The maternal JAK/STAT pathway of Drosophila regulates embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning

Activation of NFkappaB plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. In Drosophila, nuclear translocation of the NFkappaB-related transcription factor Dorsal is spatially regulated in order to subdivide the embryo into three primary dorsal-ventral (DV) domains: the ventral presumptive mesoderm, the lateral neuroectoderm and the dorsal ectoderm. Ventral activation of the Toll receptor induces degradation of the IkappaB-related inhibitor Cactus, liberating Dorsal for nuclear translocation. In addition, other pathways have been suggested to regulate Dorsal. Signaling through the maternal BMP member Decapentaplegic (Dpp) inhibits Dorsal translocation along a pathway parallel to and independent of Toll. In the present study, we show for the first time that the maternal JAK/STAT pathway also regulates embryonic DV patterning. Null alleles of loci coding for elements of the JAK/STAT pathway, hopscotch (hop), marelle (mrl) and zimp (zimp), modify zygotic expression along the DV axis. Genetic analysis suggests that the JAK kinase Hop, most similar to vertebrate JAK2, may modify signals downstream of Dpp. In addition, an activated form of Hop results in increased levels of Cactus and Dorsal proteins, modifying the Dorsal/Cactus ratio and consequently DV patterning. These results indicate that different maternal signals mediated by the Toll, BMP and JAK/STAT pathways may converge to regulate NFkappaB activity in Drosophila.

Expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early development of Rhynchosciara americana embryos

The establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in Drosophila is a complex process which involves the action of maternal and zygotically expressed genes. Interspecific differences in the expression pattern of some of these genes have been described in other species. Here we present the expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early embryogenesis in the lower dipteran Rhynchosciara americana. The expression of four genes, the ventralizing genes snail (sna) and twist (twi) and the dorsalizing genes decapentaplegic (dpp) and zerknüllt (zen), was investigated by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Sense and antisense mRNA were transcribed in vitro using UTP-digoxigenin and hybridized at 55°C with dechorionated fixed embryos. Staining was obtained with anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody revealed with NBT-BCIP solution. The results showed that, in general, the spatial-temporal expression of R. americana dorsal-ventral genes is similar to that observed in Drosophila, where twi and sna are restricted to the ventral region, while dpp and zen are expressed in the dorsal side. The differences encountered were subtle and probably represent a particular aspect of dorsal-ventral axis determination in R. americana. In this lower dipteran sna is expressed slightly later than twi and dpp expression is expanded over the lateral ectoderm during cellular blastoderm stage. These data suggest that the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in R. americana embryos follows a program similar to that observed in Drosophila melanogaster.

Early effects of estrogen on the rat ventral prostate

Complex interactions between androgen and estrogen (E2) regulate prostatic development and physiology. We analyzed the early effects of a high single dose of E2 (25 mg/kg body weight) and castration (separately or combined) on the adult 90-day-old male Wistar rat ventral prostate. Androgen levels, prostate weight, and the variation in the relative and absolute volume of tissue compartments and apoptotic indices were determined for 7 days. Castration and exogenous E2 markedly reduced ventral prostate weight (about 50% of the control), with a significant reduction in the epithelial compartment and increased stroma. The final volume of the epithelium was identical at day 7 for all treatments (58.5% of the control). However, E2 had an immediate effect, causing a reduction in epithelial volume as early as day 1. An increase in smooth muscle cell volume resulted from the concentration of these cells around the regressing epithelium. The treatments resulted in differential kinetics in epithelial cell apoptosis. Castration led to a peak in apoptosis at day 3, with 5% of the epithelial cells presenting signs of apoptosis, whereas E2 caused an immediate increase (observed on day 1) and a sustained (up to day 7) effect. E2 administration to castrated rats significantly increased the level of apoptosis by day 3, reaching 9% of the epithelial cells. The divergent kinetics between treatments resulted in the same levels of epithelial regression after 7 days (~30% of control). These results show that E2 has an immediate and possibly direct effect on the prostate, and anticipates epithelial cell death before reducing testosterone to levels as low as those of castrated rats. In addition, E2 and androgen deprivation apparently cause epithelial cell death by distinct and independent pathways.

