Neuroökonomie = (Neuroeconomics): Neuronale Mechanismen ökonomischer Entscheidungen

Ökonomische Entscheidungen sind ebenso wie alltägliche Entscheidungen von der Aktivität von Hirnregionen abhängig, die zur Kontrolle verschiedener Teilschritte der Entscheidung beitragen. Aktivierung und Desaktivierung dieser Hirnregionen können mit Hilfe moderner bildgebender Verfahren, wie z.B. der funktionellen Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie (fMRI) dargestellt werden. Die vorliegende Publikation gibt einen Überblick über das interdisziplinäre wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgebiet der „Neuroökonomie“ – einem jungen Forschungsfeld der Neurowissenschaften. Dieser Überblick ist auf sieben Hauptaspekte ökonomischer und finanzieller Entscheidungen fokusiert: 1. In welcher Weise werden ökonomische Parameter wie Wert und Nutzen einer Belohnung, Gewinn oder Verlust, Risiko und Ungewissheit in spezifischen Hirnregionen abgebildet? 2. In welcher spezifischen Weise tragen anatomisch definierte Areale des Gehirns zum Entscheidungsprozess bei? 3. In welcher Weise sind die Entscheidungsprozesse durch Läsion entscheidungsrelevanter Areale des Gehirns gestört? 4. In welcher Weise sind Hirnregionen, die an den Prozessen der Entscheidung beteiligt sind, miteinander vernetzt, um durch Interaktion die Entscheidung herbeizuführen? 5. In welcher Weise ist der Entscheidungsprozess von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, von genetischen Variationen neuronaler Funktionen und von physiologischer Regulation, z.B. durch Hormone bestimmt? 6. In welcher Weise hängt der Entscheidungsprozess vom sozialen und kulturellen Umfeld des Entscheiders ab? 7. Auf welche Weise werden bei unvollständiger Information über die Optionen der Entscheidung Heuristiken oder Intuitionen genutzt, und in welcher Weise sind Entscheidungen durch Biases beeinflussbar? Der zentrale Teil dieser Publikation gibt einen zusammenfassenden Überblick (review) über die Ergebnisse neuroökonomischer Studien, die die fMRI-Technik nutzen (bis Juni 2010).

Strategie insediative, economiche e scambi culturali nell'Appennino bolognese e romagnolo nell'eta' del Bronzo

Il seguente lavoro analizza lo sviluppo dell’occupazione territoriale dell’area collinare e montana del bolognese e della Romagna nell’età del Bronzo. Si sono censite le attestazioni archeologiche relative all’età del Bronzo nell’area di studio, per analizzare le tendenze insediative e le loro eventuali modificazioni nel corso del tempo, onde individuare le strategie alla base del scelta del luogo da insediare e le eventuali vie di percorrenza. Attraverso l’analisi tipologica del materiale rinvenuto nei vari contesti si è cercato di determinare le influenze culturali provenienti dal centro Italia o dalla zona terramaricola. Per raggiungere questo obbiettivo si sono analizzati i dati di archivio della Soprintendenza ai beni archeologici dell’Emilia Romagna e l’Archivio Renato Scarani, protagonista delle ricerche archeologiche in Emilia Romagna per il periodo degli anni ’50-’70 del XX secolo, recentemente acquisito dall’Università di Bologna. Ai dati desunti dagli archivi, che in molti casi hanno chiarito le vicende concernenti le indagini ed i posizionamenti di molti dei siti segnalati ed esplorati tra la seconda metà del XIX e gli anni ’70 del XX secolo, che costituiscono la maggioranza del campione analizzato, si sono aggiunti i dati recentemente acquisiti a seguito degli scavi a Monterenzio Località Chiesa Vecchia (Bo), uno dei siti più importanti (per stratigrafia conservata e per contesto territoriale) dell'Appennino Bolognese.

The Pressures of History: Shakespearean Performance and Interpretation

Interpretations of Shakespeare’s characters have been subject to the pressures of history, exhibiting a progression of performance styles in accordance with changes in ideas and concerns over time. Shakespeare’s complex portrayals of women leave room for cultural influences of a time period to greatly influence interpretations because of the ambiguous nature of some of his major female characters. Lady Macbeth and Much Ado About Nothing’s Beatrice both overstep and challenge gender boundaries, and the combination of their defiant natures and textual ambiguities have made these characters highly controversial over the past four centuries.Various cultures over time have imposed specific readings of the characters that serve to reinforce the male-dominated expectations of a given society. The examination of variations in performance styles and interpretations of these two extremely canonical characters revealinsights into gender ideologies that existed during various time periods throughout history. The combination of this analysis with an exploration of the effects of the more recent applications offeminism and film, which have both helped to reshape the cultural images of both Lady Macbeth and Beatrice, will aide in an observation of the status of gender relations in our contemporary society. The current trend of interpretations of these characters could also provide predictions about future gender relations in our culture.

