Síntese e potenciais aplicações de novas porfirinas β-funcionalizadas

Neste trabalho é descrita a síntese de novos derivados porfirínicos com potencial aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) e como quimiossensores para o reconhecimento molecular de catiões metálicos. Os novos compostos foram preparados usando como “template” 2-formil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina através de diferentes abordagens sintéticas, tais como, reações de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar ou reações do tipo condensação aldólica. Depois de uma breve introdução sobre porfirinas segue-se no capítulo 2 a descrição dos estudos de formilação de Vilsmeier-Haack dos complexos de Ni(II) e Cu(II) de meso-tetra-arilporfirinas realizados usando irradiação de microondas. Utilizando os complexos de Ni(II) e Cu(II) da 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina foram considerados vários solventes, potências de irradiação e tempos de reação; as melhores condições encontradas foram aplicadas a outras mesotetra- arilporfirinas. Os derivados formilados resultantes da reação de formilação de Vilsmeier-Haack com irradiação de micro-ondas foram isolados em bons rendimentos e com significativa redução no tempo de reação, que passou de horas, em condiçoes clássicas de aquecimento, para minutos sob irradiação de micro-ondas. O “scale-up” da reação, nas condições estabelecidas, mostrou ser eficiente não sendo a reação afetada pelo aumento da quantidade de porfirina. O capítulo 3 descreve a reação de ciclo-adição 1,3-dipolar de meso-tetraarilporfirinas com iminas de nitrilo, geradas in situ por desidrobromação de hidrazono-α-bromoglioxilatos de etilo na presença de base. A reação de iminas de nitrilo com 5,10,15,20-tetraquis(pentafluorofenil)porfirina, na presença de K2CO3 em tolueno a refluxo, permitiu isolar novas pirazoloclorinas em rendimentos moderados. Foram investigadas as propriedades fotofísicas das novas clorinas e os resultados sugerem que duas delas apresentam potencialidades para serem utilizadas em PDT. Este tipo de reações foi estendida ao complexo 2-vinil-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinatozinco(II); este complexo reagiu com as iminas de nitrilo obtendo-se os correspondentes derivados porfirina-pirazolina em rendimentos que variaram entre valores de bom e de excelente. A regioquímica dos derivados porfirina-pirazolina formados foi elucidada por RMN e confirmada por difração de raios-X. O tratamento dos derivados porfirina-pirazolina com DDQ proporciona os correspondentes derivados porfirina-pirazol com rendimentos de moderados a excelentes. Quando os derivados porfirina-pirazolina foram submetidos a condições de hidrólise básica, observou-se não só a hidrólise do grupo éster presente no anel pirazolínico mas também a concomitante oxidação desta unidade heterocíclica, isolando-se assim, num único passo reacional, novos derivados de tipo porfirinapirazol com um grupo carboxílico. A descomplexação dos complexos de Zn(II) foi realizada na presença de TFA, tendo-se isolado quantitativamente os respetivos derivados na forma de bases livres.Foram estudadas algumas das propriedades fotofísicas de todos os compostos obtidos, quer na forma de complexos de Zn(II), quer na forma de base livre. Duma forma geral, todos os compostos preparados mostraram ser bons geradores de oxigénio singleto, o que os torna interessantes para possível utilização como fotossensibilizadores em PDT. No capítulo 4 é descrita a reação de 2-formil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina com aril-cetonas e acetato de amónio, na presença de La(OTf)3, o que permitiu isolar novas benzoporfirinas e 2-(2,6-diarilpiridina-4-il)porfirinas. Esta metodologia foi utilizada para preparar, pela primeira vez, uma 2-(2,2':6,2''- terpiridin-4-il)porfirina. As estruturas de duas das 2-(2,6-diarilpiridin-4- il)porfirinas foram confirmadas por difração de raios-X de cristal único. A metodologia descrita permite ainda preparar novos derivados de tipo porfirinacalcona, apenas com pequenos ajustes nas condições reacionais através de uma reação do tipo condensação aldólica. Os derivados do tipo porfirinacalcona foram posteriormente usados para preparar derivados do tipo porfirinapirazol 1,3,5-tri-substituídos em bons rendimentos, através de reação de condensação com fenil-hidrazina. Em cada um dos capítulos é descrito os procedimentos experimentais e a caracterização espectroscópica (RMN, UV-vis e massa) dos novos compostos isolados. Em alguns casos foi necessário o recurso a técnicas de RMN bidimensionais como COSY, NOESY, HSQC e HMBC. Os compostos preparados neste trabalho foram ainda objecto de estudos de avaliação das respetivas potencialidades para actuarem como quimiossensores para o reconhecimento de catiões metálicos, nomeadamente, Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), Cd(II) e Hg(II). Assim no capítulo 5 é descrita a caracterização fotofísica dos compostos preparados no capítulo 4 e, os estudos destes como potenciais quimiossensores. Os estudos para verificar a potencialidade dos compostos como quimiossensores foram efectuados: i) em solução, através de titulações espectrofotométricas e espectrofluorimétricas, ii) no estado sólido, recorrendo à preparação de filmes de PMMA dopados com os ligandos porfirínicos em estudo e, iii) na fase gasosa, seguindo as titulações dos ligandos com metais por espectrometria de massa (MALDI-TOF-MS). Os compostos estudados mostraram ter capacidade para atuarem como quimiossensores de catiões metálicos capazes de distinguirem entre os iões Zn(II) e Hg(II).

