919 resultados para ELYMUS ELONGATUS


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该区干旱与水土流失并存 ,降雨量时空分配不均 ,且水热并不同步 (在春夏 ,植物常因缺水而枯死 ) ,致使生态环境建设中恢复植被的难度大。为此 ,采用工程整地措施与灌草立体配置模式 ,发展集流灌草植被 ,调蓄土壤水分 ,促进灌草植被的快速恢复。结果表明 ,在水平阶营造柠条和披碱草 ,在生长初期 0~ 50 0 cm土层含水量可分为 3个明显的层次 ;在生长的第 4年随着灌草根系深扎 ,土壤水分过耗 ,出现明显的干土层 ,分布深度在 1 2 0~ 2 0 0 cm,厚度为 1 0 0 cm。在第 8年干土层扩大到 1 0 0~ 30 0 cm,厚度为 2 0 0 cm。第 1 4年土壤含水量有所回升 ,但幅度不大 ,同第 8年相比 ,仅提高 1 .5~ 2 .0个百分点。水平阶的柠条灌木林随着生长时间的延续 ,其水分贮量变化是否增加 ,仍有待继续研究。该区 0~ 50 0 cm多年土壤贮水量 ,在生长初期 ( 4月份 ) ,1 5年生柠条480 .1 5mm,1 2年生沙棘、山桃分别为 41 4.6mm和 385.4mm,在生长末期 ( 1 0月 ) ,柠条 498.31mm,沙棘 42 3.31 mm,山桃 ...

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Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. The fatty acid desaturases from 37 cyanobacterial genomes were identified and classified based upon their conserved histidine-rich motifs and phylogenetic analysis, which help to determine the amounts and distributions of desaturases in cyanobacterial species. The filamentous or N-2-fixing cyanobacteria usually possess more types of fatty acid desaturases than that of unicellular species. The pathway of acyl-lipid desaturation for unicellular marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus differs from that of other cyanobacteria, indicating different phylogenetic histories of the two genera from other cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater, soil, or symbiont. Strain Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 was isolated from calcareous rock and lacks thylakoid membranes. The types and amounts of desaturases of this strain are distinct to those of other cyanobacteria, reflecting the earliest divergence of it from the cyanobacterial line. Three thermophilic unicellular strains, Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 and two Synechococcus Yellowstone species, lack highly unsaturated fatty acids in lipids and contain only one Delta 9 desaturase in contrast with mesophilic strains, which is probably due to their thermic habitats. Thus, the amounts and types of fatty acid desaturases are various among different cyanobacterial species, which may result from the adaption to environments in evolution. Copyright (c) 2008 Xiaoyuan Chi et al.