Contrasts, Contacts, and Interconnections — Tel Kinrot as an Early Iron Age Key Site in the Northern Jordan Rift Valley at the Dawn of the 1st Millennium BCE

Ancient Kinneret (Tēl Kinrōt [Hebrew]; Tell el-ʿOrēme [Arabic]) is located on a steep limestone hill on the northwestern shores of the Sea of Galilee (2508.7529 [NIG]). The site, whose settlement history began sometime during the Pottery-Neolithic or the early Chalcolithic period, is emerging as one of the major sites for the study of urban life in the Southern Levant during the Early Iron Age (c. 1130–950 BCE). Its size, accessibility by major trade routes, and strategic location between different spheres of cultural and political influence make Tēl Kinrōt an ideal place for studying the interaction of various cultures on urban sites, as well as to approach questions of ethnicity and regionalism during one of the most debated periods in the history of the ancient Levant. The paper will briefly discuss the settlement history of the site during the Early Iron Age. However, the main focus will lie on the material culture of the late Iron Age IB city that rapidly evolved to a regional center during the transition from the 11th to the 10th century BCE. During this period, ancient Kinneret features a multitude of cultural influences that reach from Egypt via the Central Hill Country until the Northern parts of Syria and the Amuq region. While there are indisputably close ties with the ‘Aramaean’ realm, there are also strong indications that there were – at the same time – vivid socio-economic links with the West, i.e. the Southern and Northern Mediterranean coasts and their hinterland. It will be argued that the resulting ‘cultural blend’ is a typical characteristic of the material culture of the Northern Jordan Rift Valley in the advent of the emerging regional powers of the Iron Age II.

The construction of aging and health in older African American women

Persistence of racial and ethnic health disparities and governmental policies based on outdated ideas of aging call for inclusive approaches to the study of elder African Americans. The lived experiences of aging among urban, poor African American women, who comprise a vulnerable population, are not well known, as most studies focus on mainstream populations. Gerontological studies have tended to employ methods that collapse contextual information for ease of analysis, thus failing to capture nuanced information critically relevant to health of marginalized groups. Few researchers have been successful highlighting the importance of local knowledge, resilience, and resources for health by using participatory methods with older Black women. This study utilizes participatory principles to gather discursive data from nine older African American women, engaged in three generational cohorts: those born around World War II, women born after the great depression, and those born before the great depression. Videotaped and transcribed conversations of cohorts were analyzed in search of contextual factors that influence their experience of aging and health. As women responded to general themes that provoked their talk about their lives, they helped answer the study's questions: How do older African American women make sense of their aging experience? What are some of the important social and cultural influences that shape the construction of aging and health by these women? Are generational discourse groups an effective tool for exploring changes in the experiences of aging? A key finding demonstrated rich heterogeneity of experiences with strong generational influences on the construction of aging and health. The participants' moral orders comprised of traditional values of family, reinforced by personal experiences and the church, have guided their lives through oppression and stress but appear to be failing younger women who have greater exposure to new environmental pressures. Limited time and the size of the study were weaknesses although the women's interest in the study and their participation were gratifying. The participants served to highlight the importance of recognizing generational and other contextual factors in formation of ideas of aging and likelihood of additional challenges to the experience of old age among older, poorer, African Americans. ^

The relationship between body image and physical activity in African American women