Challenges in mercury speciation and fractionation in soil and sediment

This investigation focused on the development, test and validation of methodologies for mercury fractionation and speciation in soil and sediment. After an exhaustive review of the literature, several methods were chosen and tested in well characterised soil and sediment samples. Sequential extraction procedures that divide mercury fractions according to their mobility and potential availability in the environment were investigated. The efficiency of different solvents for fractionation of mercury was evaluated, as well as the adequacy of different analytical instruments for quantification of mercury in the extracts. Kinetic experiments to establish the equilibrium time for mercury release from soil or sediment were also performed. It was found that in the studied areas, only a very small percentage of mercury is present as mobile species and that mobility is associated to higher aluminium and manganese contents, and that high contents of organic matter and sulfur result in mercury tightly bound to the matrix. Sandy soils tend to release mercury faster that clayey soils, and therefore, texture of soil or sediment has a strong influence on the mobility of mercury. It was also understood that analytical techniques for quantification of mercury need to be further developed, with lower quantification limits, particularly for mercury quantification of less concentrated fractions: water-soluble e exchangeable. Although the results provided a better understanding of the distribution of mercury in the sample, the complexity of the procedure limits its applicability and robustness. A proficiency-testing scheme targeting total mercury determination in soil, sediment, fish and human hair was organised in order to evaluate the consistency of results obtained by different laboratories, applying their routine methods to the same test samples. Additionally, single extractions by 1 mol L-1 ammonium acetate solution, 0.1 mol L-1 HCl and 0.1 mol L-1 CaCl2, as well as extraction of the organometallic fraction were proposed for soil; the last was also suggested for sediment and fish. This study was important to update the knowledge on analytical techniques that are being used for mercury quantification, the associated problems and sources of error, and to improve and standardize mercury extraction techniques, as well as to implement effective strategies for quality control in mercury determination. A different, “non chemical-like” method for mercury species identification was developed, optimised and validated, based on the thermo-desorption of the different mercury species. Compared to conventional extraction procedures, this method has advantages: it requires little to no sample treatment; a complete identification of species present is obtained in less than two hours; mercury losses are almost neglectable; can be considered “clean”, as no residues are produced; the worldwide comparison of results obtained is easier and reliable, an important step towards the validation of the method. Therefore, the main deliverables of this PhD thesis are an improved knowledge on analytical procedures for identification and quantification of mercury species in soils and sediments, as well as a better understanding of the factors controlling the behaviour of mercury in these matrices.

Development of a sustainable method for the extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from food wastes