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不饱和脂肪酸是机体生物膜的重要组成成分,对生物膜结构、机能、相转变、通透性的调节及相关过程的调控有重要作用。并且,它参与细胞生物化学反应、转运过程和细胞应激反应,影响脂肪代谢、寻靶作用、免疫反应、耐寒、抗氧化等生理过程。此外,不饱和脂肪酸还是哺乳动物体内生成前列腺素、凝血哑烷和白三烯等激素的前体,具有提高人体免疫力、预防心血管疾病和癌症等重要的生理功能。本文对微藻中脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行了比较基因组学分析;分离并验证了模式绿藻莱茵衣藻中Δ12去饱和酶基因的功能;克隆了南极小球藻NJ-7不饱和脂肪酸合成途径中的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因,并对内质网型Δ12基因的功能进行了研究。 1、对已测序的37株蓝藻的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行比较基因组学分析,发现,丝状或固氮蓝藻中具有的脂肪酸去饱和酶的种类一般多于单细胞蓝藻;海洋来源的聚球藻和原绿球藻的酰基-脂去饱和途径明显不同于其他来源的蓝藻,这两属的蓝藻与其他蓝藻可能具有不同的系统发育史;与嗜温蓝藻相比,三个嗜热蓝藻藻株,Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1, Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B'a(2-13),sp. JA-3-3Ab只含有Δ9去饱和酶基因,这可能与它们的生长环境(温泉)有关。 2、对已测序的7株真核微藻的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行比较基因组学分析,发现,真核微藻不饱和脂肪酸合成途径具有多样性。绿藻衣藻和团藻,O. tauri和O. lucimarinus,硅藻三角褐指藻和伪矮海链藻中均存在两条不饱和脂肪酸合成途径,原核途径和真核途径。原核途径位于叶绿体,真核途径位于内质网,但合成的脂肪酸产物有所不同。原始红藻C. merolae只含有3个去饱和酶基因,2个Δ9基因和1个Δ12基因。不饱和脂肪酸合成缺失了一条原核途径,明显不同于其他蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和高等植物,这可能是由于它们的特定的生长环境(酸性火山温泉)导致的。 3、通过比较基因组学分析,从模式绿藻莱茵衣藻中发现了一个可能的内质网型Δ12去饱和酶基因(135825),以酿酒酵母作为表达系统,验证了该基因的功能,为明确该模式藻的脂肪酸合成途径提供了依据。 4、从南极小球藻NJ-7中克隆了参与不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因的部分cDNA序列,并利用RACE方法获得了内质网型Δ12基因的全长,以酿酒酵母作为表达系统,对该基因的功能进行了研究。 本研究首次利用比较基因组学的方法分析了37株蓝藻和7株真核微藻中的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径,在此基础上研究了莱茵衣藻135825基因的功能。并从南极绿藻小球藻中克隆了参与不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因,为进一步研究温度调节去饱和酶表达的模式,明确微藻低温适应的分子机理奠定了基础。

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Eight species among six genera of bopyrid isopods (representing the subfamilies Pseudionmae and loninae) infesting thalassinideans from China are reported. Of these, four species are new to science: Gyge.fujianensis n. sp., Progebiophilits elongatus n. sp., Upogebione bidigitatus n. sp., and Procepon liuruiyui n. sp., infesting Upogebia major (de Haan), Nihonotrypaea japonica Ortmann, Upogebia carinicauda (Stimpson), and Austinogebia wuhsienweni (Yu). One species, lone cornuta Bate, 1864, is recorded for the first time from Chinese waters and from a new host. Pseudione longicauda Shiino, 1937, Gyge ovalis (Shiino, 1939), and Progebiophilus sinicus Markham, 1982, previously known from Hong Kong or Taiwan, are recorded for the first time from mainland China, extending their range north.

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对青海禾本科一新种——昂赛披碱草(Elymus angsaiensis S.L.LuetY.H.Wu)进行了形态描述和图解。该种与黑紫披碱草(E.atralus(Nevski)Hand.-Mazz)相近,但本种的叶鞘顶端两侧具披针形叶耳;穗状花序较疏松;小穗具小穗柄长约1mm,且具微毛;颖片窄披针形,长4~5mm;花药黄色或黄绿色,长约1.5mm,可以区别。

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通过盆栽试验,观测分析了祁连山东段南麓坡地3200m-3800m垂直带3种牧草的生长情况。结果表明:中华羊茅(Festuca sinen-sisKeng)仅在3400m处发芽、生长,其他高度上未发芽;垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutansG riseb)和冷地早熟禾(Poa crym ophilaKeng)在不同海拔高度均可发芽、生长。垂穗披碱草和冷地早熟禾地上、地下生物量沿海拔高度的升高而降低,且前者生物量大于后者;两者的植株高度和根系长度随海拔不同而不同,都在3400m处最大,前者大于后者。因此,垂穗披碱草和冷地早熟禾可以作为高寒草原地区推广种植的首选牧草,而中华羊茅生长所需环境相对苛刻,不易在同类环境下生长。

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垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans-星星草Puccinellia tenuiflora混播草地3个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:相同放牧区每公顷草地牦牛总增重之间的差异不显著(P〉0.05).同一放牧季各放牧区牦牛总增重之间的差异极显著(P〈0.01),且各放牧季牦牛的个体增重与放牧强度均呈显著的线性回归关系;2003年单位面积草地牦牛增重随放牧强度的增加而增加.2004和2005年单位面积草地牦牛增重与放牧强度呈二次回归关系;通过二次回归方程计算得到:牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm~2。

