The role of melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphism in skin cancer risk phenotypes

We have examined melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variant allele frequencies in the general population and in a collection of adolescent dizygotic and monozygotic twins to determine statistical associations of pigmentation phenotypes with increased skin cancer risk. This included hair and skin color, freckling, mole count and sun exposed skin reflectance. Nine variants were studied and designated as either strong R (OR = 63; 95% CI 32-140) or weak r (OR = 5; 95% CI 3-11) red hair alleles. Penetrance of each MC1R variant allele was consistent with an allelic model where effects were multiplicative for red hair but additive for skin reflectance. To assess the interaction of the brown eye color gene BEY2/OCA2 on the phenotypic effects of variant MC1R alleles we imputed OCA2 genotype in the twin collection. A modifying effect of OCA2 on MC1R variant alleles was seen on constitutive skin color, freckling and mole count. In order to study the individual effects of these variants on pigmentation phenotype we have established a series of human primary melanocyte strains genotyped for the MC1R receptor. These include strains which are MC1R wild-type consensus, variant heterozygotes, and homozygotes for strong R alleles Arg151Cys and Arg160Trp. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that only consensus strains contained stage III and IV melanosomes in their terminal dendrites whereas Arg151Cys and Arg160Trp homozygous strains contained only immature stage I and II melanosomes. Such genetic association studies combined with the functional analysis of MC1R variant alleles in melanocytic cells should provide a link in understanding the association between pigmentary phototypes and skin cancer risk.

Linkage and Association Analysis of Radiation Damage Repair Genes XRCC3 and XRCC5 with Nevus Density in Adolescent Twins

Previous studies have shown that a deficiency in DNA damage repair is associated with increased cancer risk, and exposure to UV radiation is a major risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma. High density of common nevi (moles) is a major risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. A nevus may result from a mutation in a single UV-exposed melanocyte which failed to repair DNA damage in one or more critical genes. XRCC3 and XRCC5 may have an effect on nevus count through their function as components of DNA repair processes that may be involved directly or indirectly in the repair of DNA damage due to UV radiation. This study aims to test the hypothesis that the frequency of flat or raised moles is associated with polymorphism at or near these DNA repair genes, and that certain alleles are associated with less efficient DNA repair, and greater nevus density. Twins were recruited from schools in south eastern Queensland and were examined close to their 12th birthday. Nurses examined each individual and counted all moles on the entire body surface. A 10cM genome scan of 274 families (642 individuals) was performed and microsatellite polymorphisms in XRCC3 and adjacent to XRCC5 were also typed. Linkage and association of nevus count to these loci were tested simultaneously using a structural-equation modeling approach implemented in MX. There is weak evidence for linkage of XRCC5 to a QTL influencing raised mole count, and also weak association. There is also weak evidence for association between flat mole count and XRCC3. No tests were significant after correction for testing multiple alleles, nor were any of the tests for total association significant. If variation in XRCC3 or XRCC5 influences UV sensitivity, and indirectly affects nevus density, then the effects are small.

Ocular melanoma is not associated with CDKN2A or MC1R variants - a population-based study

Germline variants in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) and the p16 gene (CDKN2A) are associated with an increased risk of cutaneous melanoma. The frequency of these germline variants was examined in a population-based, incident series of 62 ocular melanoma cases and ethnicity-matched population controls. In both cases and controls, 59% of individuals carried at least one MC1R variant and there were no significant differences in the frequency of any of the five most common variants of MC1R. We also found no significant differences between cases and controls in the frequency of any of the four most common variants of CDKN2A, and no melanoma case carried a deleterious germline CDKN2A mutation. Our findings argue against an important predisposing effect of the MC1R and CDKN2A genes for ocular melanoma.

Dizygotic twinning is not associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase haplotypes

Background: Folate metabolism is critical to embryonic development, influencing neural tube defects (NTD) and recurrent early pregnancy loss. Polymorphisms in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) have been associated with dizygotic (DZ) twinning through pregnancy loss. Methods: The C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in MTHFR were genotyped in 258 Australasian families (1016 individuals) and 118 Dutch families (462 individuals) of mothers of DZ twins and a population sample of 462 adolescent twin families (1861 individuals). Haplotypes were constructed from the alleles, and transmission of the MTHFR haplotypes to mothers of DZ twins and from parents to twins in the adolescent twin families analysed. Results: The C677T and A1298C were common in all three populations (frequencies > 0.29). There was strong linkage disequilibrium (D'=1) between the variants, showing that specific combinations of alleles (haplotypes) were transmitted together. Three haplotypes accounted for nearly all the variation. There was no evidence of any association between MTHFR genotype and twinning in mothers of twins, or of the loss of specific MTHFR genotypes during twin pregnancies. Conclusions: It is concluded that variation in twinning frequency is not associated with MTHFR genotype.