The main objective of the present work is the study of a profitable process not only in the extraction and selective separation of lycopene and β-carotene, two compounds present in tomato, but also in its potential application to food industry wastes. This is one of the industries that produce larger amounts of wastes, which are rich in high value biomolecules with great economic interest. However, the conventional methods used to extract this kind of compounds are expensive which limits their application at large scale. Lycopene and βcarotene are carotenoids with high commercial value, known for their antioxidant activity and benefits to human health. Their biggest source is tomato, one of the world’s most consumed fruits, reason for which large quantities of waste is produced. This work focuses on the study of diverse solvents with a high potential to extract carotenoids from tomato, as well as the search for more environmentally benign solvents than those currently used to extract lycopene and β-carotene from biomass. Additionally, special attention was paid to the creation of a continuous process that would allow the fractionation of the compounds for further purification. Thus, the present work started with the extraction of both carotenoids using a wide range of solvents, namely, organic solvents, conventional salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants. In this stage, each solvent was evaluated in what regards their capacity of extraction as well as their penetration ability in biomass. The results collected showed that an adequate selection of the solvents may lead to the complete extraction of both carotenoids in one single step, particularly acetone and tetrahydrofuran were the most effective ones. However, the general low penetration capacity of salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants makes these solvents ineffective in the solid-liquid extraction process. As the organic solvents showed the highest capacity to extract lycopene and βcarotene, in particular tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the latter solvent used in the development process of fractionation, using to this by strategic use of solvents. This step was only successfully developed through the manipulation of the solubility of each compound in ethanol and n-hexane. The results confirmed the possibility of fractionating the target compounds using the correct addition order of the solvents. Approximately, 39 % of the β-carotene was dissolved in ethanol and about 64 % of lycopene was dissolved in n-hexane, thus indicating their separation for two different solvents which shows the selective character of the developed process without any prior stage optimization. This study revealed that the use of organic solvents leads to selective extraction of lycopene and β-carotene, allowing diminishing the numerous stages involved in conventional methods. At the end, it was possible to idealize a sustainable and of high industrial relevance integrated process, nevertheless existing the need for additional optimization studies in the future.

Investigation of structural effects on the reactivity of heterocyclic bioactive compounds

Tese de dout., Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production and other applications

This work evaluates the possibility of using spent coffee grounds (SCG) for biodiesel production and other applications. An experimental study was conducted with different solvents showing that lipid content up to 6 wt% can be obtained from SCG. Results also show that besides biodiesel production, SCG can be used as fertilizer as it is rich in nitrogen, and as solid fuel with higher heating value (HHV) equivalent to some agriculture and wood residues. The extracted lipids were characterized for their properties of acid value, density at 15 °C, viscosity at 40 °C, iodine number, and HHV, which are negatively influenced by water content and solvents used in lipid extraction. Results suggest that for lipids with high free fatty acids (FFA), the best procedure for conversion to biodiesel would be a two-step process of acid esterification followed by alkaline transesterification, instead of a sole step of direct transesterification with acid catalyst. Biodiesel was characterized for its properties of iodine number, acid value, and ester content. Although these quality parameters were not within the limits of NP EN 14214:2009 standard, SCG lipids can be used for biodiesel, blended with higher-quality vegetable oils before transesterification, or the biodiesel produced from SCG can be blended with higher-quality biodiesel or even with fossil diesel, in order to meet the standard requirements.

Étude des interactions supramoléculaires par modélisation moléculaire

L’avancée des infrastructures informatiques a permis l’émergence de la modélisation moléculaire. À cet effet, une multitude de modèles mathématiques sont aujourd’hui disponibles pour simuler différents systèmes chimiques. À l’aide de la modélisation moléculaire, différents types d’interactions chimiques ont été observés. À partir des systèmes les plus simples permettant l’utilisation de modèles quantiques rigoureux, une série d’approximations a été considérée pour rendre envisageable la simulation de systèmes moléculaires de plus en plus complexes. En premier lieu, la théorie de la fonctionnelle de densité dépendante du temps a été utilisée pour simuler les énergies d’excitation de molécules photoactives. De manière similaire, la DFT indépendante du temps a permis la simulation du pont hydrogène intramoléculaire de structures analogues au 1,3,5-triazapentadiène et la rationalisation de la stabilité des états de transition. Par la suite, la dynamique moléculaire et la mécanique moléculaire ont permis de simuler les interactions d’un trimère d’acide cholique et d’un pyrène dans différents solvants. Cette même méthodologie a été utilisée pour simuler les interactions d’un rotaxane-parapluie à l’interface d’un système biphasique. Finalement, l’arrimage moléculaire et les fonctions de score ont été utilisés pour simuler les interactions intermoléculaires entre une protéine et des milliers de candidats moléculaires. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en place une stratégie de développement d’un nouvel inhibiteur enzymatique.

