Multi-Objective Reactive Power Support from Wind farms for Network Performance Enhancement

This paper examines the ability of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) to deliver multiple reactive power objectives during variable wind conditions. The reactive power requirement is decomposed based on various control objectives (e.g. power factor control, voltage control, loss minimisation, and flicker mitigation) defined around different time frames (i.e. seconds, minutes, and hourly), and the control reference is generated by aggregating the individual reactive power requirement for each control strategy. A novel coordinated controller is implemented for the rotor-side converter and the grid-side converter considering their capability curves and illustrating that it can effectively utilise the aggregated DFIG reactive power capability for system performance enhancement. The performance of the multi-objective strategy is examined for a range of wind and network conditions, and it is shown that for the majority of the scenarios, more than 92% of the main control objective can be achieved while introducing the integrated flicker control scheme with the main reactive power control scheme. Therefore, optimal control coordination across the different control strategies can maximise the availability of ancillary services from DFIG-based wind farms without additional dynamic reactive power devices being installed in power networks.

Capability Curve Based Enhanced Reactive Power Control Strategy for Stability Enhancement and Network Voltage Management

Reactive power has become a vital resource in modern electricity networks due to increased penetration of distributed generation. This paper examines the extended reactive power capability of DFIGs to improve network stability and capability to manage network voltage profile during transient faults and dynamic operating conditions. A coordinated reactive power controller is designed by considering the reactive power capabilities of the rotor-side converter (RSC) and the grid-side converter (GSC) of the DFIG in order to maximise the reactive power support from DFIGs. The study has illustrated that, a significant reactive power contribution can be obtained from partially loaded DFIG wind farms for stability enhancement by using the proposed capability curve based reactive power controller; hence DFIG wind farms can function as vital dynamic reactive power resources for power utilities without commissioning additional dynamic reactive power devices. Several network adaptive droop control schemes are also proposed for network voltage management and their performance has been investigated during variable wind conditions. Furthermore, the influence of reactive power capability on network adaptive droop control strategies has been investigated and it has also been shown that enhanced reactive power capability of DFIGs can substantially improve the voltage control performance.

Impact of Wind Generation Mix on Transient Stability for an Interconnected Power System

The rapid growth of wind generation in many European countries is pushing power systems into
uncharted territory. As additional wind generators are installed, the changing generation mix may
impact on power system stability. This paper adopts the New England 39 bus system as a test
system for transient stability analysis. Thermal generator models are based on a likely future plant
mix for existing systems, while varying capacities of fixed-speed induction generators (FSIG) and
doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) are considered. The main emphasis here has been placed
on the impact of wind technology mix on inter-area oscillations following transient grid
disturbances. In addition, both rotor angle stability and transient voltage stability are examined, and
results are compared with current grid code requirements and standards. Results have shown that
FSIGs can reduce tie-line oscillations and improve damping following a transient disturbance, but
they also cause voltage stability and rotor angle stability problems at high wind penetrations. In
contrast, DFIGs can improve both voltage and rotor angle stability, but their power output
noticeably oscillates during disturbances.

Transient Stability Analysis of a Power System with High Wind Penetration

This paper presents transient stability analysis for a power system with high wind penetration. The transient stability has been evaluated based on two stability criteria: rotor angle stability and voltage stability. A modified IEEE-14 bus system has been used as the main study network and simulations have been conducted at several wind power penetration levels, defined as a fraction of total system generation. A wide range of scenarios have been presented based on the wind farm voltage at the point of connection, i.e. low voltage (LV) distribution level and high voltage (HV) transmission level, and the type of wind generator technology, i.e. fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) and doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG).

Small Signal Stability Performance of Power System during High Penetration of Wind Generation

The small signal stability of interconnected power systems is one of the important aspects that need to be investigated since the oscillations caused by this kind of instability have caused many incidents. With the increasing penetration of wind power in the power system, particularly doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), the impact on the power system small signal stability performance should be fully investigated. Because the DFIG wind turbine integration is through a fast action converter and associated control, it does not inherently participate in the electromechanical small signal oscillation. However, it influences the small signal stability by impacting active power flow paths in the network and replacing synchronous generators that have power system stabilizer (PSS). In this paper, the IEEE 39 bus test system has been used in the analysis. Furthermore, four study cases and several operation scenarios have been conducted and analysed. The selective eigenvalue Arnoldi/lanczos's method is used to obtain the system eigenvalue in the range of frequency from 0.2 Hz to 2 Hz which is related to electromechanical oscillations. Results show that the integration of DFIG wind turbines in a system during several study cases and operation scenarios give different influence on small signal stability performance.