Blood groups and malaria

The possible relationship between erythrocyte antigens and the presence of malaria infection by P. vivax and P. falciparurn was sought in four different ethnic groups of two departments of Colombia. Malaria infection by P. falciparum was found in 91.4% of malaria infected blacks. No significant differences were found between the presence of malaria infection and ABO antigens. In the other blood groups, it was observed that groups MNSs conferred black people a greater Rr for malaria by both species of Plasmodium and that Duffy-negative blacks and indians appeared to be resistant to P. vivax infection. A predominance of P. vivax infection was observed in Katio indians while P.falciparum was predominant in Kuna indians; the reason for this finding still needs to be explored.

Efeito dos factores do hospedeiro e parasitários na susceptibilidade à Malária e gravidade da Doença

A malária é considerada como a doença parasitária mais séria em humanos, infectando cerca de 5 a 10% da população mundial, estimando-se entre 300 a 600 milhões de casos e mais de dois milhões de mortes, anualmente. Apesar da severidade da doença, a compreensão da variabilidade da resposta do hospedeiro à infecção (traduzida desde a infecção silenciosa até formas crónicas da doença, passando por quadros clínicos potencialmente fatais), continua a ser um dos grandes desafios da investigação médica. Vários factores genéticos parasitários ou do hospedeiro, estado imune e níveis de exposição, contribuem para esta variabilidade, mas a sua importância relativa para a carga total da doença tem sido pouco estudada. Entre outros, é possível salientar como fontes importantes de variabilidade na susceptibilidade à malária e gravidade da doença, factores intrínsecos ao hospedeiro tais como polimorfismos genéticos relacionados com as células sanguíneas e factores parasitários como a composição da(s) população(ões) parasitária(s) presentes na infecção. Factores do hospedeiro humano relacionados com as células sanguíneas (drepanocitose e deficiência na glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase - G6PD) têm sido tradicionalmente estudados e relacionados com a gravidade da malária causada por Plasmodium falciparum. Relativamente às populações parasitárias, das cinco espécies que infectam humanos, P. falciparum continua a ser responsável pela malária grave, apesar de muito recentemente alguma gravidade ser atribuída a Plasmodium vivax. Sabe-se que nas mesmas áreas outras espécies coexistem em muito maior prevalência, contrariando o que se pensava há algum tempo. Apesar de poucos estudos terem focado o tema das infecções mistas, existem alguns relatos de que eventuais interacções entre as diferentes espécies presentes simultaneamente no mesmo hospedeiro poderem afectar a susceptibilidade à doença. Com o objectivo geral de avaliar o efeito e a contribuição destes factores na susceptibilidade e gravidade da malária, analisando e comparando três grupos (estudo de caso-controlo) doentes com malária grave (MG), doentes com malária não-complicada (Mnc) e indivíduos infectados assintomáticos (IA), realizámos em Angola de 2007 a 2010, um estudo em sete das 18 províncias com distintos níveis de endemicidade. Foram obtidas 1.416 amostras de sangue periférico de 1.198 indivíduos assintomáticos e 218 doentes. O DNA obtido a partir destes isolados foi utilizado para detecção da presença de variantes genéticos relacionados com os eritrócitos (drepanocitose – análise do gene HBB, deficiência G6PD – análise do gene G6PD, antigénio Duffy-análise do gene DARC) e identificação das espécies de Plasmodium presentes, através de nested-PCR mediante a amplificação dos genes que codificam a subunidade menor do RNA ribossomal. Os resultados demonstraram prevalências superiores às anteriormente descritas em relação às seguintes espécies parasitárias: P. falciparum 98,2% vs 92,0% e Plasmodium malariae 10,7% vs 1,0% e inferior em relação a P. vivax 2,5% vs 7,0%. Foi reconfirmada a presença de Plasmodium ovale (descrita anteriormente), mas não publicada em documentos oficiais e relatada pela primeira vez em Angola a presença de infecções mistas (duplas e triplas) (15,7%) e de infecção por P. vivax em indivíduos Duffy-negativos (dados publicados). Relativamente aos polimorfismos relacionados com os genes HBB e G6PD e provável associação com a protecção à malária, os nossos resultados confirmam a associação do traço falciforme (heterozigotia HbS), com a protecção à doença (OR = 0,30; IC 95% 0,18-0,49; p<0,001). Contudo, não foi encontrada, quer nos indivíduos hemizigóticos, quer nos heterozigóticos para o alelo G6PD (A-) nenhuma evidência para a protecção a malária (MG e Mnc) (OR = 1,69; IC 95% 0,91-3,13; p=0,096). Os resultados desta investigação requerem um estudo mais aprofundado, com uma dimensão amostral maior, necessário à confirmação da nossa observação.

