Local and regional drugs task forces: handbook.

This handbook has been developed within the context of the institutional structures recommended under the National Drugs Strategy 2009-2016 and within the overall framework of the National Social Inclusion Plan 2007-2016. It sets out the role of the Drugs Task Forces within the national and local framework required to address the existing and emerging problems associated with drug use for individuals, families and communities in the context of the long term development of the work of the Drugs Task Forces.This resource was contributed by The National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.

A survey on the enlistment of pharmacists in a hospital battalion of the Swiss Armed Forces

Background: Pharmacists, mainly militiamen, are incorporated in the Swiss Armed Forces, for instance in hospital battalions to supply drugs and medical devices, as well as to coordinate hygiene service. Presently, their duties are only very globally defined. Aims: The objective of this survey was to investigate the tasks that were actually assumed by the military pharmacy of the 2nd Hospital Battalion. Methods: Two types of commitments, offering military and civilian interest's convergence, were considered between 2005 and 2011: (1) army camps for the disabled and (2) operations and supports provided to two nursing homes. While relieving the civil caregiver usually involved with disabled or elderly people, such missions offer indeed the possibility to the army medical service to train its care and logistical processes with real patients, even in the absence of any sanitary crisis or war in the country. Results: Two basis activities have been assumed: (1) centralized supply of drugs and medical devices and (2) coordination of hygiene monitoring and disinfection operations. New tasks were also performed: (3) support to the management of ward-based pharmacies, (4) pillboxes preparation, (5) medication review and (6) selective participation in clinical rounds. The last two were integrated in an interdisciplinary education process. Conclusions: Results shows that, apart from traditional duties, new clinical-oriented activities have been evenly developed and assumed by militia pharmacists. They call thus for a possible renewed definition of the tasks of military hospital pharmacists and of their related military education. A wider study in all hospital battalions is yet mandatory.

Pyoluteorin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is involved in the suppression of Pythium damping-off of cress but not of cucumber

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is an effective biocontrol agent of various soilborne pathogens. It controls damping-off or root rot caused byPythium ultimum on cucumber, wheat and cress. Strain CHA0 synthesizes several antibiotic metabolites such as hydrogen cyanide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and pyoluteorin. The role of pyoluteorin in the suppression of damping-off was investigated. Two Tn5 mutants (CHA660 and CHA661) of strain CHA0 were isolated which had lost the capacity to produce pyoluteorin but still produced 2,4-diacteylphloroglucinol and HCN. These mutants still inhibitedP. ultimum on malt agar (which favours the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) but had partially lost the ability to inhibit this pathogen on King's B agar (which favours the production of pyoluteorin). The two pyoluteorin-negative mutants showed a reduced capacity to suppress damping-off of cress caused byP. ultimum but were as effective in the protection of cucumber against this pathogen as the wild-type strain. These results indicate that, depending on the plant, pyoluteorin production plays a role in the suppression of damping-off by strain CHA0 without being a major mechanism in disease suppression. We suggest that the contribution of pyoluteorin to the biocontrol activity of strain CHA0 is determined by the quantity of this antibiotic produced in the rhizosphere, which might depend on the root exudates of the host plant.

Simulated joint and muscle forces in reversed and anatomic shoulder prostheses.

Reversed shoulder prostheses are increasingly being used for the treatment of glenohumeral arthropathy associated with a deficient rotator cuff. These non-anatomical implants attempt to balance the joint forces by means of a semi-constrained articular surface and a medialised centre of rotation. A finite element model was used to compare a reversed prosthesis with an anatomical implant. Active abduction was simulated from 0 degrees to 150 degrees of elevation. With the anatomical prosthesis, the joint force almost reached the equivalence of body weight. The joint force was half this for the reversed prosthesis. The direction of force was much more vertically aligned for the reverse prosthesis, in the first 90 degrees of abduction. With the reversed prosthesis, abduction was possible without rotator cuff muscles and required 20% less deltoid force to achieve it. This force analysis confirms the potential mechanical advantage of reversed prostheses when rotator cuff muscles are deficient.

Forces

Aquest treball descriu una unitat didàctica de Física per estudiants de 4rt d’ESO. Els següents conceptes son introduïts i practicats durant un total de nou sessions: massa i pes, diferents tipus de forces, representació vectorial de forces, i dinàmica. A més dels exercicis de classe estàndard, els alumnes són exposats a dos laboratoris virtuals diferents que els ajuden a visualitzar i explorar els conceptes esmentats. Els estudiants més motivats poden escollir fer exercicis addicionals d’una llista d’activitats lliures. La unitat inclou una descripció completa de totes les activitats proposades.