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通过研究自然条件下模拟平流层臭氧破坏5%时近地表面增加的太阳UV-B辐射对高寒草甸4种典型植物(矮嵩草Kobresia humilis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、麻花艽Gentiana straminea和鹅绒委陵菜Po-tentilla anserina)的抗氧化系统的影响表明,尽管各植物的抗氧化系统组分变化不同,但4种植物的膜脂过氧化程度没有加剧,长期增强UV-B辐射没有对膜系统造成损伤。在自然长期增强UV-B条件下,4种植物的膜脂过氧化产物——丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照相比无显著差异。垂穗披碱草、鹅绒委陵菜的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加,麻花艽的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与鹅绒委陵菜的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,同时麻花艽的类胡萝卜素(Car)含量亦显著增加。可见这些植物已能很好地适应UV-B强辐射,其抗氧化能力除了与抗氧化系统各组分的协同作用有关外,也可能与种的适应性有关。

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了解三江源人工草地净生态系统CO_2交换(Net ecosystem CO_2 exchange, NEE)的季节变化规律和主要生物因子及环境因子对这些过程的影响将有助于认识青藏高原人工草地生态系统碳循环、生态价值、功能,以及对三江源区的生态安全的重要意义.该研究利用涡度相关技术,于2005年9月1日至2006年8月31日对位于青海腹地的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)人工草地的NEE及生物和环境因子进行观测,阐明NEE及其组分的动态变化特征和影响因子.三江源区人工草地生态系统的日最大吸收量为2.38gC•m~(-2)•d~(-1),出现在7月30日.日间最大吸收率和最大排放率都出现在8月,分别为-6.82和2.95/μmol CO_2•m~(-2)•s~(-1).在生长季,白天的NEE主要受光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)变化控制, 同时又与叶面积指数和群落多样性交互作用,共同调节光合速率和光合效率的强度.最大光合同化速率为2.46~10.39μmol CO_2•m~(-2)•s~(-1),表观初始光能利用率为0.013~0.070μmol CO_2•μmol~(-1)PAR.在碳交换日过程中,NEE并不完全随着PAR的增加而增大,当PAR超过某一值(>1200μmol•m~(-2)•s~(-1))时,NEE随PAR的增加而降低.受温度的影响,生长季的生态系统的呼吸商Q10(1.8)小于非生长季节的(2.6).生态系统呼吸主要受温度的控制,同时也受到叶面积指数的显著影响.生长季昼夜温差大并不利于生态系统的碳获取.三江源区人工草地生态系统是一个较强的碳汇,为-49.35gC•m~(-2)•a~(-1).

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研究了青藏高原高寒地区3种多年生植物在生长过程中植物叶组织的可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化及其生理特性。结果表明;矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和黑褐苔草(Carex atro-fusca)叶中的可溶性糖含量随着生长期的进程而增加;脯氨酸含量的变化因植物种类的不同而表现各异,其中在各生长期.垂穗披碱草的脯氨酸含量均高于矮嵩草和黑褐苔草,并在草盛中期表现出明显的差异;3种高寒植物叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量随着生长季和气温的变化而呈现不断增加的趋势;3种植物中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现出随生长期和气温变化而改变的趋势,但黑褐苔草的2种膜保护酶活性最高,垂穗披碱草的次之.矮嵩草最低。可见,在不同生长季,这3种高寒植物的抗寒生理反应或低温适应方式可能是多途径的.其中在抗寒物质代谢、膜脂过氧化能力和抗氧化酶系统等方面,有生理反应的共同规律和各自特有的生理抗寒特性.其适应性与抗逆性有所不同,这种差异和生理特性可能与高寒植物的遗传特性和极端高寒低温环境胁迫有关。