Films minces de copolymères à blocs supramoléculaires et photosensibles

La technique de trempage («dip-coating») est un procédé rapide et efficace pour former des films minces de copolymères à blocs (CPB) d’épaisseur et de nano-morphologies variées. Très peu d’études ont toutefois porté sur le trempage des CPB supramoléculaires et/ou photosensibles. Le trempage du CPB poly(styrène-b-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-P4VP) a premièrement été étudié avec des petites molécules (PM) d’acide 1-naphtoïque (NCOOH) et de 1-naphtol (NOH) capables de former des ponts hydrogène (ponts H) avec le bloc P4VP dans 4 solvants (tétrahydrofurane (THF), p-dioxane, toluène et chloroforme). Le ratio d’incorporation (RI) molaire PM/VP dans les films trempés augmente avec la vitesse de retrait mais sa variation dépend fortement du solvant et de la PM utilisés. Le RI et la morphologie des films minces dépendent de la possibilité (ou non) du solvant à former des ponts H avec la PM et de sa sélectivité au bloc de PS menant (ou non) à des micelles de P4VP/PM en solution dont la rigidité influence l’état cinétique du système en film mince. La dépendance en une courbe en V de l’épaisseur des films en fonction la vitesse de retrait définit deux régimes, nommés régimes capillaire et de drainage. Ces régimes influencent différemment le RI et la morphologie finale. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux complexes de PS-P4VP avec des azobenzènes (AB) photosensibles, le 4-hydroxy-4’-butyl-azobenzène (BHAB) et le 4-hydroxy-4’-cyano-azobenzène (CHAB). Ces AB peuvent non seulement former des ponts H avec le bloc P4VP mais aussi s'isomériser entre les formes trans et cis sous illumination. Les expériences avec PS-P4VP/BHAB dans le THF et le toluène ont révélé que l'irradiation pendant le trempage permet de provoquer une transition entre les morphologies sphérique et cylindrique à basses vitesses de retrait. Ces transitions sont expliquées par l’augmentation du ratio molaire BHAB/VP pris dans les films sous illumination et par le plus grand volume des isomères BHAB-cis par rapport aux BHAB-trans. L'irradiation permet également de moduler l'épaisseur des films sans égard à la présence des AB. Finalement, des solutions de PS-P4VP/CHAB et PS-P4VP/BHAB dans le THF avec un CPB de masse molaire plus élevée ont été étudiées afin de comprendre l’effet d'un temps de demi-vie plus court de l’AB et de la présence de micelles en solution. Le photocontrôle morphologique perd de son efficacité avec le CHAB car l’augmentation du RI de CHAB dans les films illuminés par rapport aux films non irradiés est moins prononcée que pour les complexes de BHAB. Le choix du PS-P4VP est également important puisque la présence de micelles dans les solutions de THF du PS-P4VP(36,5k-16k), même si elle n’influence pas les RI BHAB/VP, fige davantage la morphologie sphérique en solution par rapport à une solution non-micellaire de PS-P4VP(24k-9,5k), limitant les possibilités de transition morphologique.

Solvent Effect on Absolute Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Rhodamine 6G Determined Using Transient Thermal Lens Technique

Dual beam thermal lens tecbnique is successfully employed for the determination of absolute Fluorescence quantum yield of rhodamine 6G lnser dye in different solvents. A 532 nm radiation from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used for the excitation purpose. The fluorescence quantum yield values are found to be strongly influenced by environmental effects. It has been observed that fluorescence yield is greater for rhodamine 6G in ethylene glycol system than in water or in methanol. Our results also indicate that parameters like concentration of the dye solution, aggregate formation and excited state absorption affect the absolute values of fluorescence yield significantly.

Study of solvent effect in laser emission from Coumarin 540 dye solution

The results of a brief investigation of the amplified spontaneous emission and lasing characteristics of Coumarin 540 dye in as many as ten different solvents are reported. It has been found that C 540 dye solutions contained within a rectangular quartz cuvette give laser emission with well resolved equally spaced modes when pumped with a 476 nm beam. The modes were found to originate from the subcavities formed by the plane-parallel walls of the cuvette containing the high-gain medium. While the quantum yield remains a decisive factor, a clear correlation between the total width of the emission spectra and the refractive indices of the solvents of the respective samples has been demonstrated. The well-resolved mode structure exhibited by the emission spectra gives clear evidence of the lasing action taking place in the gain medium, and the number of modes enables us to compare the gain of the media in different samples. A detailed discussion of the solvent effect in the lasing characteristics of C540 in different solutions is given.