Evolutionary forces affect multigenomic arbuscular mycorhizal fungi : an experimental approach using Glomus intraradices

Abstract Arbuscular Mycorhizal Fungi (AMF) are important plant symbionts that can improve floristic diversity and ecosystem productivity. These important fungi are obligate biotrophs and form symbioses with roots of the majority of plant species, improving plant nutrient acquisition in exchange of photosynthates. AM fungi are successful both ecologically as they occupy a very large spectrum of environments as well as host range and evolutionarily, as this symbiosis is over 400 million years old. These fungi grow and reproduce clonally by hyphae and multinucleate spores. AMF are coenocytic and recent work has shown that they harbor genetically different nuclei and that AMF populations are genetically diverse. How AMF species diversity is maintained has been addressed theoretically and experimentally at the community level. Much less attention has been drawn to understand how genetic diversity is maintained within populations although closely related individuals are more likely to compete for the same resources and occupy similar niches. How infra-individual genetic diversity is shaped and maintained has received even less attention. In Chapter 2, we show that individuals from a field population may differ in their symbiotic efficiency under reduced phosphate availability: We show there is genetic variation in an AMF field population for fitness-related growth traits in response to different phosphate availability acid host species. Furthermore, AFLP fingerprints of the same individuals growing in contrasting environments diverged suggesting that the composition in nuclei of AMF is dynamical and affected by environmental factors. Thus environmental heterogeneity is likely to play an important role for the maintenance of genetic diversity at the population level. In Chapter 3 we show that single spores do not inherit necessarily the same genetic material. We have found genetic divergences using two different types of molecular marker, as well as phenotypic divergences among single spore lines. Our results stress the importance of considering these organisms as a multilevel hierarchical system and of better knowing their life cycle. They have important consequences for the understanding of AMF genetics, ecology and the development of commercial AMF inocculum. Résumé Les champignons endomycorhiziens arbusculaires (CEA) sont d'importants symbiontes pour les plantes, car ils augmentent la diversité et la productivité des écosystèmes. Ces importants symbiontes sont des biotrophes obligatoires et forment une symbiose avec la plupart des plantes terrestres. Ils améliorent l'acquisition de substances nutritives de leurs hôtes en échange de sucres obtenus par photosynthèse. Ces champignons ont un grand succès écologique, ils colonisent une grande rangée d'environnements ainsi que d'hôtes. Ils ont aussi un succès évolutif certain de part le fait que cette symbiose existe depuis plus de 400 millions d'années. Les CEA sont asexués et croissent clonalement en formant des hyphes et des spores multinuclées. Les CEA sont des coenocytes et des travaux de recherche récents ont montré qu'ils possèdent des noyaux génétiquement différents. D'autres travaux ont aussi révélé que les populations de CEA sont génétiquement diversifiées. Comment la diversité des CEA est maintenue a seulement été adressée par des études théoriques et expérimentalement au niveau des communautés. Très peu d'attention a été portée sur le maintien de la diversité génétique infra et inter populationnelle, or ce sont les individus les plus proches génétiquement qui vont entrer en compétition pour des ressources et niches similaires. La formation et le maintien de la diversité intra-individu des CEA a reçu très peu d'attention. Dans le chapitre 2, nous montrons que des individus CEA d'un même champ différent dans leur efficacité symbiotique lorsque la concentration en phosphoré est réduite. Nous montrons qu'il existe de la variance génétique dans une population de CEA provenant d'un même champ en réponse à différentes concentrations de phosphore, ainsi qu'en réponse à différentes espèces d'hôtes, et ceci pour des traits de croissance vraisemblablement liés au succès reproducteur. De plus grâce à des AFLP nous avons pu montrer que le génome de ces individus subissent des changements lorsqu'ils croissent dans des environnements contrastés. Ceci suggère que les noyaux génétiquement différents des CEA sont des entités dynamiques. Il est fort probable que l'hétérogénéité environnementale joue un rôle dans le maintien de la diversité génétique des populations de CEA. Dans le chapitre 3, nous montrons que toutes les spores d'un même mycélium parental de CEA ne reçoivent pas exactement le même contenu génétique. Nous avons mis en évidence des divergences entre des Lignées monosporales en utilisant deux types de marqueur moléculaires, ainsi que des différences phénotypiques. Nos résutats soulignent l'importance de considézer ces organismes comme dés systëmes hiérarchiques mufti-niveaux, ainsi que de mieux connaître leur cycle de vie. Nos résultats ont d'importantes conséquences pour la compréhension du système génétique des CEA, ainsi que de leur évolution, leur écológie, mais également des conséquences pour la production d' inoccultim commercial.

Sur une conception nouvelle des forces intérieures dans un fluide en mouvement / par M. Stanislas Zaremba,...

Collection : Mémorial des sciences mathématiques ; fasc. 82

Temperature-induced resonances and Landau damping of collective modes in Bose-Einstein condensed gases in spherical traps

Interaction between collective monopole oscillations of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate and thermal excitations is investigated by means of perturbation theory. We assume spherical symmetry to calculate the matrix elements by solving the linearized Gross-Pitaevskii equations. We use them to study the resonances of the condensate induced by temperature when an external perturbation of the trapping frequency is applied and to calculate the Landau damping of the oscillations.