Étude du rôle des récepteurs NMDA du mésencéphale ventral dans la récompense induite par la stimulation électrique du mésencéphale postérieur chez le rongeur.

La voie dopaminergique mésolimbique qui prend son origine dans le mésencéphale ventral et qui projette vers des régions rostrales du système limbique fait partie du substrat nerveux qui contrôle la récompense et les comportements motivés. Il a été suggéré qu’un signal de récompense est produit lorsque le patron de décharge des neurones dopaminergiques passe d’un mode tonique à un mode phasique, une transition qui est initiée par l’action du glutamate aux récepteurs N-Méthyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Étant donné qu’une altération du système de récompense est souvent associée à des anomalies cliniques telles que l’addiction compulsive et à des troubles émotionnels tels que l’anhédonie, nous avons étudié le rôle des récepteurs NMDA dans la récompense induite par la stimulation électrique intracérébrale. Puisque les récepteurs NMDA sont composés de sous-unités distinctes, GluN1, GluN2 et GluN3, nous avons étudié le rôle de deux sous-unités qui sont présentes dans le mésencéphale ventral : GluN2A et GluN2B. Les résultats montrent que des injections mésencéphaliques de R-CPP et de PPPA, des antagonistes préférentiels aux sous-unités GluN2A/B, ont produit une augmentation dose-dépendante de l’effet de récompense, un effet qui était, à certains temps après les injections, accompagné d’une augmentation du nombre de réponses maximales. Ces effets n’ont pas été observés après l’injection d’une large gamme de doses de Ro04-5595, un antagoniste des sous-unités GluN2B. Ces résultats suggèrent que le glutamate mésencéphalique exerce une modulation négative sur le circuit de récompense, un effet dû à son action au niveau des récepteurs NMDA composés des sous-unités GluN2A.

Sox1-deficient mice suffer from epilepsy associated with abnormal ventral forebrain development and olfactory cortex hyperexcitability

Mutations in several classes of embryonically-expressed transcription factor genes are associated with behavioral disorders and epilepsies. However, there is little known about how such genetic and neurodevelopmental defects lead to brain dysfunction. Here we present the characterization of an epilepsy syndrome caused by the absence of the transcription factor SOX1 in mice. In vivo electroencephalographic recordings from SOX1 mutants established a correlation between behavioral changes and cortical output that was consistent with a seizure origin in the limbic forebrain. In vitro intracellular recordings from three major forebrain regions, neocortex, hippocampus and olfactory (piriform) cortex (OC) showed that only the OC exhibits abnormal enhanced synaptic excitability and spontaneous epileptiform discharges. Furthermore, the hyperexcitability of the OC neurons was present in mutants prior to the onset of seizures but was completely absent from both the hippocampus and neocortex of the same animals. The local inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission remained normal in the OC of SOX1-deficient brains, but there was a severe developmental deficit of OC postsynaptic target neurons, mainly GABAergic projection neurons within the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus accumbens shell. Our data show that SOX1 is essential for ventral telencephalic development and suggest that the neurodevelopmental defect disrupts local neuronal circuits leading to epilepsy in the SOX1-deficient mice

Prefrontal cortical-ventral striatal interactions involved in affective modulation of attentional performance: implications for corticostriatal circuit function

Anatomically segregated systems linking the frontal cortex and the striatum are involved in various aspects of cognitive, affective, and motor processing. In this study, we examined the effects of combined unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (AcbC) in opposite hemispheres (disconnection) on a continuous performance, visual attention test [five-choice serial reaction-time task (5CSRTT)]. The disconnection lesion produced a set of specific changes in performance of the 5CSRTT, resembling changes that followed bilateral AcbC lesions while, in addition, comprising a subset of the behavioral changes after bilateral mPFC lesions previously reported using the same task. Specifically, both mPFC/AcbC disconnection and bilateral AcbC lesions markedly affected aspects of response control related to affective feedback, as indexed by perseverative responding in the 5CSRTT. These effects were comparable, although not identical, to those in animals with either bilateral AcbC or mPFC/AcbC disconnection lesions. The mPFC/AcbC disconnection resulted in a behavioral profile largely distinct from that produced by disconnection of a similar circuit described previously, between the mPFC and the dorsomedial striatum, which were shown to form a functional network underlying aspects of visual attention and attention to action. This distinction provides an insight into the functional specialization of corticostriatal circuits in similar behavioral contexts.