Aplicação de sub-produtos da “ginginha” de Óbidos em formulações tópicas: um estudo preliminar

Nos últimos anos estudos efectuados com frutos vermelhos têm revelado a sua riqueza em compostos bioactivos,sobretudo devido a presença de compostos polifenólicos. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os sub-produtos da ginja (Prunus cerasus L.) resultantes da indústria do licor de Óbidos, através da determinação do seu conteúdo em compostos fenólicos totais e, em particular, em antocianinas. As amostras de folhagens (pedúnculos e folhas) e de bagaço (película e película+caroço) foram extraídas por maceração através de 2 métodos de extracção diferentes, utilizando o etanol e o metanol como solventes. Na generalidade observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os teores em fenóis totais e antocianinas, quer dos extractos obtidos a partir de diferentes fracções (folhagem ou bagaço), quer dos extractos obtidos a partir da mesma fracção mas utilizando diferentes solventes. Os extractos das folhagens apresentaram valores de fenóis totais mais elevados que os extractos de bagaço. O metanol foi o solvente mais eficaz na extracção dos fenóis totais e das antocianinas para todas as amostras em estudo. Para as amostras de bagaço as amostras sem caroço (amostras de película) foram as que apresentaram valores mais elevados de fenóis totais e de antocianinas. Os resultados obtidos apontam no sentido dos sub-produtos agro-industriais analisados poderem constituir uma promissora fonte de compostos polifenólicos de custo reduzido, com potencial para aplicação em formulações dermocosméticas. Estudos futuros serão efectuados para avaliar o potencial destes resíduos como ingrediente antioxidante.

Infrared study of intercomponent interactions in a switchable hydrogen-bonded rotaxane

The macrocycle in rotaxane 1 is preferentially hydrogen bonded to the succinamide station in the neutral form, but can be moved to the naphthalimide station by one-electron reduction of the latter. The hydrogen bonding between the amide NH groups of the macrocycle and the C=O groups in the binding stations in the thread was studied with IR spectroscopy in different solvents in both states. In addition, the solvent effect on the vibrational frequencies was analyzed; a correlation with the solvent acceptor number (AN) was observed. The conformational switching upon reduction could be detected by monitoring the hydrogen-bond-induced shifts of the v(CO) frequencies of the C=O groups of the succinamide and the reduced naphthalimide stations. The macrocycle was found to shield the encapsulated station from the solvent: wavenumbers of v(CO) bands of the C=O groups residing inside the macrocycle cavity remain unaffected by the solvent polarity.

Solvent influences on metastable polymorph lifetimes: real-time interconversions using energy dispersive X-ray diffractometry

Solvent influences on the crystallization of polymorph and hydrate forms of the nootropic drug piracetam (2-oxo-pyrrolidineacetamide) were investigated from water, methanol, 2-propanol, isobutanol, and nitromethane. Crystal growth profiles of piracetam polymorphs were constructed using time-resolved diffraction snapshots collected for each solvent system. Measurements were performed by in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction recorded in Station 16.4 at the synchrotron radiation source (SRS) at Daresbury Laboratory, CCLRC UK. Crystallizations from methanol, 2-propanol, isobutanol, and nitromethane progressed in a similar fashion with the initial formation of form I which then converted relatively quickly to form II with form III being generated upon further cooling. However, considerable differences were observed for the polymorphs lifetime and both the rate and temperature of conversion using the different solvents. The thermodynamically unstable form I was kinetically favored in isobutanol and nitromethane where traces of this polymorph were observed below 10 degrees C. In contrast, the transformation of form II and subsequent growth of form III were inhibited in 2-propanol and nitromethane solutions. Aqueous solutions produced hydrate forms of piracetam which are different from the reported monohydrate; this crystallization evolved through successive generation of transient structures which transformed upon exchange of intramolecular water between the liquid and crystalline phases. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 96:1069-1078, 2007.

