Effect of medications with anti-cholinergic properties on cognitive function, delirium, physical function and mortality:a systematic review

Objectives: to determine the effect of drugs with anti-cholinergic properties on relevant health outcomes.Design: electronic published and unpublished literature/trial registries were systematically reviewed. Studies evaluating medications with anti-cholinergic activity on cognitive function, delirium, physical function or mortality were eligible.Results: forty-six studies including 60,944 participants were included. Seventy-seven percent of included studies evaluating cognitive function (n = 33) reported a significant decline in cognitive ability with increasing anti-cholinergic load (P < 0.05). Four of five included studies reported no association with delirium and increasing anti-cholinergic drug load (P > 0.05). Five of the eight included studies reported a decline in physical function in users of anti-cholinergics (P < 0.05). Three of nine studies evaluating mortality reported that the use of drugs with anti-cholinergic properties was associated with a trend towards increased mortality, but this was not statistically significant. The methodological quality of the evidence-base ranged from poor to very good.Conclusion: medicines with anti-cholinergic properties have a significant adverse effect on cognitive and physical function, but limited evidence exists for delirium or mortality outcomes. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved.

The fevered novel from Balzac to Bernanos:frenetic Catholicism in crisis, delirium and revolution

Book Review: The Fevered Novel from Balzac to Bernanos: Frenetic Catholicism in Crisis, Delirium and Revolution. By Francesco Manzini. (IGRS Books). London: Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies, 2011. 264 pp. Full text: This monograph is an important and compelling account of a novelistic tradition that stretches from Georges Bernanos back to Balzac, by way of Léon Bloy, Joris-Karl Huysmans, and Barbey d'Aurevilly. Depending on a master plot that evokes Maistrean themes of blood, sacrifice, and redemption, working in a feverish female body, this canon combines Romantic freneticism and anti-Enlightenment religion to create a compound that Francesco Manzini calls ‘frenetic Catholicism’. The theme of fever, Manzini tells us, was commented on by Huysmans in writing about Barbey d'Aurevilly. When André Gide read Bernanos's Sous le soleil de Satan, he dismissed it as a rehash of Bloy and Barbey. In this present work Manzini aims to make us aware once more of the gradually intensifying themacity of fever in writings more usually classed in theologo-literary categories. His analysis encompasses (though is not restricted to) Balzac's Ursule Mirouët, Barbey d'Aurevilly's Un prêtre marié, Huysmans's En rade, Bloy's Le Désespéré and La Femme pauvre, and Bernanos's Nouvelle histoire de Mouchette. Thus, as Manzini argues in his conclusion, between the freneticism of the Romantics and that of the surrealists this corpus represents an intermediary wave of freneticism, foregrounding fever, hyperconsciousness, dreamlike episodes, and female automatism. Manzini's knowledge of, and ease amidst, the sources is constantly impressive. Much like Richard Griffiths before him (The Reactionary Revolution: The Catholic Revival in French Literature, 1870–1914 (London: Constable, 1966)), he has read both the bad novels and the good ones. For that we are in his debt. His commentary thrives on the oddities of his subjects. He points quite rightly to the peculiar hubris of writers whose contempt for the secular excesses of scientism leads them down a cul-de-sac of primitive medical quackery. Likewise, he underlines how Zola's attempt to unwrite Barbey — exorcising the former's anti-Romantic animus, as much as scratching his anticlerical itch — leads him to recapitulate Barbey's religious authoritarianism in the secular vernacular of patriarchy. Les espèces qui se rapprochent se mangent, to paraphrase Bernanos (Les Grands Cimetières sous la lune). In spite of all Manzini's tightly organized analysis, however, this reader wonders whether the fevered novel ‘best allowed contemporaries — and now […] literary critics and historians — to imagine the issues at stake in the amorphous scientistic, religious, and political debates’ of the period (p. 17). Below the ideological clashes of nineteenth-century science and religion, the two contending dynamics of anthropocentrism and theocentrism are attested and, it can be argued, even more perfectly dramatized in other Catholic literature (Charles Péguy's poetry, for example). In these terms, what distinguishes the Catholic frenetics from their Romantic or surrealist counterparts is that their fevered subject represents an attempt to build a road out of what Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor calls ‘buffered’ individuality, and back towards the theocentric porous subject who is open to divine influence. By way of minor corrections, nuns do not take holy orders (p. 94) but make religious profession by taking vows. Also, the last Eucharistic host is not extreme unction (p. 119) but viaticum.