Mismatch Negativity (MMN) reveals inefficient auditory ventral stream function in chronic auditory comprehension impairments

Background: Auditory discrimination is significantly impaired in Wernicke’s aphasia (WA) and thought to be causatively related to the language comprehension impairment which characterises the condition. This study used mismatch negativity (MMN) to investigate the neural responses corresponding to successful and impaired auditory discrimination in WA. Methods: Behavioural auditory discrimination thresholds of CVC syllables and pure tones were measured in WA (n=7) and control (n=7) participants. Threshold results were used to develop multiple-deviant mismatch negativity (MMN) oddball paradigms containing deviants which were either perceptibly or non-perceptibly different from the standard stimuli. MMN analysis investigated differences associated with group, condition and perceptibility as well as the relationship between MMN responses and comprehension (within which behavioural auditory discrimination profiles were examined). Results: MMN waveforms were observable to both perceptible and non-perceptible auditory changes. Perceptibility was only distinguished by MMN amplitude in the PT condition. The WA group could be distinguished from controls by an increase in MMN response latency to CVC stimuli change. Correlation analyses displayed relationship between behavioural CVC discrimination and MMN amplitude in the control group, where greater amplitude corresponded to better discrimination. The WA group displayed the inverse effect; both discrimination accuracy and auditory comprehension scores were reduced with increased MMN amplitude. In the WA group, a further correlation was observed between the lateralisation of MMN response and CVC discrimination accuracy; the greater the bilateral involvement the better the discrimination accuracy. Conclusions: The results from this study provide further evidence for the nature of auditory comprehension impairment in WA and indicate that the auditory discrimination deficit is grounded in a reduced ability to engage in efficient hierarchical processing and the construction of invariant auditory objects. Correlation results suggest that people with chronic WA may rely on an inefficient, noisy right hemisphere auditory stream when attempting to process speech stimuli.

The Ventral Premammillary Nucleus Links Fasting-Induced Changes in Leptin Levels and Coordinated Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

Physiological conditions of low leptin levels like those observed during negative energy balance are usually characterized by the suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and fertility. Leptin administration restores LH levels and reproductive function. Leptin action on LH secretion is thought to be mediated by the brain. However, the neuronal population that mediates this effect is still undefined. The hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV) neurons express a dense concentration of leptin receptors and project to brain areas related to reproductive control. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PMV is well located to mediate leptin action on LH secretion. To test our hypothesis, we performed bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the PMV in adult female rats. PMV-lesioned animals displayed a clear disruption of the estrous cycle, remaining in anestrus for 15-20 d. After apparent recovery of cyclicity, animals perfused in the afternoon of proestrus showed decreased Fos immunoreactivity in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and in gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. PMV-lesioned animals also displayed decreased estrogen and LH secretion on proestrus. Lesions caused no changes in mean food intake and body weight up to 7 weeks after surgery. We further tested the ability of leptin to induce LH secretion in PMV-lesioned fasted animals. We found that complete lesions of the PMV precluded leptin stimulation of LH secretion on fasting. Our findings demonstrate that the PMV is a key site linking changing levels of leptin and coordinated control of reproduction.