Redox-active polymers based on nonbridged metal−metal bonds. Electrochemical formation of [Os(bpy)(CO)(L)]n(bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine; L = CO, MeCN) and of their reduced forms: a spectroelectrochemical study

IR, UV-vis, and EPR spectroelectrochemistry at variable temperatures and in different solvents were applied to investigate in situ the formation of electroactive molecular chains with a nonbridged Os-Os backbone, in particular, the polymer [Os-0(bpy)(CO)(2)](n), (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), from a mononuclear Os(II) carbonyl precursor, [Os-II(bpy)(CO)(2)Cl-2]. The one-electron-reduced form, [Os-II(bpy(.-))(CO)(2)Cl-2](-), has been characterized spectroscopically at low temperatures. This radical anion is the key intermediate in the electrochemical propagation process responsible for the metal-metal bond formation. Unambiguous spectroscopic evidence has been gained also for the formation of [{Os-0(bpy(.-))(CO)(2)}(-)](n), the electron-rich electrocatalyst of CO2 reduction. The polymer species are fairly well soluble in butyronitrile, which is important for their potential utilization in nanoscience, for example, as conducting molecular wires. We have also shown that complete solubility is accomplished for the monocarbonyl-acetonitrile derivative of the polymer, [Os-0(bpy)(CO)(MeCN)(2)Cl](n).

Solvent-Dependent Formation of Os(0) Complexes by Electrochemical Reduction of [Os(CO)(2,2′-bipyridine)(L)Cl2]; L = Cl−,PrCN

Cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet−visible/infrared (UV−vis/IR) spectroelectrochemistry were used to study the cathodic electrochemical behavior of the osmium complexes mer-[OsIII(CO) (bpy)Cl3] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) and trans(Cl)-[OsII(CO) (PrCN)(bpy)Cl2] at variable temperature in different solvents (tetrahydrofuran (THF), butyronitrile (PrCN), acetonitrile (MeCN)) and electrolytes (Bu4NPF6, Bu4NCl). The precursors can be reduced to mer-[OsII(CO) (bpy•−)Cl3]2− and trans(Cl)-[OsII(CO)(PrCN) (bpy•−)Cl2]−, respectively, which react rapidly at room temperature, losing the chloride ligands and forming Os(0) species. mer-[OsIII(CO) (bpy)Cl3] is reduced in THF to give ultimately an Os−Os-bonded polymer, probably [Os0(CO) (THF)-(bpy)]n, whereas in PrCN the well-soluble, probably mononuclear [Os0(CO) (PrCN)(bpy)], species is formed. The same products were observed for the 2 electron reduction of trans(Cl)-[OsII(CO)(PrCN) (bpy)Cl2] in both solvents. In MeCN, similar to THF, the[Os0(CO) (MeCN)(bpy)]n polymer is produced. It is noteworthy that the bpy ligand in mononuclear [Os0(CO) (PrCN)(bpy)] is reduced to the corresponding radical anion at a significantly less negative potential than it is in polymeric [Os0(CO) (THF)(bpy)]n: ΔE1/2 = 0.67 V. Major differences also exist in the IR spectra of the Os(0) species: the polymer shows a broad ν(CO) band at much smaller wavenumbers compared to the soluble Os(0) monomer that exhibits a characteristic ν(Pr-CN) band below 2200 cm−1 in addition to the intense and narrow ν(CO) absorption band. For the first time, in this work the M0-bpy(M = Ru, Os) mono- and dicarbonyl species soluble in PrCN have been formulated as a mononuclear complex. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent-DFT calculations confirm the Os(0) oxidation state and suggest that [Os0(CO)(PrCN)(bpy)] is a square planar moiety. The reversible bpy-based reduction of [Os0(CO) (PrCN)(bpy)] triggers catalytic reduction of CO2 to CO and HCOO−.

Polarization and solvatochromic shift of ortho-betaine in water

Betaine dyes are known to show very large transition energy shifts in different solvents. The ortho-betaine molecule - a simple two-ring prototype of the E-T(30) Reichardt dye - has been investigated theoretically from a combined statistical and quantum mechanics approach. Using sequential Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and MP2/cc-pVDZ calculations the in-water dipole moment of ortho-betaine is obtained as 12.30 +/- 0.05 D. This result shows a considerable increase of 75% compared to the in-vacuum dipole moment. For comparison, the use of a polarizable continuum model using the same MP2/cc-pVDZ leads to an in-water dipole moment of 11.6 D, in good agreement. This large polarization is incorporated in the classical potential for another MC simulation to generate solute-solvent configurations and to obtain the contribution of the polarization effect in the solvatochromic shift. Using statistically uncorrelated configurations and supermolecular INDO/CIS calculations, including the solute and, explicitly, 230 solvent water molecules, the statistically converged calculated shift is obtained here as 6360 cm(-1), in good agreement with the experimental result of 7550 cm(-1). (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.