High rates of overweight and obesity in African American women have been attributed, in part, to poor health habits, such as physical inactivity, and cultural influences on body image perceptions. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among body mass index (BMI=kg/m2), body image perception (perceived and desired) and physical activity, both self-reported and objectively measured. Anthropometric measures of BMI and Pulvers' culturally relevant body image, physical activity and demographic data were collected from 249 African American women in Houston. Women ( M = 44.8 yrs, SD = 9.5) were educated (53% college graduates) and were overweight (M = 35.0 kg/m2, SD = 9.2). Less than half of women perceived their weight correctly regardless of their actual weight (p < 0.001). Nearly three-fourths (73.9%) of women who were normal weight desired to be obese, and only 39.4% of women desired to be normal weight, regardless of actual or perceived weight. Women in all weight classes (normal, overweight and obese) varied in objective measures of physical activity (F(2,112) = 4.424, p = .014). Regression analyses showed objectively measured physical activity was significantly associated with BMI ( Beta = -2.45, p < .01) and self-reported walking was significantly associated with perceived BMI (Beta = -.156, p = .017). Results suggest African American women who are smaller want to be larger and African American women who are larger want to be smaller, revealing dichotomous distortion in body images. Low rates of physical activity may be a factor. Research is needed to increase physical activity levels in African American women, leading to improved satisfaction with normal weight as desirable for health and beauty. Supported by NCI (NIH) 1R01CA109403. ^

Latino perceptions of and barriers to preventive healthcare maintenance in the southwest United States

Between the 1990 and 2000 Censuses, the Latino population accounted for 40% of the increase in the nation’s total population. The growing population of Latinos underscores the importance for understanding factors that influence whether and how Latinos take care of their health. According to the U.S. Department of Human Health Service’s Office of Minority Health (OMH), Latinos are at greater risk for health disparities (2003). Factors such as lack of health insurance and access to preventive care play a major role in limiting Latino use of primary health care (Institute of Medicine, 2005). Other significant barriers to preventive health care maintenance behaviors have been identified in current literature such as primary care physician interaction, self-perceived health status, and socio-cultural beliefs and traditions (Rojas-Guyler, King, Montieth and 2008; Meir, Medina, and Ory, 2007; Black, 1999). Despite these studies, there remains less information regarding interpersonal perceptions, environmental dynamics and individual and cultural attitudes relevant to utilization of healthcare (Rojas-Guyler, King, Montieth and 2008; Aguirre-Molina, Molina and Zambrana, 2001). Understanding the perceptions of Latinos and the barriers to health care could directly affect healthcare delivery. Improved healthcare utilization among Latinos could reduce the long term health consequences of many preventable and manageable diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore Latino perceptions of U.S. health care and desired changes by Latinos in the U.S. healthcare system. The study had several objectives, including to explore perceived barriers to healthcare utilization and the resulting effects on health among Latinos, to describe culturally influenced attitudes about health care and use of health care services among Latinos, and to make recommendations for reducing disparities by improving healthcare and its utilization. The current study utilized data that were collected as part of a larger study to examine multidimensional, cross-cultural issues relevant to interactions between healthcare consumers and providers. Qualitative methods were used to analyze four Spanish-language focus group transcripts to interpret cultural influences on perceptions and beliefs among Latinos. Direct coding of transcript content was carried out by two reviewers, who conducted independent reviews of each transcript. Team members developed and refined thematic categories, positive and negative cases, and example text segments for each theme and sub-theme. Incongruities of interpretations were resolved through extensive discussion. Study participants included 44 self-identified Latino adults (16 male, 28 female) between age 18 and 64 years. Thirty seven (84.1%) of the participants were immigrants. The study population comprised eight ethnic subgroups. While 31% of the participants reported being employed on a full-time basis, only 18.4% had medical insurance that was private or employee sponsored. Five major themes regarding the perceptions and healthcare utilization behaviors of Latinos were consistent across all focus groups and were identified during the analysis. These were: (1) healthcare utilization, experience, and access; (2) organizational and institutional systems; (3) communication and interpersonal interactions between healthcare provider, staff, and patient; (4) Latinos’ perception of their own health status; (5) cultural influences on healthcare utilization, which included an innovation termed culturally-bound locus of control. Healthcare utilization was directly influenced by healthcare experience, access, current health status, and cultural factors and indirectly influenced by organizational systems. There was a strong interdependence among the main themes. The ability to communicate and interact effectively with healthcare providers and navigate healthcare systems (organizational and institutional access) significantly influenced the participant’s health care experience, most often (indirectly) impacting utilization negatively. ^ Research such as this can help to identify those perceptions and attitudes held by Latinos concerning utilization or underutilization of healthcare systems. These data suggest that for healthcare utilization to improve among Latinos, healthcare systems must create more culturally competent environments by providing better language services at the organizational level and more culturally sensitive providers at the interpersonal level. Better understanding of the complex interactions between these impediments can aid intervention developments, and help health providers and researchers in determining appropriate, adequate, and effective measurers of care to better increase overall health of Latinos.^