Organization of ventral tegmental area projections to the ventral tegmental area-nigral complex in the rat

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a nodal link in reward circuitry. Based on its striatal output, it has been subdivided in a caudomedial part which targets the ventromedial striatum, and a lateral part which targets the ventrolateral striatum [Ikemoto S (2007) Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Res Rev 56:27-78]. Whether these two VTA parts are interconnected and to what extent the VTA innervates the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and retrorubral nucleus (RR) are critical issues for understanding information processing in the basal ganglia. Here, VTA projections to the VTA-nigral complex were examined in rats, using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as anterograde tracer. The results show that the dorsolateral VTA projects to itself, as well as to the dorsal tier of the SNc and RR, largely avoiding the caudomedial VTA. The ventrolateral VTA innervates mainly the interfascicular nucleus. The components of the caudomedial VTA (the interfascicular, paranigral and caudal linear nuclei) are connected with each other. In addition, the caudomedial VTA (especially the paranigral and caudal linear nuclei) innervates the lateral VTA, and, to a lesser degree, the SNc and RR. The caudal pole of the VTA sends robust, bilateral projections to virtually all the VTA-nigral complex, which terminate in the dorsal and ventral tiers. Modest inputs from the medial supramammillary nucleus to ventromedial parts of the VTA-nigral complex were also identified. In double-immunostained sections, PHA-L-labeled varicosities were sometimes found apposed to tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the ventral mesencephalon. Overall, the results underscore that VTA projections to the VTA-nigral complex are substantial and topically organized. In general, these projections, like the spiralated striato-nigro-striatal loops, display a medial-to-lateral organization. This anatomical arrangement conceivably permits the ventromedial striatum to influence the activity of the lateral striatum. The caudal pole of the VTA appears to be a critical site for a global recruitment of the mesotelencephalic system. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Efeitos fisiológicos e comportamentais de um protocolo de contenção em recém-nascidos pré-termo

Introdução: Programas de posicionamento têm sido propostos a fim de favorecer o desenvolvimento de recém-nascidos pré-termo e a facilitação dos movimentos que já realizava intra-útero, como levar a mão à boca ou à face, por exemplo. O presente estudo tem por objetivo determinar os efeitos de um protocolo de contenção postural sobre a estabilidade fisiológica e comportamental de recém-nascidos pré-termo quando submetidos à troca de fraldas. Método: Ensaio clínico de randomização cruzada com 47 recém-nascidos de peso ao nascer (PN) < 2000g e idade gestacional (IG) < 35 semanas internados no Serviço de Neonatologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Alegre. Os bebês foram avaliados com e sem o uso da intervenção proposta, que se trata do posicionamento do bebê em um ninho de forma oval, previamente produzido com toalhas enroladas de forma a dar contenção ao redor de todo o corpo, cabeça, costas, membros e apoio aos pés. Durante a observação como Controle, foi considerado o modelo de cuidado utilizado no serviço, que propõe intervenções específicas quanto ao posicionamento, mantendo o bebê apoiado com rolos de cueiros macios, posicionado em decúbito lateral ou ventral com os membros agrupados junto ao corpo.Uma Planilha de Avaliação foi elaborada para investigar os efeitos deste protocolo de Contenção Postural cinco minutos antes, imediatamente após, cinco minutos após e dez minutos após a realização de troca de fraldas.Resultados: A comparação entre os grupos mostrou maior Frequência Cardíaca (P=0,012), e menor Escore de Retraimento, Mímica Facial e Escore Facial de Dor (P<0,0001) no grupo Intervenção em relação ao grupo Controle. Conclusão: Os resultados desse estudo apontam para um efeito favorável da intervenção proposta sobre a estabilidade fisiológica e comportamental, com redução nos sinais de dor estresse durante a troca de fraldas.

Amígdala medial póstero-ventral : caracterização ultra-estrutural e volume somático neuronal em ratos machos e fêmeas ao longo do ciclo estral

