Cytomegalovirus in the Process of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity, costs and even mortality in organ transplant recipients. CMV may also enhance the development of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), which is the most important cause of graft loss after kidney transplantation. The evidence for the role of CMV in chronic allograft nephropathy is somewhat limited, and controversial results have also been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CMV in the pathogenesis of CAN. Material for the purpose of this study was available from altogether 70 kidney transplant recipients who received a kidney transplant between the years 1992-2000. CMV infection was diagnosed with pp65 antigenemia test or by viral culture from blood, urine, or both. CMV proteins were demonstrated in the kidney allograft biopsies by immunohistochemisrty and CMV-DNA by in situ hybridization. Cytokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors were demonstrated from allograft biopsies by immunohistochemistry, and from urinary samples by ELISA-methods. CMV proteins were detectable in the 6-month protocol biopsies from 18/41 recipients with evidence of CMV infection. In the histopathological analysis of the 6-month protocol biopsies, presence of CMV in the allograft together with a previous history of acute rejection episodes was associated with increased arteriosclerotic changes in small arterioles. In urinary samples collected during CMV infection, excretion of TGF-β was significantly increased. In recipients with increased urinary excretion of TGF-β, increased interstitial fibrosis was recorded in the 6- month protocol biopsies. In biopsies taken after an active CMV infection, CMV persisted in the kidney allograft in 17/48 recipients, as CMV DNA or antigens were detected in the biopsies more than 2 months after the last positive finding in blood or urine. This persistence was associated with increased expression of TGF-β, PDGF, and ICAM-1 and with increased vascular changes in the allografts. Graft survival and graft function one and two years after transplantation were reduced in recipients with persistent intragraft CMV. Persistent intragraft CMV infection was also a risk factor for reduced graft survival in Cox regression analysis, and an independent risk factor for poor graft function one and two years after transplantation in logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, these results show that persistent intragraft CMV infection is detrimental to kidney allografts, causing increased expression of growth factors and increased vascular changes, leading to reduced graft function and survival. Effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CMV infections may a major factor in improving the long term survival of kidney allograft.

Studies in the polarography of metal-amino acid complexes -Part II. Lead

1. The polarographic behaviour of glycine, α-alanine, β-alanine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and asparagine complexes of lead has been studied at various pH values and in presence of (1) NaOH, (2) Na2CO3 and (3) NH4 NO3+NH4OH. All the polarographic waves have been found to be reversible. 2. Experiments conducted on the effect of variation of pH, i.e., 7

Dual-Drug Delivery System Based on In Situ Gel-Forming Nanosuspension of Forskolin to Enhance Antiglaucoma Efficacy

The present study was designed to improve the bioavailability of forskolin by the influence of precorneal residence time and dissolution characteristics. Nanosizing is an advanced approach to overcome the issue of poor aqueous solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Forskolin nanocrystals have been successfully manufactured and stabilized by poloxamer 407. These nanocrystals have been characterized in terms of particle size by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. By formulating Noveon AA-1 polycarbophil/poloxamer 407 platforms, at specific concentrations, it was possible to obtain a pH and thermoreversible gel with a pH(gel)/T-gel close to eye pH/temperature. The addition of forskolin nanocrystals did not alter the gelation properties of Noveon AA-1 polycarbophil/poloxamer 407 and nanocrystal properties of forskolin. The formulation was stable over a period of 6 months at room temperature. In vitro release experiments indicated that the optimized platform was able to prolong and control forskolin release for more than 5 h. The in vivo studies on dexamethasone-induced glaucomatous rabbits indicated that the intraocular pressure lowering efficacy for nanosuspension/hydrogel systems was 31% and lasted for 12 h, which is significantly better than the effect of traditional eye suspension (18%, 4-6 h). Hence, our investigations successfully prove that the pH and thermoreversible polymeric in situ gel-forming nanosuspension with ability of controlled drug release exhibits a greater potential for glaucoma therapy.