Caracterização da Utilização de Sugamadex no Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central - Hospital de S. José

Introdução O sugamadex é uma gama ciclodextrina modificada que forma um complexo com os bloqueadores neuromusculares rocurónio e vecurónio, revertendo o bloqueio neuromuscular (BNM) induzido por estes fármacos1,2,3,4. O sugamadex apresentou valor terapêutico acrescentado em relação aos anticolinesterásicos, nomeadamente à neostigmina, para a reversão do BNM causado pelo rocurónio e vecurónio1,3. No Hospital de São José (HSJ) este medicamento foi introduzido em Outubro de 2010 para a reversão do BNM profundo e nas situações de risco de vida imediato associadas a via aérea difícil com impossibilidade de ventilar e de entubar. A dispensa do sugamadex é efectuada por reposição de stock mediante envio de justificação clínica aos Serviços Farmacêuticos (SF). Objetivo Caracterizar a utilização de sugamadex no HSJ: evolução do consumo, serviços clínicos utilizadores e adequação da utilização clínica face às indicações aprovadas pela Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica (CFT). Métodos Pesquisa e análise bibliográfica. Recolha, através da do sistema de gestão integrada do circuito do medicamento, dos dados de consumo desde Outubro de 2010 até Junho de 2015, por semestre e por serviço clínico. Recolha das indicações terapêuticas em que o sugamadex foi administrado, no período acima referido, através da consulta das justificações clínicas. Análise retrospectiva dos dados recolhidos. Resultados Apresentação gráfica dos consumos de sugamadex nos serviços utilizadores no período em estudo. Apresentação gráfica das indicações terapêuticas em que foi administrado, por serviço e no período em estudo. Conclusões O consumo de sugamadex tem um evidente crescimento desde o seu início de utilização. A justificação dominante para a utilização do sugamadex é a curarização residual. Verifica-se um alargamento do âmbito de utilização, face às indicações aprovadas pela CFT. Decorridos cinco anos de utilização, justifica-se uma reavaliação das indicações de utilização no HSJ pela CFT. Bibliografia 1. Chambers D, Paulden M, Paton F, Heirs M, Duffy S, Craig D, et al. Sugammadex for the reversal of muscle relaxation in general anaesthesia: a systematic review and economic assessment. Health Technol Assess 2010;14(39). 2. De Boer HD, Van Egmond J, Driessen JJ, Booij LH. Update on the management of neuromuscular block: Focus on sugammadex. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007;3:539-44. 3. Relatório avaliação prévia de medicamento para uso humano em meio hospitalar – DCI – Sugamadex (06-05-2010) – Infarmed - acedido a 27/08/2015 www.infarmed.pt. 4. Resumo das Características do Medicamento Bridion® 100 mg/ml solução injectável - acedido a 27/08/2015 www.ema.europa.eu/.

The impact of Ireland’s current Mental Health Policy on the profile of community mental Health Services