Fundamentos constructivos de las fortificaciones fronterizas entre las coronas de Castilla y Aragón de los siglos XII al XV en la actual provincia de Soria

La tesis doctoral desarrolla una investigación original, dentro del marco disciplinario de la historia de la construcción, sobre los fundamentos constructivos de las fortificaciones bajomedievales fronterizas entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en la actual provincia de Soria. En el título de la tesis ya queda expresado el objeto fundamental y fundacional, así como el ámbito temporal —desde la reconquista del oriente soriano por parte de Alfonso I el Batallador a principios del siglo XII hasta la unificación de las coronas hispánicas en el siglo XV bajo el común mandato de los Reyes Católicos— y la extensión territorial que delimita la investigación: aquéllas comarcas castellanas lindantes con Aragón pertenecientes a la actual provincia de Soria. Durante este período bajomedieval se produjeron una serie de enfrentamientos fronterizos que obligó a fortificar la frontera y las vías de comunicación entre ambas coronas. La falta de estudios de conjunto de estas fortificaciones entendiéndolas como participantes en un sistema fortificado ha constituido la justificación de la investigación, que se realiza en varios niveles de análisis: territorial, histórico, arquitectónico, poliorcético y constructivo. Así mismo, se ha detectado cierta falta de rigor acompañada de inexactitudes en las consideraciones constructivas publicadas sobre algunas de las fortificaciones del ámbito de estudio, lo que ha provocado errores en su datación al no más haber elementos de corte artístico o estilístico que marquen indudablemente la pertenencia a una época. En la tesis se ponen en duda las dataciones tradicionalmente aceptadas planteando la hipótesis que da pie a la investigación: ante la falta de elementos artísticos o estilísticos en unos sobrios edificios eminentemente funcionales es posible establecer con suficiente aproximación la fecha de construcción en base a criterios constructivos una vez formada una clasificación cronotipológica de cada técnica constructiva. La hipótesis, por lo tanto, plantea un objetivo principal —el estudio de la razón constructiva del sistema fortificado fronterizo— desarrollado en una serie de objetivos específicos cuya consecución programa los sucesivos niveles de análisis: - Conocer y detallar los elementos históricos que originaron los enfrentamientos entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón y su desarrollo mediante herramientas historiográficas y analizar las características naturales del territorio en litigio mediante instrumentos cartográficos. - Conocer y analizar los tipos arquitectónicos y las tradiciones constructivas empleadas en las construcciones castrenses en el ámbito temporal en que se enmarca la investigación. - Localizar, documentar y seleccionar para su análisis las fortalezas y construcciones militares erigidas durante dichas luchas fronterizas en la actual provincia de Soria a través del trabajo de campo y métodos cartográficos y bibliográficos. - Realizar un estudio general sobre el sistema fortificado a escala territorial - Investigar la tipología arquitectónica, poliorcética y constructiva del conjunto de estas fortificaciones bajomedievales fronterizas. - Analizar los fundamentos constructivos de los casos de estudio seleccionados entre estas construcciones y caracterizarlas en cuanto al material, elementos, sistemas y procesos constructivos. - Ordenar la información histórica dispersa y corregir errores para hacer una base sobre la que establecer un discurso histórico de cada caso de estudio. - Comparar y relacionar las técnicas constructivas empleadas en estas fortalezas con los utilizados en el mismo ámbito temporal. - Difundir para su debate los resultados de la investigación por los foros científicos habituales. El método empleado combina los trabajos de gabinete con una intensa labor de campo, en la que se han documentado cincuenta fortificaciones y se han redactado sus correspondientes fichas de toma de datos. La recopilación de datos se ha incluido en una base de datos que incluye aspectos generales, tipológicos, constructivos y bibliográficos básicos del conjunto, a modo de inventario, de fortificaciones de la provincia. Las fortificaciones seleccionadas se agrupan según una clasificación tipológica y constructiva que marca las líneas de estudio posteriores. Se desarrolla un capítulo de antecedentes en el que se estudia la historia de la construcción fortificada medieval tanto en Europa como en España analizando la evolución de los tipos arquitectónicos y las múltiples influencias culturales que surcaron el Mediterráneo desde el Oriente cruzado e islámico al Poniente donde se desarrollaba la empresa reconquistadora que mantuvo en estado de guerra continuo a la Península Ibérica durante ochocientos años. El análisis del territorio como contenedor del hecho fortificado revela que hay una relación íntima entre la ubicación de las fortificaciones y las formas naturales que definen las vías de comunicación entre los valles del Duero, del Ebro y del Tajo. En efecto, el ámbito de estudio ha supuesto desde la Antigüedad un territorio de paso fundamental en la articulación de las comunicaciones en la Península Ibérica. Este carácter de paso más que de frontera explica las inquietudes y la preocupación por su