The 26 July 2005 heavy rainfall event over Mumbai: numerical modeling aspects

The performance of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) in simulating an extreme rainfall event is evaluated, and subsequently the physical mechanisms leading to its initiation and sustenance are explored. As a case study, the heavy precipitation event that led to 65 cm of rainfall accumulation in a span of around 6 h (1430 LT-2030 LT) over Santacruz (Mumbai, India), on 26 July, 2005, is selected. Three sets of numerical experiments have been conducted. The first set of experiments (EXP1) consisted of a four-member ensemble, and was carried out in an idealized mode with a model grid spacing of 1 km. In spite of the idealized framework, signatures of heavy rainfall were seen in two of the ensemble members. The second set (EXP2) consisted of a five-member ensemble, with a four-level one-way nested integration and grid spacing of 54, 18, 6 and 1 km. The model was able to simulate a realistic spatial structure with the 54, 18, and 6 km grids; however, with the 1 km grid, the simulations were dominated by the prescribed boundary conditions. The third and final set of experiments (EXP3) consisted of a five-member ensemble, with a four-level one-way nesting and grid spacing of 54, 18, 6, and 2 km. The Scaled Lagged Average Forecasting (SLAF) methodology was employed to construct the ensemble members. The model simulations in this case were closer to observations, as compared to EXP2. Specifically, among all experiments, the timing of maximum rainfall, the abrupt increase in rainfall intensities, which was a major feature of this event, and the rainfall intensities simulated in EXP3 (at 6 km resolution) were closest to observations. Analysis of the physical mechanisms causing the initiation and sustenance of the event reveals some interesting aspects. Deep convection was found to be initiated by mid-tropospheric convergence that extended to lower levels during the later stage. In addition, there was a high negative vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature suggesting strong atmospheric instability prior to and during the occurrence of the event. Finally, the presence of a conducive vertical wind shear in the lower and mid-troposphere is thought to be one of the major factors influencing the longevity of the event.

Conformational studies on beta-bend containing a cis peptide unit

Conformational studies have been carried out on the X-cis-Pro tripeptide system (a system of three linked peptide units, in the trans-cis-trans configuration) using energy minimization techniques. For X, residues Gly, L-Ala, D-Ala and L-Pro have been used. The energy minima have been classified into different groups based upon the conformational similarity. There are 15, 20, 18 and 6 minima that are possible for the four cases respectively and these fall into 11 different groups. A study of these minima shows that, (i) some minima contain hydrogen bonds - either 4-->1 or 1-->2 type, (ii) the low energy minima qualify themselves as bend conformations, (iii) cis' and trans' conformations are possible for the prolyl residue as also the C(gamma)-endo and C(gamma)-exo puckerings, and (iv) for Pro-cis-Pro, cis' at the first prolyl residue is ruled out, due to the high energy. The available crystal structure data on proteins and peptides, containing cis-Pro segment have been examined with a view to find the minima that occur in solid state. The data from protein show that they fall under two groups. The conformation at X in X-cis-Pro is near extended when it is a non-glycyl residue. In both peptides and proteins there exists a preference for trans' conformation at prolyl residue over cis' when X is a non-glycyl residue. The minima obtained can be useful in modelling studies.

Time-domain-finite-wave analysis of the engine exhaust system by means of the stationary-frame method of characteristics. Part I. Theory

Time-domain-finite-wave analysis of the engine exhaust system is usually done using the method of characteristics. This makes use of either the moving frame method, or the stationary frame method. The stationary frame method is more convenient than its counterpart inasmuch as it avoids the tedium of graphical computations. In this paper (part I), the stationary-frame computational scheme along with the boundary conditions has been implemented. The analysis of a uniform tube, cavity-pipe junction including the engine and the radiation ends, and also the simple area discontinuities has been presented. The analysis has been done accounting for wall friction and heat-transfer for a one-dimensional unsteady flow. In the process, a few inconsistencies in the formulations reported in the literature have been pointed out and corrected. In the accompanying paper (part II) results obtained from the simulation are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations.

Time-domain-finite-wave analysis of the engine exhaust system by means of the stationary-frame method of characteristics. Part II. Computed results and experimental corroboration thereof

Time-domain-finite-wave analysis of engine exhaust systems is usually carried out by means of the method of characteristics. The theory and the computational details of the stationary-frame method have been worked out in the accompanying paper (part I). In this paper (part II), typical computed results are given and discussed. A setup designed for experimental corroboration is described. The results obtained from the simulation are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations.