Simulação de um sistema aerogerador com controlo óptimo predictivo

Nesta dissertação de mestrado propõe-se simular um sistema para melhorar a qualidade da energia eléctrica produzida por um parque eólico, utilizando conversores multinível NPC costas com costas e controlo óptimo predictivo. Neste trabalho é feito o controlo da potência activa e reactiva que é fornecida à rede de energia eléctrica, a partir de um gerador eólico e é optimizada a forma de onda alternada e sinusoidal de tensão trifásica sem neutro, minimizando o tremor das correntes e a distorção harmónica total, contribuindo para melhorar a qualidade de energia da rede ou de sistemas de alimentação para aplicações críticas como são os sistemas de telecomunicações. Recorre-se ao Matlab/Simulink para simular e comparar os resultados obtidos no sistema de conversão de energia de um parque eólico com o conversor costas com costas com controlo óptimo predictivo com os resultados obtidos com o conversor costas com costas PWM, disponível na biblioteca do software de simulação.

Controlador adaptativo por posicionamento de pólos e estrutura variável aplicado ao controle de geradores eólicos baseados em máquina de indução duplamente alimentada

In the last decade, the renewable energy sources have present a major propulsion in the world due to several factors: political, environmental, financial and others. Within this context, we have in particular the energy obtained through wind, wind energy - that has highlighted with rapid growth in recent years, including in Brazil, mostly in the Northeast, due to it s benefit-cost between the clean energies. In this context, we propose to compare the variable structure adaptive pole placement control (VS-APPC) with a traditional control technique proportional integral controller (PI), applied to set the control of machine side in a conversion system using a wind generator based on Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Robustness and performance tests were carried out to the uncertainties of the internal parameters of the machine and variations of speed reference.

Otimização de controladores utilizando algoritmos genéticos para melhoria da capacidade de sobrevivência a afundamentos de tensão de aerogeradores de indução duplamente excitados

Na presente tese propõe-se uma metodologia de ajuste ótimo dos controladores do conversor interligado ao rotor de aerogeradores de indução duplamente excitados (DFIG), utilizando algoritmos genéticos (AG), com o objetivo de melhorar a segurança e a robustez do sistema elétrico de potência, permitindo que os aerogeradores DFIG participem da gestão técnica do sistema. Para garantir este objetivo, é utilizada uma estratégia de proteção do tipo “crow-bar” durante a falta, mantendo o conversor interligado ao rotor conectado à máquina. Imediatamente após a eliminação da falta, o “crow-bar” é desativado, e simultaneamente os controladores ótimos do conversor interligado ao rotor são acionados, previamente ajustados pelo AG, a fim de melhorar a capacidade de sobrevivência a afundamentos de tensão “ridethrough capability” e a margem de estabilidade global do sistema elétrico. Para validação da metodologia ótima desenvolvida foram realizadas simulações computacionais utilizando uma rede elétrica real, em três condições operacionais distintas.

Controladores fuzzy aplicados ao conversor de geradores de indução duplamente excitados em sistemas eólicos integrados a sistemas de potência

Este artigo apresenta novas estratégias de controle fuzzy aplicadas ao conversor estático interligado ao rotor dos geradores de indução duplamente excitados (DFIG), em esquemas eólicos de velocidade variável, integrados a redes elétricas reais. As estratégias de controle propostas são do tipo fuzzy "look-up-table" com supervisão. O desempenho de tais reguladores, baseados em inteligência computacional, é comparado com o obtido com controladores PI's a parâmetros fixos, na ocorrência de faltas no sistema elétrico de potência. Esses controladores fuzzy são destinados a garantir a continuidade da operação dos conversores, e melhorar o desempenho transitório do sistema, em relação aos controladores convencionais. Os resultados apresentados confirmam a eficácia das estratégias de controle adotadas. O modelo físico dos aerogeradores, consistindo de um grande número de turbinas eólicas, foi implementado através de uma ferramenta de simulação dinâmica, desenvolvida no ambiente computacional MATLABTM.

Modelos equivalentes de parques eólicos usando algoritmos genéticos

Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia baseada em algoritmo genético (AG) para determinar modelos dinâmicos equivalentes de parques eólicos com geradores de indução em gaiola de esquilo ( GIGE) e geradores de indução duplamente alimentados ( GIDA), apresentando parâmetros elétricos e mecânicos distintos. A técnica se baseia em uma formulação multiobjetiva solucionada por um AG para minimizar os erros quadráticos das potências ativa e reativa entre modelo de um único gerador equivalente e o modelo do parque eólico investigado. A influência do modelo equivalente do parque eólico no comportamento dinâmico dos geradores síncronos é também investigada por meio do método proposto. A abordagem é testada em um parque eólico de 10MW composto por quatro turbinas eólicas ( 2x2MW e 2x3MW), consistindo alternadamente de geradores GIGE e GIDA interligados a uma barra infinita e posteriormente a rede elétrica do IEEE 14 barras. Os resultados obtidos pelo uso do modelo dinâmico detalhado para a representação do parque eólico são comparados aos do modelo equivalente proposto para avaliar a precisão e o custo computacional do modelo proposto.