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研究了在野外自然条件下,长期增强UV-B辐射对高寒草甸3种典型植物矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)光合放氧速率、光合色素和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:长期增强UV-B辐射对3种植物的净光合速率没有明显影响。增强UV-B辐射下,3种植物的叶绿素含量变化不同,Chla/b值,类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,Car/Chl值与对照相比都有升高,说明植物叶片的光合能力、吸收紫外线的能力增强以及忍受逆境能力均有增强,从而产生光保护,有利于光合作用正常进行。由于3种植物膜脂过氧化程度的不同及SOD活性的普遍抑制,植物经受了氧化胁迫。垂穗披碱草叶片GSH含量显著七升,矮嵩草的形态矮小及钉柱委陵菜GSH含量与POD活性显著上升,都能减轻它们所经受的氧化胁迫,使光合器官免受损伤。所以,这些保护性色素的积累和抗氧化系统内部的协同作用可能是高寒草甸植物光合作用正常进行的重要原因。

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在江河源区披碱草Elymus natans+星星草Puccinellia tenuflora混播人工草地上研究了牦牛放牧强度对土壤物理性状的影响,2年的试验结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,不同土壤层含水量均呈降低趋势,土壤容重、土壤坚实度呈增大趋势.相关分析表明, 放牧强度与不同土壤层含水量呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01), 与土壤容重和坚实度呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),而且土壤容重和坚实度均具有累积效应.

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There are 47 genera and 161 species of Gramineae except the cultivated species in the area of the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains. The results of research on the distribution of the genera and species of Gramineae in the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains show that (1) The Gramineae mainly contains elements of North Temperate, rich Old Word Temperate and other Temperate. It is obvious that the floristic nature of Gramineae in the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains is the North Temperate; (2) All Pantropic genera can stretch to the Temperate Zone in this region, which all parts of the Pantropic type are the Temperate nature to a certain degree. For example, Erianthus ravennae from mediterranean to the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains through the Central Asia; (3) As most genera of Grasses are the type of Temperate and the Frigid Zone, they have distinct floristic characteristics of mountainous and plateau flora such as Orinus, Alopecurus, Elymus, Trisetum, Littledalea, Elytrigia, Stephanachne and Paracolpodium etc. All of these indicate adaptive phenomenon of alpine specialization and cold-xerophilization on Grasses in this area; (4) Endemic genus of Gramineae is absent due to its nature and history and the endemic species are also rare in the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains. Most of the genera with one or fewer species have originated from its relative and widespread genera, such as Ptilagrostis from Stipa, Timouria from Achnatherum, and so on; (5) Flora of the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains is most closely related to the flora of Tibet, and is also extensively to its adjacent areas.

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首次报道了我国青藏高原3种披碱草局(Elymus)植物的核型,即短芒披减草(E.brachyaristatusA.Love),核型为2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(4SAT),属2A类型;无芒披碱草(E.submuticus(Keng)Kengf.),核型为2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(2SAT),属2A类型;硕穗披碱草(E.barystachyus L.B.Cai),核型为2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(4SAT),属2B类型。

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Genomic constitutions of three taxa of Hystrix Moench, H. patula, H. duthiei ssp. duthiei and H. duthiei ssp. longearistata, were examined by meiotic pairing behavior and genomic in-situ hybridization. Meiotic pairing in hybrids of H. patula x Pseudoroegneria spicata (St), H. patula x Elymus wawawaiensis (StH), H. patula x H. duthiei ssp. longearistata, H. patula x Psathyrostachys huashanica (Ns(h)), H. duthiei ssp. duthiei x Psa. huashanica, H. duthiei ssp. longearistata x Psa. huashanica, Leymus multicaulis (NsXm) x H. duthiei ssp. longearistata averaged 6.53, 12.83, 1.32, 0.29, 5.18, 5.11 and 10.47 bivalents per cell, respectively. The results indicate that H. patula has the StH genome and H. duthiei ssp. duthiei and H. duthiei ssp. longearistata have the NsXm genome. Results of genomic in-situ hybridization analysis strongly supported the chromosome pairing data; therefore it is concluded that the type species of Hystrix, H. patula, should be included in Elymus, and that H. duthiei ssp. duthiei and H. duthiei ssp. longearistata should be transferred to Leymus.