control tanto por Roma como por el califato cordobés como por los reinos cristianos medievales. El análisis de los elementos históricos se complementa con el estudio detallado de los enfrentamientos fronterizos entre Castilla y Aragón así como los aspectos sociales y políticos que provocaron la fortificación como sistema de definición de la frontera y de organización espacial, jurisdiccional, social y administrativa del territorio. La arquitectura fortificada es esencialmente funcional: su cometido es la defensa. En este sentido, tras un estudio morfológico de los castillos seleccionados se realiza un extenso análisis poliorcético de sus elementos, investigando su origen y aplicación para servir también de parámetros de datación. Siendo el objeto inaugural de la tesis el estudio de los fundamentos constructivos, se explican los distintos materiales de construcción empleados y se agrupan las fábricas de las fortificaciones seleccionadas en dos grandes grupos constructivos: las fábricas aparejadas y las fábricas encofradas. Se han destacado y estudiado la evolución histórica y la tipología y mensiología constructiva de tres técnicas destacadas: el uso del ladrillo, la tapia de cal y canto o mampostería encofrada y la tapia de tierra. Para el estudio de la componente histórica y de la dimensión constructiva de cada técnica ha sido necesario documentar numerosos casos tanto en el ámbito de estudio como en la Península Ibérica con el fin de establecer grupos cronotipológicos constructivos entre los que poder ubicar las fábricas de estas técnicas presentes en el ámbito de estudio. Se ha observado una evolución dimensional de las fábricas de tapia que es más evidente en las hispanomusulmanas al modularse en codos pero que también se advierte significativamente en las cristianas bajomedievales. De cada una de las técnicas analizadas se ha seleccionado un caso de estudio singular y representativo. El castillo de Arcos de Jalón es un ejemplo significativo del empleo de la fábrica mixta de mampostería con verdugadas de ladrillo, así como las murallas de la ciudad fortificada de Peñalcázar lo es de la fábrica de mampostería encofrada y el castillo de Serón de Nágima constituye un caso característico y principal de la utilización de la tapia de tierra en la arquitectura militar bajomedieval. Cada uno de estos tres casos de estudios se examina bajo los mismos cuatro niveles anteriormente mencionados: territorial, histórico, arquitectónico y defensivo y constructivo. El sistemático método de estudio ha facilitado el orden en la investigación y la obtención de unos resultados y conclusiones que verifican la hipótesis y cumplen los objetivos marcados al comienzo. Se ha revisado la datación en la construcción de las fortificaciones analizadas mediante el estudio cronotipológico de sus fábricas, pudiendo trasladarse el método a otros sistemas fortificados. La tesis abre, finalmente, dos vías principales de investigación encaminadas a completar el estudio del sistema fortificado fronterizo bajomedieval en la raya oriental soriana de Castilla: la caracterización y datación por métodos físico-químicos de las muestras de piezas de madera de construcción que se conservan embebidas en las fábricas y la búsqueda documental y archivística que pueda revelar nuevos datos respecto a la fundación, reparación, venta o cualquier aspecto económico, legislativo, organizativo o administrativo relativo a las fortificaciones en documentos coetáneos. ABSTRACT The doctoral thesis develops an original research, held in the field of the Construction History, about the constructive reason of the frontier fortifications in the Late Middle Age between the Crowns of Castile and Aragón in the actual province of Soria, Spain. In the title is expressed the main objective, and also the temporal scope —from the reconquest in the 12th Century by Alfonso the First of Aragón to the unification under the common kingdom of the Catholic Kings— and the territorial extension that the research delimits: those Castilian regions in the border with Aragón in the actual province of Soria. During this period, a series of border wars were been, and this is the reason for the fortification of the border line and the main roads between both Crowns. The lack of studies of these fortifications as participants in a fortified system is the justification of the research. There is several analysis levels: territorial, historical, architectonic, defensive and constructive. Likewise, there is a lack of strictness and inaccuracy in the constructive items in the publications about several fortifications of this study field. This aspect has caused mistakes in the dating because there is neither artistic nor stylistic elements which determines a epoch. The traditionally accepted datings are challenged. An hypothesis is formulated: in the absence of artistic or stylistic elements in a sober and functional buildings is possible to date the time of construction with sufficiently approximation based on construction criteria once formed a cronotypologic classification of each building technique. The hypothesis, therefore, propose a main aim: the study of the constructive reason of the fortified border system. This aim is developed in a series of specifically targets whose achievement programs the analysis levels: - To know and to detail the historical elements which started the wars between Castile and Aragon and its