The Reaction of a Nitro-Capped Cobalt(III) Cage Complex With Base: the Crystal Structure of a Contracted Cage Complex, and the Mechanism of Its Formation

The synthesis, properties and crystal structure of the cage complex (1-hydroxy-8-methyl-3,6,10,13,15,18-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.5]nonadecane)cobalt(III) chloride hydrate ([Co(Me,OH-absar)] C13.H2O) are reported. The mechanism of the formation of this contracted cavity cage from a nitro-capped hexaazabicycloicosane type cage has been investigated. Treatment of (1-methyl-8-nitro-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane)cobalt(III) chloride ([Co(Me,NO2-sar)] 3+) with excess base in aqueous solution leads initially to rapid (t1/2 < 1 ms) and reversible deprotonation of one coordinated secondary amine. This species undergoes a retro-Mannich type reaction and imine hydrolysis (t1/2 almost-equal-to 90 s). Quenching the reaction with acid gives rise to a pair of isomeric intermediate species which have been isolated and characterized. They have a pendant arm macrocyclic structure, resulting from the loss of a methylene unit from one of the arms of the cap. Heating either isomer in aqueous solution gives the new cage compound with the contracted cap. It is postulated that this occurs through a Nef reaction, resulting in the formation of a ketone which then condenses with the coordinated primary amine. A comparison with the corresponding bicycloicosane analogue indicates a reduced chromophoric cavity size for the contracted cage. The reduction potential of the cobalt(III)/cobalt(II) couple is 170 mV more negative for the smaller cage, and, in the electronic spectrum of the cobalt(III) complex, the d-d transitions are both shifted to higher energy, corresponding to a stronger ligand field.

基于多元统计分析方法对一批中国南方和西南地区的古玻璃成分的研究

采用多元统计方法对四川、重庆、贵州、广西、广东地区出土的100余个古玻璃样品的化学成分数据进行了分析处理。结果表明：中国南方和西南地区的古玻璃制品主要由具有中国特色的铅钡硅酸盐玻璃和钾硅酸盐玻璃组成，可细分为五大系统类别：K2O-CaO（～10wt％）-SiO2系统、K2O-SiO2系统、PbO-BaO-SiO2系统、PbO（～25wt％）-BaO-SiO2系统、CaO-PbO（～40wt％）-BaO—SiO2系统。用因子分析探讨了我国汉代南方和西南地区的玻璃本地生产情况，表明该地区在汉代已经拥有自主生产

Efeito da temperatura de secagem de dois tipos de silano e da supressão ou redução do tempo de condicionamento com ácido hidrofluorídrico na resistência de união entre uma cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio e um cimento resinoso