A amígdala medial póstero-ventral (MePV) é uma estrutura encefálica onde os hormônios gonadais têm um efeito neurotrófico nos ratos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) estimar e comparar o volume somático neuronal da MePV de machos (n=5) e fêmeas nas fases de diestro, proestro e estro (n=5 em cada fase) do ciclo ovariano, além de avaliar o possível efeito na lateralidade em ambos os hemisférios cerebrais. Para tanto utilizou-se a reconstrução estereológica de cortes seriados. 2) Caracterizar os aspectos ultra-estruturais neuronais e descrever a ultra-estrutura dos contatos sinápticos nas diferentes porções de tais células (dendritos, espinhos dendríticos, soma e axônio) da mesma região de ratos machos (n=8) e fêmeas em diestro (n=8). Todos os animais foram manipulados de acordo com os procedimentos éticos, anestesiados e perfundidos por via transcardíaca, tendo seus encéfalos sido removidos, pós-fixados e processados para a microscopia eletrônica. No primeiro experimento, as estimativas do volume somático médio de neurônios da MePV esquerda e direita foram realizadas usando-se o método de Cavalieri associado à técnica de contagem de pontos. Os dados foram comparados entre os grupos usando-se o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) de duas vias para medidas repetidas e pelo teste post-hoc das mínimas diferenças significativas. O nível de significância estatística foi estabelecido em p < 0,05. A análise estatística dos dados mostrou que houve uma diferença no volume somático da MePV entre os grupos experimentais, machos, fêmeas em diestro, proestro e estro [F(3,16) = 3,42; p = 0,043], mas não houve diferença quanto à lateralidade [F(1,16) = 0,19; p = 0,668] nem na interação entre grupos e lateralidade [F(3,16) = 0,99; p = 0,421]. As comparações post-hoc mostraram que a média do volume dos machos não diferem quando comparados com fêmeas em diestro (p > 0,05), mas foi significativamente maior do que em fêmeas em proestro e em estro (p < 0,05 em ambos os casos). Quando foram comparadas as médias do volume somático da MePV nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral das fêmeas, não houve diferença significativa entre esses todos (p > 0,05). No segundo experimento, secções ultrafinas (70-80 nm) foram analisadas e a ultra-estrutura da MePV descrita. No neuropilo da MePV de machos e fêmeas em diestro, neurônios e suas organelas, dendritos com e sem espinho, processos axonais, feixes axônicos não-mielinizados e poucos axônios mielinizados, processos gliais e vasos sangüíneos foram identificados. Além disso, foram observadas sinapses axo-dendríticas supostamente excitatórias com suas regiões pré-sinápticas contendo vesículas claras arredondadas com algumas achatadas e outras de centro denso. Os dendritos algumas vezes recebem vários terminais axonais sobre um mesmo ramo e axônios contatando com mais de uma estrutura pós-sináptica também foram observados. Os espinhos dendríticos apresentavam diferentes morfologias e geralmente recebiam um único contato sináptico, ainda que se tenha observado espinhos com mais de um terminal em aposição a sua membrana. Sinapses simétricas supostamente inibitórias também foram observadas e geralmente no soma neuronal. Os presentes resultados demonstram que: 1) o volume somático neuronal é um parâmetro sexualmente dimórfico na MePV, sendo maior em machos do que em fêmeas em proestro e estro, mas não em fêmeas em diestro. 2) para evidenciar portanto, os efeitos dos hormônios gonadais nos neurônios da MePV é relevante considerar os estágios do ciclo estral das ratas. 3) o volume somático neuronal não mostrou lateralidade nem interação entre os grupos e lateralidade. 4) as peculiaridades nucleares e citoplasmáticas dos neurônios da MePV de ratos machos e fêmeas em diestro não diferem entre si e são semelhantes àquelas de outras áreas encefálicas. 5) espinhos dendríticos formam somente sinapses assimétricas (tipo I), aparentemente excitatórias, e podem ter mais de um contato sináptico. 6) sinapses simétricas (tipo II), aparentemente inibitórias, ocorrem somente sobre ramos dendríticos proximais e somas neuronais. 7) os terminais axonais formando sinapses foram observadas vesículas claras arredondadas e algumas achatadas e ocasionalmente algumas de centro denso. 8) aparentemente as fêmeas apresentaram maior quantidade de vesículas de centro denso do que em machos. O presente trabalho acrescenta novos achados que são importantes para o estudo da organização celular e sináptica da MePV e que podem se associar a outros dados morfológicos previamente descritos na literatura de modo a aumentar a compreensão que se tem a respeito da atividade funcional dessa área do encéfalo de ratos machos e fêmeas, ainda pouco explorada.

Biópsia hepática com agulha tru-cut guiada por videolaparoscopia em caprinos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)