RESUMO: Em 2006, foi aprovada uma nova política governamental para a saúde mental intitulada “Uma Visão para a Mudança”, a qual está neste momento no sétimo ano de implementação. A política descreve um enquadramento para o desenvolvimento e promoção da saúde mental positiva para toda a Comunidade e para a prestação de serviços acessíveis, baseados na comunidade, serviços especializados para pessoas com doença mental. A implementação da política e o tornar a “Vision for Change” uma realidade têm sido problemáticos, com críticas consideráveis por parte dos intervenientes, relativas à lenta e desconexa implementação. Este estudo fornece informação sobre as características dos serviços de três importantes tipos de instituições de saúde mental comunitária a nível nacional, nomeadamente Hospitais de Dia, Centros de Dia e residências comunitárias operantes 24 horas. A pesquisa analisa objetivos e funções, perfis dos pacientes, atividades terapêuticas, a eficácia das redes de comunicação e beneficia da perspectiva dos funcionários sobre o que mudou no terreno ao longo dos últimos sete anos. As questões identificadas a partir das características dos três serviços dizem respeito a todos. Os participantes indicaram que o ethos da recuperação parece ter alcançado um papel mais central no tratamento do paciente na comunidade mas reconheceram que o desafio de integrar os princípios de recuperação na prática clínica se mantém presente. Parece ser reconhecida a importância da planificação do cuidado individual nos serviços comunitários e os entrevistados indicaram que existe um empenho para garantir o envolvimento do usuário do serviço. Há diferenças entre os „pontos de vista do pessoal‟ e os „pontos de vista dos representantes‟ sobre uma série de aspetos da prestação de serviços. Este é o primeiro estudo irlandês deste género a examinar a prestação de serviços das três principais instituições comunitárias de saúde mental num só estudo. Estes serviços representam um enorme investimento em recursos, quer a nível monetário, quer humano. O estudo examinou os desafios e as questões fundamentais que lhe são aplicáveis e que têm impacto nestes três tipos de prestação de serviços. Também forneceu informações sobre os elementos de mudança positiva, os quais se começam a focar lentamente na prestação do serviço, assim como na importância da centralidade do utilizador do serviço e na promoção de um ethos da recuperação.----------ABSTRACT: In 2006, a new Government policy for mental health “A Vision for Change” was endorsed and is currently in the seventh year of implementation. The policy describes a comprehensive framework for building and fostering positive mental health across the entire community and for providing accessible, community based, specialist services for people with mental illness. The implementation of the policy and turning “Vision for Change” into reality has been problematic with considerable criticism from stakeholders concerning slow and disjointed implementation. This study provides information on three key community mental health service settings, namely Day Hospitals, Day Centres and 24 Hour Community Residences at a national level. The research looks at aims and functions, patient profiles, therapeutic activities, effectiveness of key communication networks and gains an insight from staff on what has changed on the ground over the past seven years. Issues identified from the three service settings pertain to all. Participants indicated that the recovery ethos appears to have moved to a more central role in patient care in the community but acknowledged that the challenge of integrating recovery principles in clinical practice remains present. The importance of individual care planning appears to be recognised in community services and respondents indicated that efforts are being made to ensure service user involvement. There were differences between „staff views‟ and „advocate views‟ on a number of aspects of service provision. This is the first Irish study of its kind to examine service provision across the three main community mental health settings in one study. These services represent a huge investment in resources both on a monetary and human level. This study has examined the challenges and key issues which are applicable and impacting on all three types of service provision. It has also provided information on the elements of positive change, which are slowly embedding themselves in service provision such as the importance of the centricity of the service user and the promotion of a recovery ethos.

Correlated equilibria, good and bad: an experimental study

We report results from an experiment that explores the empirical validity of correlated equilibrium, an important generalization of the Nash equilibrium concept. Specifically, we seek to understand the conditions under which subjects playing the game of Chicken will condition their behavior on private, third–party recommendations drawn from known distributions. In a “good–recommendations” treatment, the distribution we use is a correlated equilibrium with payoffs better than any symmetric payoff in the convex hull of Nash equilibrium payoff vectors. In a “bad–recommendations” treatment, the distribution is a correlated equilibrium with payoffs worse than any Nash equilibrium payoff vector. In a “Nash–recommendations” treatment, the distribution is a convex combination of Nash equilibrium outcomes (which is also a correlated equilibrium), and in a fourth “very–good–recommendations” treatment, the distribution yields high payoffs, but is not a correlated equilibrium. We compare behavior in all of these treatments to the case where subjects do not receive recommendations. We find that when recommendations are not given to subjects, behavior is very close to mixed–strategy Nash equilibrium play. When recommendations are given, behavior does differ from mixed–strategy Nash equilibrium, with the nature of the differ- ences varying according to the treatment. Our main finding is that subjects will follow third–party recommendations only if those recommendations derive from a correlated equilibrium, and further, if that correlated equilibrium is payoff–enhancing relative to the available Nash equilibria.