Increasing delirium skills at the front door : results from a repeated survey on delirium knowledge and attitudes

© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Early detection of delirium in older medical inpatients: prodrome, predictors and motor subtyping

Background Delirium is highly prevalent, especially in older patients. It independently leads to adverse outcomes, but remains under-detected, particularly hypoactive forms. Although early identification and intervention is important, delirium prevention is key to improving outcomes. The delirium prodrome concept has been mooted for decades, but remains poorly characterised. Greater understanding of this prodrome would promote prompt identification of delirium-prone patients, and facilitate improved strategies for delirium prevention and management. Methods Medical inpatients of ≥70 years were screened for prevalent delirium using the Revised Delirium Rating Scale (DRS--‐R98). Those without prevalent delirium were assessed daily for delirium development, prodromal features and motor subtype. Survival analysis models identified which prodromal features predicted the emergence of incident delirium in the cohort in the first week of admission. The Delirium Motor Subtype Scale-4 was used to ascertain motor subtype. Results Of 555 patients approached, 191 patients were included in the prospective study. The median age was 80 (IQR 10) and 101 (52.9%) were male. Sixty-one patients developed incident delirium within a week of admission. Several prodromal features predicted delirium emergence in the cohort. Firstly, using a novel Prodromal Checklist based on the existing literature, and controlling for confounders, seven predictive behavioural features were identified in the prodromal period (for example, increasing confusion; and being easily distractible). Additionally, using serial cognitive tests and the DRS-R98 daily, multiple cognitive and other core delirium features were detected in the prodrome (for example inattention; and sleep-wake cycle disturbance). Examining longitudinal motor subtypes in delirium cases, subtypes were found to be predominantly stable over time, the most prevalent being hypoactive subtype (62.3%). Discussion This thesis explored multiple aspects of delirium in older medical inpatients, with particular focus on the characterisation of the delirium prodrome. These findings should help to inform future delirium educational programmes, and detection and prevention strategies.

Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU):A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Delirium is frequently diagnosed in critically ill patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Haloperidol is the most commonly used drug for delirium despite little evidence of its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to establish whether early treatment with haloperidol would decrease the time that survivors of critical illness spent in delirium or coma. Methods: We did this double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial in a general adult intensive care unit (ICU). Critically ill patients (≥18 years) needing mechanical ventilation within 72 h of admission were enrolled. Patients were randomised (by an independent nurse, in 1:1 ratio, with permuted block size of four and six, using a centralised, secure web-based randomisation service) to receive haloperidol 2·5 mg or 0·9% saline placebo intravenously every 8 h, irrespective of coma or delirium status. Study drug was discontinued on ICU discharge, once delirium-free and coma-free for 2 consecutive days, or after a maximum of 14 days of treatment, whichever came first. Delirium was assessed using the confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). The primary outcome was delirium-free and coma-free days, defined as the number of days in the first 14 days after randomisation during which the patient was alive without delirium and not in coma from any cause. Patients who died within the 14 day study period were recorded as having 0 days free of delirium and coma. ICU clinical and research staff and patients were masked to treatment throughout the study. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Registry, number ISRCTN83567338. Findings: 142 patients were randomised, 141 were included in the final analysis (71 haloperidol, 70 placebo). Patients in the haloperidol group spent about the same number of days alive, without delirium, and without coma as did patients in the placebo group (median 5 days [IQR 0-10] vs 6 days [0-11] days; p=0·53). The most common adverse events were oversedation (11 patients in the haloperidol group vs six in the placebo group) and QTc prolongation (seven patients in the haloperidol group vs six in the placebo group). No patient had a serious adverse event related to the study drug. Interpretation: These results do not support the hypothesis that haloperidol modifies duration of delirium in critically ill patients. Although haloperidol can be used safely in this population of patients, pending the results of trials in progress, the use of intravenous haloperidol should be reserved for short-term management of acute agitation. Funding: National Institute for Health Research. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Delirium rupestris. Caosmosis y creación artística

330 p.

Prevención del delirium agitado en la intervención policial

Cada vez son más los casos en donde una persona muere durante el forcejeo que mantiene con las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado durante el proceso de detención. Esto supone un gran reto profesional para el médico forense que realiza la autopsia. En muchas ocasiones, los resultados obtenidos tras la autopsia no son entendidos por la sociedad, familiares del fallecido ni correctamente divulgados por los medios de comunicación, pareciendo que dicha muerte queda en un limbo judicial. Estas muertes, generalmente son consecuencia del síndrome de delirium agitado. Este síndrome no es bien conocido en nuestro país por parte de médicos ni por cuerpos de seguridad. Se engloban dentro de las muertes en privación de libertad o death in custody. En su producción intervienen factores como la patología previa del paciente, consumo de drogas, especialmente cocaína, y la forma de llevar a cabo el proceso de inmovilización del detenido.