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes métodos de silanização e aplicação do ácido hidrofluorídrico (HF) sobre a resistência à microtração de uma cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio a um cimento resinoso. Quarenta blocos de IPS e.max Press /Ivoclar Vivadent (5x5x6mm) foram cimentados a blocos de resina Z250/3M ESPE (5x5x6mm) usando o cimento resinoso RelyX ARC/3M ESPE de acordo com os seguintes métodos de tratamento superficial: G1: 20s de ácido fluorídrico (HF) + silano não hidrolisado Primer-Activactor/Dentsply (SNH) seco à temperatura ambiente; G2: 20s HF + silano pré-hidrolisado RelyX Ceramic-Primer/3M ESPE (SPH) seco à temperatura ambiente; G3: 10s HF + SNH seco com ar quente (50oC-2min); G4: 10sHF + SPH seco com ar quente (50oC-2min); G5: sem ácido, SNH seco com ar quente (50oC-2min); G6: sem ácido, SPH seco com ar quente (50oC-2min); G7: sem ácido, SNH seco à temperatura ambiente; G8: sem ácido, SPH seco à temperatura ambiente. Antes de cada método de silanização, os blocos cerâmicos receberam acabamento com lixas de carbeto de silício (220-600) e limpeza com ácido fosfórico 37% (1min). A cimentação foi realizada com carga vertical de 1kg por 10min. Os conjuntos de cerâmica/cimento/resina foram armazenados em água destilada (37C) por 24 horas e depois seccionados em máquina de corte Isomet 1000 a fim de obter palitos (n = 40) de 1mm2 de área da seção transversal, que foram submetidos ao teste de microtração em máquina de ensaio universal Emic (v = 0,5mm/min). O modo de fratura foi avaliado em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando ANOVA / Dunnett (p-valor = 0,000). As médias MPa e desvio padrão foram: G1-21,5 (8,9) BC; G2-30,5 (7,2) A; G3-19.4 (9.1) BC; G4-24,0 (9,0) B; G5-8.1 (3.2) D; G6 -18,0 (6,2) C; G7-7.8 (2,6) D; G8-6.3 (2,5) D. Grupos 2, 3, 4 e 6 não tiveram falhas prematuras dos palitos contra os grupos 1, 5, 7 e 8, que apresentaram 2,2; 44,4; 75,6 e 33,3% de perdas prematuras, respectivamente. O teste de correlação foi realizado apresentando significância estatística, com valor de -0,736 (p-valor = 0,000), mostrando que, a medida que o percentual de perda prematura aumenta, a média da MPa diminui. Quanto ao modo de fratura, observou-se 44,97% de falhas do tipo mista, 51,70% de falhas do tipo adesiva, 3,33% de falhas do tipo coesiva do cimento. Quando é realizada a supressão do condicionamento com HF como pré-tratamento da superfície cerâmica IPS e.max Press, a aplicação de silano SPH, associada ao seu tratamento térmico, deve ser o método de silanização recomendado, embora os valores mais elevados de resistência de união tenham sido os obtidos quando utilizado o condicionamento com HF por 20s. Quando é realizada a redução do tempo de condicionamento com HF para 10s, a aplicação do silano (SPH ou SNH) deve ser sempre associada ao seu tratamento térmico. O SNH só deve ser usado se as superfícies das cerâmicas IPS e.max Press forem tratadas com HF.

稻属Oryza rufipogon和Oryza nivara的遗传多样性和居群分化研究

普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)和尼瓦拉野生稻(O. nivara Sharma et Shastry)是亚洲栽培稻的最近缘野生种，是亚洲栽培稻育种和遗传改良的重要基因库。由于人类的破坏、生境片段化及亚洲栽培稻的遗传渐渗等因素，这两种野生稻处于濒危状态而急需保护。本文用微卫星标记研究中国普通野生稻居群的遗传多样性和居群分化，用核基因序列研究了全分布区的普通野生稻和尼瓦拉野生稻的遗传变异及模式，同时发现了巴布亚新几内亚普通野生稻的特殊分子变异。主要结果如下： 取自中国普通野生稻四个主要分布区的12个天然居群，共237份个体材料，利用10对微卫星引物对遗传多样性进行比较研究。结果表明这些居群的遗传多样性处于中高水平，其中每个位点的等位基因数之在2至18之间不等，平均10.6个，多态位点比率P从最低40.0%最高100%，平均为83.3%。观察杂合度在 (HO) 0.163-0.550变化，平均为0.332, 期望杂合度(HE) 在0.164- 0.648，平均 0.413，从地区来看，广西居群的遗传多样性水平是最高的，其次是广东、海南居群，江西的最低。这些结果与以前用其他分子标记得到的结果基本一致。但是本研究得到的居群间遗传分化却相对较高，分化系数RST为 0.5199，θ为 0.491，这表明一半左右的遗传变异存在于居群之间。两两居群之间的分化系数(pairwise θ)与地理距离呈正相关(r = 0.464)，这表明中国普通野生稻居群之间的遗传分化是由于地理的隔离造成的。造成目前这种遗传结构和分化模式的主要原因在于普通野生稻生境的破坏和生境的片段化。 选择6个普通野生稻居群，5个尼瓦拉野生稻居群共11个居群105个个体材料为研究对象，取样覆盖两个野生稻的主要分布区，用核基因片段Lhs1研究了这两种野生稻的序列水平的变异，探讨了它们的遗传结构和基因流方向。结果表明，普通野生稻的核苷酸多样性，无论在居群还是物种水平上，均显著高于尼瓦拉野生稻的。在居群水平上，普通野生稻的核苷酸多样性(Hd = 0.712; θsil = 0.0017)是尼瓦拉野生稻的2-3倍(Hd = 0.306; θsil = 0.0005)。AMOVA的结果表明，尼瓦拉野生稻居群之间的遗传分化(78.2%)显著高于普通野生稻居群间的分化(52.3%)。造成这种不同层次的遗传多样性和完全不同的遗传分化模式的原因在于这两种野生稻差异显著的生活史和交配系统。普通野生稻是多年生、异交的野生种，营养与有性繁殖混合，尼瓦拉野生稻为一年生的自交种，靠种子繁殖。模拟分析表明，二者之间的基因流方向是单向的，明显是从自交的尼瓦拉野生稻到异交的普通野生稻，基因流在这两个野生 稻遗传多样性模式的形成上，扮演至关重要的角色。 对于稻属A基因组物种的进化和多样性来说, 巴布亚新几内亚(PNG)是个很重要的地方。我们用两个核基因和一个叶绿体基因，对巴布亚新几内亚的普通野生稻样品进行了序列分析，结果发现来自巴布亚新几内亚北部Sepik河谷的普通野生稻样品在核基因Os0053位点和叶绿体基因序列上与其他地区的样品有很大的差异。巴布亚新几内亚北部的普通野生稻在Os0053位点上杂合的，其中一条等位基因与普通野生稻基本一致，另一条等位基因则与A基因组的另一个物种O. meridionalis基本一致，证明巴布亚新几内亚北部的普通野生稻实际上是亚洲典型普通野生稻与澳洲野生稻O. meridionalis种间进行天然渐渗杂交的后代。这个结果从分子序列上验证了前人有关巴布亚新几内亚北部的普通野生稻是比较特殊的观点。