Melhoria nas forças restaurativas do equilíbrio do gerador de indução duplamente alimentado por meio de controle da tensão interna

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Grid Connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbine under LVRT

This project concentrates on the Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine. The main attention in the project is, therefore, drawn to the control of the DFIG wind turbine and of its power converter and to the ability to protect itself without disconnection during grid faults. It provides also an overview on the interaction between variable speed DFIG wind turbines and the power system subjected to disturbances, such as short circuit faults. The dynamic model of DFIG wind turbine includes models for both mechanical components as well as for all electrical components, controllers and for the protection device of DFIG necessary during grid faults. The viewpoint of this project is to carry out different simulations to provide insight and understanding of the grid fault impact on both DFIG wind turbines and on the power system itself. The dynamic behavior of DFIG wind turbines during grid faults is simulated and assessed by using a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by Transmission System Operator in the power system simulation toolbox Digsilent, Matlab/Simulink and PLECS.

A series-dynamic-resistor-based converter protection scheme for doubly-fed induction generator during various fault conditions

This paper proposes a new converter protection method, primarily based on a series dynamic resistor (SDR) that avoids the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) control being disabled by crowbar protection during fault conditions. A combined converter protection scheme based on the proposed SDR and conventional crowbar is analyzed and discussed. The main protection advantages are due to the series topology when compared with crowbar and dc-chopper protection. Various fault overcurrent conditions (both symmetrical and asymmetrical) are analyzed and used to design the protection in detail, including the switching strategy and coordination with crowbar, and resistance value calculations. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results show that the proposed method is advantageous for fault overcurrent protection, especially for asymmetrical faults, in which the traditional crowbar protection may malfunction.

Sistema de conversão de energia eólica baseado no gerador de indução duplamente alimentado: análise e contribuição ao controle da máquina

The humanity reached a time of unprecedented technological development. Science has achieved and continues to achieve technologies that allowed increasingly to understand the universe and the laws which govern it, and also try to coexist without destroying the planet we live on. One of the main challenges of the XXI century is to seek and increase new sources of clean energy, renewable and able to sustain our growth and lifestyle. It is the duty of every researcher engage and contribute in this race of energy. In this context, wind power presents itself as one of the great promises for the future of electricity generation . Despite being a bit older than other sources of renewable energy, wind power still presents a wide field for improvement. The development of new techniques for control of the generator along with the development of research laboratories specializing in wind generation are one of the key points to improve the performance, efficiency and reliability of the system. Appropriate control of back-to-back converter scheme allows wind turbines based on the doubly-fed induction generator to operate in the variable-speed mode, whose benefits include maximum power extraction, reactive power injection and mechanical stress reduction. The generator-side converter provides control of active and reactive power injected into the grid, whereas the grid-side converter provides control of the DC link voltage and bi-directional power flow. The conventional control structure uses PI controllers with feed-forward compensation of cross-coupling dq terms. This control technique is sensitive to model uncertainties and the compensation of dynamic dq terms results on a competing control strategy. Therefore, to overcome these problems, it is proposed in this thesis a robust internal model based state-feedback control structure in order to eliminate the cross-coupling terms and thereby improve the generator drive as well as its dynamic behavior during sudden changes in wind speed. It is compared the conventional control approach with the proposed control technique for DFIG wind turbine control under both steady and gust wind conditions. Moreover, it is also proposed in this thesis an wind turbine emulator, which was developed to recreate in laboratory a realistic condition and to submit the generator to several wind speed conditions.

Characterisation of Large Disturbance Rotor Angle and Voltage Stability in Interconnected Power Networks with Distributed Wind Generation

Wind generation in highly interconnected power networks creates local and centralised stability issues based on their proximity to conventional synchronous generators and load centres. This paper examines the large disturbance stability issues (i.e. rotor angle and voltage stability) in power networks with geographically distributed wind resources in the context of a number of dispatch scenarios based on profiles of historical wind generation for a real power network. Stability issues have been analysed using novel stability indices developed from dynamic characteristics of wind generation. The results of this study show that localised stability issues worsen when significant penetration of both conventional and wind generation is present due to their non-complementary characteristics. In contrast, network stability improves when either high penetration of wind and synchronous generation is present in the network. Therefore, network regions can be clustered into two distinct stability groups (i.e. superior stability and inferior stability regions). Network stability improves when a voltage control strategy is implemented at wind farms, however both stability clusters remain unchanged irrespective of change in the control strategy. Moreover, this study has shown that the enhanced fault ride-through (FRT) strategy for wind farms can improve both voltage and rotor angle stability locally, but only a marginal improvement is evident in neighbouring regions.