Rendimiento diagnóstico de la tomografía de cráneo en pacientes con delirium

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar el rendimiento de la tomografía axial computada de cráneo en el diagnóstico etiológico de delirium y qué factores son predictores de causa intracraneana del mismo. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes con diagnóstico de delirium a los cuales se les haya realizado una Tomografía de cráneo como parte de la valoración etiológica. Criterios de exclusión: factores que imposibiliten la entrevista. Como herramienta diagnóstica se utilizó el CAM (Confusion Assesment Method). Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 114 pacientes. La tomografía confirmó la causa de delirium en 18,4 % de los casos. Las variables que se asociaron con tomografía alterada fueron déficit focal neurológico y antecedentes de Trauma de cráneo. En 2.6% de los pacientes la tomografía confirmó una causa intracraneana de delirium a pesar de no tener signos focales neurológicos ni antecedente de traumatismo de cráneo. Conclusiones: La tomografía de cráneo es una herramienta de gran valor, pero no debería realizarse de urgencia, en forma rutinaria, en todos los pacientes con delirium. La tomografía debe indicarse de urgencia cuando existe antecedente de traumatismo de cráneo, hallazgo de signos focales neurológicos al examen o no se encuentra un factor precipitante. En los pacientes ancianos y/o con deterioro cognitivo previo debe tenerse presente que los factores precipitantes de delirium más frecuentes son extra-craneanos.

Delirium no doente critico internado na UCI

O delírium, vulgarmente conhecido como estado confusional agudo, é actualmente uma das doenças mentais mais prevalentes nos doentes internados nas UCI’s. Para a American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACCN, 2011) e para a Society of Critical Care Medicine (2013) a taxa de delírium pode chegar aos 60% nos doentes em respiração espontânea e aos 80% nos doentes sob ventilação mecânica. A AACCN (2011) e Barr et al (2013) salientam que a presença de delírium é um importante predictor independente de prognóstico negativo, que está associado quer a uma maior mortalidade, quer a uma maior duração do internamento e da ventilação mecânica, quer ainda a uma maior necessidade de reintubação. Estima-se que cada doente internado numa UCI apresente mais de dez factores de risco para o desenvolvimento de delírium, os quais devem ser identificados pelos enfermeiros, já que vários estudos comprovam bons resultados associados à realização de intervenções de enfermagem preventivas desta patologia. (Faria & Moreno, 2013) No âmbito de uma pós-licenciatura em enfermagem em pessoa em situação crítica, foi realizado um estudo exploratório-descritivo numa UCI do HGO, que pretendeu identificar os factores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de delírium em 57 doentes internados. Vários factores foram identificados (idade, género, antecedentes pessoais, fármacos, gravidade clínica, entre outros) e foram assinaladas intervenções de enfermagem preventivas. Com esta comunicação pretendemos dar a conhecer os resultados e as conclusões deste estudo primário sob o ponto de vista da enfermagem.

Avaliação e manejo domiciliar do delirium

Aborda a incidência, causas, fatores de risco, bem como classificação, estratégias para prevenção e tratamento de casos identificados no atendimento da atenção básica como sendo delirium. Unidade 01 "Avaliação e manejo domiciliar do delirium" do módulo 19 "Intercorrências agudas no domicílio III" do Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação em Atenção Domiciliar a Distância.

Medicamentos como fatores de risco do delirium

Este material compõe a Módulo 19 "Intercorrências no Domícilio III" produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA para o Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação Profissional em Atenção Domiciliar à Distância. Apresenta diversos medicamentos que podem causar delirium, entre eles antidepressivos, corticosteroides, agonistas dopaminérgicos e outros.

Estratégias de manejo em casos de delirium

O diagrama compõe a Unidade 1 do Módulo 19 "Intercorrências no Domícilio III", produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA para o Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação Profissional em Atenção Domiciliar à Distância. Apresenta as intervenções necessárias conforme a causa e a disponibilidade terapêutica do Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar no caso de atendimento a pacientes com delirium.

Delirium: como manejar?

Este material interativo compõe a Unidade 1 do Módulo 19 "Intercorrências no Domícilio III", produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA para o Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação Profissional em Atenção Domiciliar à Distância. Orienta quanto as medidas que devem ser tomadas no manejo de pacientes com suspeita de delirium.

Cognição: aspectos clínicos do delirium

Material interativo que compõe o módulo "Fonoaudiologia Geriátrica" do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa da UNA-SUS/UFMA. Aborda os aspectos clínicos do delirium, tais como consciência, cognição, atividades psicomotora e sono, início agudo e evidências clínicas.