中国植物功能型-生物群区的划分

气候在大尺度上决定着植被的分布、结构和组成，植被结构和生理状态的改变可以通过改变植被的反射率、粗糙度以及水分通量进而影响气候，这样形成了气候一植被的相互作用。在植被一气候相互作用的研究中，植物功能型是重要的概念和方法，它可以在详尽描述植被生物物理和生理特征的同时，有效削减植被的复杂性。植物功能型的概念和方法已经在植物群落、生态系统的复杂性和功能、古植被和古气候研究，以及陆面过程模型和动态全球植被模型中得到了广泛的应用。但是针对我国植被-气候的相互作用和区域尺度的全球变化研究，还需要一套特定的植物功能型．生物群区体系。 　　本论文根据我国植被生态学和植被分类的研究背景，结合植被．气候相互作用和区域全球变化研究的需要，提出了一套适宜于中国的植物功能型．生物群区划分方案。首先，根据中国植被和气候特征，筛选并确定了影响植被生物物理和生理属性以及植被分布的6个关键的植物功能特征：然后，根据这6个特征，对植物进行功能型划分，得到了29类植物功能型：再根据我国植被的实际情况和研究需要，选定了其中的18类作为我国的植物功能型。这套功能型包括了7类‘树’功能型，6类‘灌木’功能型和5类‘草’功能型，其中含有4类高寒植物功能型，专门用于描述青藏高原的植被分布，并根据需要设置了2类‘裸地，功能型。 　　根据我国气候一植被分布定量关系的相关研究以及BIOME1和Box体系的研究结果，选定7个环境变量作为限制我国植物功能型分布的关键气候因子：最冷月平均气温、最暖月平均气温、大于50C的有效生长积温、大于OºC的有效生长积温、Priestley-Taylor系数（实际蒸散与潜在蒸散的比值）、降水量、最暖月和最冷月平均气温之差。采用半峰宽法初步确定每个植物功能型的环境限定因子取值范围。并根据这套植物功能型及其环境参数建立了适宜于我国的生物群区体系，从而得到了我国的植物功能型-生物群区体系(the Chinese Plant functional Types and Biomes，CNPB)。 为了验证这套植物功能型-生物群区体系，将BIOME1和中国的植物功能型生物群区体系(CNPB)对中国植被在当前气候条件和未来气候情景下分布的模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明，这套体系可以更有效地模拟中国植被在当前和未来气候条件下的分布，特别是对青藏高原植被描述的详细程度有实质性的提高。

