GUS expression in sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) driven by three different phloem-specific promoters

Huanglongbing (HLB) is associated with Candidatus Liberibacter spp., endogenous, sieve tube-restricted bacteria that are transmitted by citrus psyllid insect vectors. Transgenic expression in the phloem of specific genes that might affect Ca. Liberibacter spp. growth and development may be an adequate strategy to improve citrus resistance to HLB. To study specific phloem gene expression in citrus, we developed three different binary vector constructs with expression cassettes bearing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) under the control of one of the three different promoters: Citrus phloem protein 2 (CsPP2), Arabidopsis thaliana phloem protein 2 (AtPP2), and Arabidopsis thaliana sucrose transporter 2 (AtSUC2). Transgenic lines of 'Hamlin', 'Pera', and 'Valencia' sweet oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were produced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. The epicotyl segments collected from in vitro germinated seedlings were used as explants. The gene nptII, which confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, was used for selection. The transformation efficiency was expressed as the number of GUS-positive shoots over the total number of explants and varied from 1.54 to 6.08 % among the three cultivars and three constructs studied. Several lines of the three sweet orange cultivars analyzed using PCR and Southern blot analysis were genetically transformed with the three constructs evaluated. The histological GUS activity in the leaves indicates that the uidA gene was preferentially expressed in the phloem, which suggests that the use of the three promoters might be adequate for producing HLB-resistant transgenic sweet oranges. The results reported here conclusively demonstrate the preferential expression of GUS in the phloem driven by two heterologous and one homologous gene promoters. Key message The results reported here conclusively demonstrate the preferential expression of GUS in the phloem driven by two heterologous and one homologous gene promoters.

Proposta di traduzione di un capitolo del libro per bambini Le petit gus

L’origine di questo elaborato deriva dalla mia volontà di approcciarmi alla letteratura per l’infanzia e confrontarmi con un genere di traduzione mai affrontato prima d’ora. Ho suddiviso il mio lavoro in quattro capitoli. Nel primo capitolo presenterò brevemente la letteratura per l’infanzia e alcune soluzioni adottate nella traduzione di questo genere di opere. Procederò poi con la presentazione dell’autrice e dei suoi principali lavori, per poi concludere con un’introduzione del libro da me scelto e qualche riferimento a Le Petit Nicolas, il capolavoro al quale l’autrice Desmarteau si è ispirata. Nel secondo capitolo svolgerò un’analisi più approfondita del testo di partenza, soffermandomi in primo luogo sulle scelte lessicali adottate dall’autrice. In questa sezione esporrò le possibili difficoltà che a mio avviso si potrebbero riscontrare nella traduzione dei nomi propri, delle espressioni idiomatiche e dei riferimenti culturali . In seguito prenderò in esame il linguaggio giovanile e il ruolo delle immagini all’interno dell’opera. Nel terzo capitolo ho inserito il testo originale del capitolo che ho deciso di tradurre e la mia proposta di traduzione. Concludo infine con un commento generale della mia versione nel quale espongo alcune problematiche incontrate durante lo svolgimento del mio lavoro e le possibili soluzioni pensate.

Hanns Ernst Jäger, Willy Trenk-Trebitsch, Szenenfoto, Doppelbildnis, in: Robert Penn Warren: Blut auf dem Mond, Deutsche Erstaufführung

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F11588

Phi Beta Kappa dissertation on the study of history at Harvard, by Daniel White and John Collins Warren, February 21, 1797

This dissertation, apparently delivered at a Phi Beta Kappa assembly on February 21, 1797 by Warren and White, concerns the study of history at Harvard College at the time they were students. In this manuscript version of their dissertation, Warren and White bemoan the insufficient attention paid to the discipline of history by the students and faculty at Harvard.

[Letter from J. Warren to Caleb Gannett], 1780 April 27

Handwritten one-page letter from J. Warren to Caleb Gannett about the charges in a quarter bill received by Warren's son. J. Warren is likely James Warren (1726-1808, Harvard AB 1745), referring to the quarter bill of his son Charles Warren (1762–1784, Harvard AB 1782).

Letters from Henry Warren to William Tudor,

Two letters providing information and historical sources on James Otis.