development using historiographical tools, and to analyze the natural characteristic of the territory through cartographical tools. - To understand and to analyze the different architectural types and the building traditions employed in the military buildings in the time researched. - To locate, to document, and to select for their analysis the fortresses and military constructions erected during these border wars in the actual province of Soria through fieldwork and bibliographical and cartographical methods. - To conduct a general study on the fortified system in territorial scale. - To research the architectural, constructive and defensive typology of the system of these border late medieval fortifications. - To analyze the construction logic of the selected case studies and to characterize in the items of material, elements, systems and construction processes. - To sort scattered historical information and to correct mistakes to make a base by which to establish a historic speech of each case study. - To compare and to relate the construction techniques employed in these fortresses with those used in the same time range . - To spread for discussion the research results in the usual scientists forums. The method combines the destock work with an intense fieldwork. Fifty fortifications have been documented and it has written their corresponding data collection card. Data collection has been included in a database that includes general aspects, typological, constructive and basic bibliographical data, as an inventory of fortifications in the province. The selected fortifications are grouped according to a typological and constructive classification which lead the lines of the later study. There is a chapter for the antecedents in which the history of the medieval fortified construction in Europe and in Spain is studied by analyzing the evolution of architectural types and the many cultural influences along the opposite seasides of the Mediterranean Sea, from the Islamic and Crusader East to the Iberian Peninsula in where there were a long and continuous war during eight hundred years. The territory is analyzed as a container of fortifications. This analysis reveals that there is an intimate relationship between the location of the fortifications and the natural forms that define the communication roads between the Duero, Ebro and Tajo valleys. Indeed, the study area has been a cross-territory from ancient times more than a frontierterritory. This communication character explains the concerns about its control both by Rome and by the Muslims of Córdoba as medieval Christian kingdoms. The analysis of historical elements is supplemented by detailed study of border war between Castile and Aragon and the social and political issues that led to the fortification as border definition system and spatial, jurisdictional, social and administrative planning. The fortified architecture is essentially functional: it is responsible for defense. In this sense, after a morphological study of selected castles is performed an extensive analysis of its defensive elements, investigating its origin and application. This analisis serves for the definition of parameters for dating. The purpose of the thesis is the study of the constructive logic. First, various building materials are explained. Then, masonry is grouped into two major constructive groups: rigged masonry and formwork masonry. The historical evolution and the constructive typology and mensiology are studied for each one of the three main techniques: the use of brickwork, the mortar wall and rammed-earth. Many case studies have been documented along the Iberian Peninsula and also in the study area. As conclusion, there is a dimensional evolution of the rammed-earth walls. This evolution is more evident into the Muslim masonry than in the late medieval walls: the reason is the use of the cubit as module. From each of the techniques discussed, a singular and representative case of study has been selected. The castle of Arcos de Jalon is a significant example of mix masonry of stone and brick rows. The walled city of Peñalcázar is built with masonry formwork. Serón de Nágima castle, at last, is a typical and main case of the use of the rammedearth wall of late medieval military architecture. Each of these three case studies were examined under the same four analysis levels above mentioned: territorial, historical, architectural and defensive and constructive. The systematic method of study has facilitated the order in the research and the obtaining of results and conclusions that verify the hypotheses and achieve the research objectives. Dating of the fortifications construction has been revised by studying the cronotypological issues of its masonry. The method can be transferred to the study of other fortified systems. Finally, the thesis describes two main research new ways aimed at completing the study of the late medieval fortified border of Castile in the actual province of Soria. The first of them is the characterization and datig by physicochemical methods the sample pieces of wood construction preserved embedded in the masonry. The second research way is the investigation of the documents in archives that may reveal new information about the foundation, repair, sale or any aspect to economic, legal, organizational or administrative concerning fortifications in contemporary documents.