The association of genetic markers and malaria infection in the Brazilian Western Amazonian region

Almost all individuals (182) belonging to an Amazonian riverine population (Portuchuelo, RO, Brazil) were investigated for ascertaining data on epidemiological aspects of malaria. Thirteen genetic blood polymorphisms were investigated (ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, and Duffy systems, haptoglobins, hemoglobins, and the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase, carbonic anhydrase, red cell acid phosphatase, and esterase D). The results indicated that the Duffy system is associated with susceptibility to malaria, as observed in other endemic areas. Moreover, suggestions also arose indicating that the EsD and Rh loci may be significantly associated with resistance to malaria. If statistical type II errors and sample stratification could be ruled out, hypotheses on the existence of a causal mechanism or an unknown closely linked locus involved in susceptibility to malaria infection may explain the present findings.

Apprenticeship Council Report on New Apprenticeship Programme Proposals

In May 2013, the then Minister for Education and Skills announced a wide ranging review of apprenticeship in Ireland. The review was undertaken by an independent Review Group under the chairmanship of Kevin Duffy. The objective of the review was to “examine the future of apprenticeship training in Ireland with a greater focus on a work based learning and a closer alignment of the current needs if the Irish labour market”. The Apprenticeship Review took place in the context of a wider reform programme in education and training, including major structural change in further education and training, the establishment of SOLAS and the development of new national strategies in both further and higher education. Apprenticeship was defined by the Apprenticeship Review Group as a programme of structured education and training, which formally combines and alternates learning in the work place with learning in an education or training centre, (a dual system i.e. a blended combination of on-the-job employer-based training and off-the-job training) whose completion - Prepares the participant for a specific occupation - Leads to an award, recognised under the National Framework of Qualifications from Level 5 to Level 1

Comparative recognition by human IgG antibodies of recombinant proteins representing three asexual erythrocytic stage vaccine candidates of Plasmodium vivax

In previous immuno-epidemiological studies of the naturally acquired antibody responses to merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium vivax, we had evidence that the responses to distinct erythrocytic stage antigens could be differentially regulated. The present study was designed to compare the antibody response to three asexual erythrocytic stage antigens vaccine candidates of P. vivax. Recombinant proteins representing the 19 kDa C-terminal region of MSP-1(PvMSP19), apical membrane antigen n-1 ectodomain (PvAMA-1), and the region II of duffy binding protein (PvDBP-RII) were compared in their ability to bind to IgG antibodies of serum samples collected from 220 individuals from the state of Pará, in the North of Brazil. During patent infection with P. vivax, the frequency of individuals with IgG antibodies to PvMSP1(19), PvAMA-1, and PvDBP-RII were 95, 72.7, and 44.5% respectively. Although the frequency of responders to PvDBP-RII was lower, this frequency increased in individuals following multiple malarial infections. Individually, the specific antibody levels did not decline significantly nine months after treatment, except to PvMSP1(19). Our results further confirm a complex regulation of the immune response to distinct blood stage antigens. The reason for that is presently unknown but it may contribute to the high risk of re-infection in individuals living in the endemic areas.

Is the ability of biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads to produce the antifungal metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol really synonymous with higher plant protection?

The antifungal compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) contributes to biocontrol in pseudomonads, but whether or not Phl(+) biocontrol pseudomonads display higher plant-protecting activity than Phl(-) biocontrol pseudomonads remains to be demonstrated. This issue was addressed by assessing 230 biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads selected from a collection of 3132 bacterial isolates obtained from 63 soils worldwide. One-third of the biocontrol pseudomonads were Phl(+) and almost all Phl(+) isolates also produced hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The only Phl(+) HCN(-) strain did harbor hcn genes, but with the deletion of a 134 bp hcnC fragment corresponding to an ADP-binding motif. Statistical analysis of biocontrol isolate distributions indicated that Phl production ability was associated with superior disease suppression activity in the Pythium-cucumber and Fusarium-tomato pathosystems, but this was also the case with HCN production ability. However, HCN significance was not as strong, as indicated both by the comparison of Phl(-) HCN(+) and Phl(-) HCN(-) strains and by correlation analyses. This is the first population-level demonstration of the higher plant-protecting activity of Phl(+) biocontrol pseudomonads in comparison with Phl(-) biocontrol pseudomonads.