三种萝藦科植物中C21甾类成分的研究

　　本实验对三种萝藦科植物通光散(Marsdenia tenacissima)、黑水藤（Biondia insignis Tsiang）和徐长卿（Cynanchum Paniculatum）中的C21甾体化合物进行了研究。从通光散藤茎乙酸乙酯提取物的水解产物中，分离得到两类八个C21甾类甙元。经光谱鉴定，它们的结构分别为11α-O-(2-甲基)-丁酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰通光藤甙元乙（1），11α-O-乙酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙（2），11α-O-（2-甲基）-丁酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(3), 11α-O-苯甲酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(4)， 11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙（5）11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元乙（6），12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元甲（7）和12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元甲（8）。其中，化合物2和8为新化合物。从黑水藤乙醇提取物的水解产物中，分离得到了两个C21甾体化合物。经1D、2D NMR技术鉴定，分别为（3β，14β，15β，17β）-3, 14-二羟基-15，16-裂-孕甾-5-烯-15-醛-16-半缩醛-20-酮（1）和白前甙元C（2）。其中1为15，16-裂环的新骨架类型的C21甾体化合物，命名为黑水藤甙元甲。从采购于昆明、浙江、湖南三地药材市场的徐长卿的根及根茎中，分离得到了18个化合物（其中昆明徐长卿6个，浙江徐长卿9个，湖南徐长卿3个）。经光谱数据分析，这些化合物被鉴定为：cynapanoside-C (1), cynapanoside-A (2), 白前甙元B 3-O-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(3)，白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹吡喃糖甙（4），白前甙元C3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（5），白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（6），cynatratoside-B (7)，cynatratoside-C (8);glaucoside A(9)，新白薇甙元B 3-O-β-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（10），白前甙元 A 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（11），白前甙元 B 3-O-α-L-磁糖基吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(12)，白前甙元D 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（13），白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（14），白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（15），白前甙元 B 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（16），白前甙元 D 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(17)，白前甙元月B 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（18）。其中，化合物3-6，10-18为新化合物，10的甙元为一个新甙元，命名为新白薇甙无B。

Effect of benzocaine on opercular movement and oxygen consumption in Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Effect of anaesthetization with benzocaine at the rate of 18.0 mg.1super(-1) on juveniles of Channa punctatus was observed using a cylindrical glass respirometer. Oxygen consumption and opercular movement were studied at 3h and 24h of anaesthetization. The oxygen consumption of control fish increased linearly from 0.183±0.029 to 0.481±0.034 mlO sub(2).h super(-1) with an increase in body weight from 1.45±0.18 to 6.12±0.11g and showed a reduction (p<0.001) of about 41% in 3h and 37% in 24h anaesthetization of Benzocaine. Similarly, the opercular movement of control fish ranging between 46±1 to 49±1min super(-1) came down to show a reduction (p<0.001) of 43% and 38% respectively in 3h and 24h anaesthetization. The information is useful in calculation of oxygen requirement of this species for live transportation and other experimental purpose.

猕猴大脑神经元多单位电活动室外记录系统

本发明涉及一种猕猴大脑神经元多单位电活动室外记录系统，属神经电生理学领域。该系统由用螺钉固定在猕猴颅骨表面(17)上的微型记录平台(6)及微型记录平台(6)上的装置、通过电缆(5)连接的手提便携式仪器箱(11)组成；微型记录平台(6)上的装置包括微电极微型推进器(3)、分别与电缆(5)连接的动物行为记录摄像机(1)、微型视频眼动记录仪(2)和微电极放大器(4)；与电缆(5)连接的手提便携式仪器箱(11)包括四分频视信号合成仪(7)、主放大器(8)、八合一神经信号单片机处理系统(9)、8mm磁带记录仪(10)该系统具有可以高效地在室外、野外进行猕猴大脑神经元多单位放电记录的优点，还具有体积小、重量轻、抗干扰性强等优点。