RELIGIÃO E IDENTIDADE: UM ESTUDO SOBRE NEGROS METODISTAS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE SÃO PAULO

Este estudo trata da dinâmica relacional das identidades religiosas e etno-raciais em torno de pessoas negras de igrejas metodistas da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Toma como referência empírica as Igrejas Metodistas em: Suzano, Itaquaquecetuba - Monte Belo - e Central em Santo André. Analisa as implicações identitárias do sujeito negro metodista e aponta contradições entre parâmetros socioculturais das identidades negras construídas ao longo da história e o modelo religioso metodista. Analisa a construção sociocultural das identidades religiosas, circunscritas às contingências materiais, econômicas e políticas da sociedade onde estão inseridos os sujeitos da pesquisa. Propõe que a identidade negra coletiva é uma mescla de associações, por um lado negativas resultantes tanto das condições socioeconômicas segregacionistas vinculadas ao racismo institucionalizado na sociedade e nos espaços religiosos, por outro, positivas, de um protagonismo cultural enriquecedor da cultura brasileira, além daquele marcado pela resistência, desenvolvido pelos movimentos negros. Demonstra o papel da instituição metodista que impõe uma padronização cultural de classe média branca e controle sobre as manifestações identitárias negras.(AU)

RELIGIÃO E IDENTIDADE: UM ESTUDO SOBRE NEGROS METODISTAS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE SÃO PAULO

Este estudo trata da dinâmica relacional das identidades religiosas e etno-raciais em torno de pessoas negras de igrejas metodistas da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Toma como referência empírica as Igrejas Metodistas em: Suzano, Itaquaquecetuba - Monte Belo - e Central em Santo André. Analisa as implicações identitárias do sujeito negro metodista e aponta contradições entre parâmetros socioculturais das identidades negras construídas ao longo da história e o modelo religioso metodista. Analisa a construção sociocultural das identidades religiosas, circunscritas às contingências materiais, econômicas e políticas da sociedade onde estão inseridos os sujeitos da pesquisa. Propõe que a identidade negra coletiva é uma mescla de associações, por um lado negativas resultantes tanto das condições socioeconômicas segregacionistas vinculadas ao racismo institucionalizado na sociedade e nos espaços religiosos, por outro, positivas, de um protagonismo cultural enriquecedor da cultura brasileira, além daquele marcado pela resistência, desenvolvido pelos movimentos negros. Demonstra o papel da instituição metodista que impõe uma padronização cultural de classe média branca e controle sobre as manifestações identitárias negras.(AU)

Os sentidos das experiências de mães de crianças e adolescentes oncológicos com a terapia complementar

O diagnóstico de câncer infantojuvenil e as demandas do seu tratamento transforma a vida da família, particularmente das mães que acompanham seus filhos de perto e não medem esforços para oferecer-lhes o melhor. O cuidado prestado pelas mães é permeado de influências culturais que podem favorecer a introdução de terapias complementares no cuidado dos seus filhos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os sentidos das experiências de um grupo de mães de crianças e adolescentes com câncer com a terapia complementar. Para alcançar este objetivo, realizou-se estudo com abordagem metodológica qualitativa, adotando o referencial teórico da Antropologia Médica e a narrativa como método. Após aprovação ética da pesquisa, foram convidadas a participar do estudo quinze mães de crianças e adolescentes com câncer, em acompanhamento terapêutico em serviço de saúde localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de duas entrevistas semiestruturadas com cada participante, realizadas nas dependências do complexo hospitalar e nos domicílios, no período de julho de 2014 a julho de 2015. A partir das entrevistas foram construídas as narrativas individuais das participantes e utilizamos os pressupostos dos modelos explicativos para organizar os dados relativos à reconstrução das experiências das mães acerca da causa, tratamento e o prognóstico da doença. Para a análise dos dados provenientes das narrativas, utilizou-se a análise temática indutiva. Relacionaram-se os aspectos semelhantes e os particulares das narrativas sobre as experiências das mães com os tratamentos complementares e eles foram integrados em dois temas representativos, apresentados sob a forma de sínteses narrativas ou unidades de sentidos. Os resultados foram analisados e apresentados a partir das narrativas temáticas: Quando um filho tem câncer, não se imagina a força de uma mãe, em que se apresenta a persistência, energia, entusiasmo e motivação das mães para lidar com as demandas do diagnóstico oncológico e tratamento do câncer, bem como a sua influência nas decisões que garantem a qualidade do tratamento dos filhos, incluindo ou não a incorporação de práticas alternativas; e A utilização da terapia complementar motivada pela esperança, em que o sentido atribuído pelas mães à incorporação de terapias complementares no cuidado do filho é o de renovação da esperança, com o propósito de promoção do bem-estar da criança ou adolescente e cura da doença. Os sentidos dessas experiências foram explicados por meio de conceitos derivados da antropologia. A interpretação das narrativas centradas na experiência de um grupo de mães de crianças e adolescentes oncológicos com a terapia complementar, a partir do sistema cultural, permitiu-nos explicar compreensivamente como a cultura influencia o cuidado prestado pelas mães aos seus filhos, por meio dos sentidos. Os sentidos das experiências desse grupo de mães constituem-se em conhecimento que pode ser aplicado na prática clínica e em pesquisas futuras

