic engineering course and detail the new course structure and evaluate the effectiveness of the changes. The new approach appears to have been successful both educationally and with regards to student satisfaction. The first cohort of students from the new course will graduate in 2010 and results from student surveys relating particularly to project and design work will be presented at the conference. © 2009 K Sugden, D J Webb and R P Reeves.

O Papel dos Estilos Educativos Parentais na Sintomatologia Ansiosa de Adolescentes do 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

A literatura realça a importância do impacto do comportamento parental no desenvolvimento de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes. Dado a pertinência do tema, o foco do presente estudo visa analisar o papel que a perceção dos adolescentes sobre os estilos educativos parentais tem sobre a manifestação de sintomatologia ansiosa. A amostra desta investigação envolveu 136 adolescentes do 3º ciclo do ensino básico, 48 rapazes e 88 raparigas com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 15 anos, com uma média de idades de 13,2 anos, recolhida no Colégio São Martinho em Coimbra. O protocolo de investigação incluiu os seguintes instrumentos de colheita de dados: Questionário Sociodemográfico, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) e EMBU-A. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que os adolescentes mais velhos manifestam maior sintomatologia ansiosa, estatisticamente significativa ao nível da ansiedade-estado. No que respeita ao desempenho académico, são os adolescentes com elevado insucesso escolar que exteriorizam mais ansiedade-traço. Porém, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na manifestação da ansiedade dos adolescentes em função das variáveis género, posição na fratria e habilitações literárias dos pais. Por seu lado, em relação aos estilos educativos parentais, os jovens que têm maior insucesso escolar percecionam níveis elevados de sobreproteção da mãe, e de rejeição do pai e da mãe. Os adolescentes que têm um pai com mais baixo nível de escolaridade percecionam maior rejeição materna, e são os filhos de mães com menos habilitações literárias que sentem maior sobreproteção da mãe e rejeição do pai. Verificou-se, em particular, uma associação significativa entre a rejeição paterna e níveis mais elevados de sintomatologia ansiosa. O modelo preditivo avançado no estudo confirma que a rejeição paterna, em conjunto com a idade do adolescente, são bons preditores da sintomatologia ansiosa. Especificamente, a rejeição paterna é evidenciada como o melhor preditor da sintomatologia ansiosa, sendo o principal responsável pela manifestação de ansiedade nos adolescentes. Os resultados sugerem que a rejeição do pai desencadeia níveis elevados de sintomatologia ansiosa. Assim, este estudo permite concluir que a rejeição paterna é o estilo educativo parental que exerce maior influência na manifestação de ansiedade nos adolescentes. / The literature highlights the importance of the impact of parental behavior on the development of anxiety in children and adolescents. Given the relevance of the topic, the focus of this study is to analyze the role that the adolescents’ perception about parental rearing styles have on the manifestation of anxiety symptoms. The sample of this research involved 136 adolescents from the 3rd cycle of basic education, 48 boys and 88 girls aged between 12 and 15 years, with a mean age of 13,2 years, gathered in Colégio São Martinho in Coimbra. The investigation protocol included the following data collection instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and the EMBU-A. The results of the study suggest that older adolescents show greater anxiety symptoms, statistically significant at the level of state anxiety. With regard to academic performance, are adolescents with high failure rates that externalize more trait anxiety. However, there were significant differences in the manifestation of anxiety in adolescents function of the variables gender, sibling position and educational background of the parents. For its part, in relation to parental rearing styles, young people who have higher academic failure perceive high levels of overprotection of the mother, and rejection of father and mother. Adolescents who have a father with the lowest educational level perceive greater maternal rejection, and are the children of mothers with less qualification who feel greater overprotection of the mother and father's rejection. There was, in particular, a significant association between paternal rejection and higher levels of anxiety symptoms. The predictive model advanced in the study confirms that parental rejection, together with the adolescents’ age, are good predictors of anxiety symptoms. Specifically, parental rejection is evidenced as the best predictor of anxiety symptoms, being primarily responsible for the manifestation of anxiety in adolescents. The results suggest that the father rejection triggers high levels of anxiety symptoms. Thus, this study shows that rejection is the paternal parental rearing style that has more influence on the manifestation of anxiety in adolescents.

An Examination of Parental Engagement During the Middle School Years

The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the previously unexamined phenomenon of middle school parental engagement in a large urban/suburban/rural school district of 209 schools in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Across 22 middle schools serving grades six-eight, this study collected and examined perceptions of the three key adult stakeholder groups – administrators, teachers, and parents – most actively involved in middle school parental engagement as described within the theoretical framework of academic socialization. Their reports of observable parental engagement activities were used to document how district stakeholders operationalize behaviors that represent the five actionable constructs and three themes of academic socialization to determine how the district “fares” in employing academic socialization as a middle school parent engagement strategy. The study also applied quantitative descriptive analysis through a one-way ANOVA to determine the significance of observable variations in actionable constructs between the perspectives of the three stakeholder groups. Finally, the study illuminated, through regression modeling, when confounding factors/independent variables such as race, income, school size, administrator and teacher experience, parents’ educational background, etc., impacted operationalization of academic socialization behaviors for middle school parent and family engagement. Rejecting the null hypothesis, the study found that the three stakeholder groups had statistically significant differences in perceptions of their implementation of activities aligned to academic socialization. This study ultimately illuminated ways in which these adult stakeholder groups share similar and varied perceptions about their engagement actions that support the achievement and maturation of middle school students. Significantly, this study provided key findings that illuminated areas that can be systemically addressed to transform middle school parent engagement practices through applied academic socialization theory into consistent and effective collaborative efforts between the home and school. The process of operationalizing academic socialization was outlined in terms that any school or district can follow to improve programs and practices of middle school parental engagement to serve in the best interests of students during this period of great transition for both child/adolescent growth and development and adult navigation of systems to provide support for students in this unique stage of growth and maturation.