Isis.

Latest issue consulted: Vol. 98, no. 4 (Dec. 2007).

The influence of national culture on the level and outcome of IS decision making in the IS maintenance/redevelopment decision

Would the outcome of a Global multinational organization’s decision be the same if the same decision were to be made in different countries throughout the world? Within the same organization, we propose that national cultural differences can influence decision making in different countries and cultural clusters. While much work has been done on organizational cultural influences, this study examines the influence that national culture has on organizational decision making in respect to the evolution/redevelopment decision that organizations face when a system is believed to be entering the obsolescence phase. Building on findings from the Globe research program, we show by empirical testing of a theoretical model that national cultural dimensions are significantly associated with a) the outcome of the decision to enhance or re-develop a system, and b) the organizational level at which such decisions are made. This research is significant as a means to improve management decision making, particularly with regard to the enhancement versus re-development decision. The research suggests that a relatively uniform sub-culture exists across the global IS project level but that national cultural dimensions play a more important role in determining the organizational management level at which decisions are made.

RELIGIÃO E IDENTIDADE: UM ESTUDO SOBRE NEGROS METODISTAS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE SÃO PAULO

Este estudo trata da dinâmica relacional das identidades religiosas e etno-raciais em torno de pessoas negras de igrejas metodistas da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Toma como referência empírica as Igrejas Metodistas em: Suzano, Itaquaquecetuba - Monte Belo - e Central em Santo André. Analisa as implicações identitárias do sujeito negro metodista e aponta contradições entre parâmetros socioculturais das identidades negras construídas ao longo da história e o modelo religioso metodista. Analisa a construção sociocultural das identidades religiosas, circunscritas às contingências materiais, econômicas e políticas da sociedade onde estão inseridos os sujeitos da pesquisa. Propõe que a identidade negra coletiva é uma mescla de associações, por um lado negativas resultantes tanto das condições socioeconômicas segregacionistas vinculadas ao racismo institucionalizado na sociedade e nos espaços religiosos, por outro, positivas, de um protagonismo cultural enriquecedor da cultura brasileira, além daquele marcado pela resistência, desenvolvido pelos movimentos negros. Demonstra o papel da instituição metodista que impõe uma padronização cultural de classe média branca e controle sobre as manifestações identitárias negras.(AU)

A OCUPAÇÃO RACIONAL DA ARTE NA EDUCAÇÃO FORMAL: UM ESTUDO DESDE A PERSPECTIVA DA CRIATIVIDADE

A arte e a atividade criativa são alguns dos ingredientes essenciais para o crescimento individual, social e cultural do ser humano e, em consequência, da humanidade. Contudo, desde o século XVI vivemos fortemente influenciados pelos parâmetros da racionalidade cognitivo-instrumental. Particularmente na cultura ocidental tem sido predominante a supervalorização da objetividade, da racionalidade e das ciências duras em detrimento da criação artística. Esta pesquisa examina a ocupação racional da arte e sua influência na limitação da criatividade no ambiente escolar. Assim, analisa as diversas concepções de criatividade, à luz da evolução histórica e as influências herdadas do contexto sóciocultural. Considera ainda o conceito de Arte/Educação em sua relação com as condições históricas da inserção da educação formal no Brasil. Finalmente, esta dissertação identifica as marcas da racionalidade em processos educacionais correntes no Brasil, tendo como referência teorias contemporâneas. As conclusões deste trabalho poderão servir como base para fornecer subsídios à reflexão sobre a necessidade de renovação dos olhares sobre a criatividade, como instrumento de formação intelectual, no ensino de artes no contexto escolar.