Liquid-liquid phase behavior of toluene/polyethylene oxide/poly(ethyleneoxide-b-dimethylsiloxane) polymer-containing ternary mixtures

The experimental data of phase diagrams for both polyethylene oxide/poly(ethylene oxide-b-dimethylsiloxane) binary and toluene/polyethylene oxide/poly(ethylene oxide-b-dimethylsiloxane) ternary polymer-containing systems was obtained at atmosphere pressure by light scattering method. The critical points for some pre-selected compositions and the pressure effect on the phase transition behavior of ternary system were investigated by turbidity measurements. The chosen system is a mixture of ternary which is one of the very few abnormal polymer-containing systems exhibiting pressure-induced both miscibility and immiscibility. This unusual behavior is related to the toluene concentration in the mixtures. The effect of toluene on the phase transition behavior of the ternary polymer-containing mixture was traced. Such behavior can make it possible to process composite materials from incompatible polymers.

Application of the Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory to the system pvme/ps and model calculations

Cloud point curves reported in the literature for five representatives of the system poly(vinyl methyl ether)/polystyrene were evaluated theoretically by means of the Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory. The measured phase separation behavior can be described within experimental error using only one adjustable parameter (quantifying the interaction between the unlike mers). The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters calculated from this theoretical description depend in good approximation linearly on composition (volume fractions) and on the inverse temperature. An evaluation of these data yields a maximum heat effect which is almost one order of magnitude less (ca. -0.25 J/cm(3)) than obtained via Hess's cycle (dissolution of the components and of the blend) from calorimetric measurements. Model calculations on the basis of the present theory demonstrate that the critical points shift to a different extent upon a certain relative change in the molar mass of the blend components. The sensitivity of the calculated phase diagrams against changes in the scaling parameter decreases in the following order: interaction energies between unlike mers, differences in the scaling temperatures, pressures and densities.

A Modern Differential Geometric Approach to Shape from Shading

How the visual system extracts shape information from a single grey-level image can be approached by examining how the information about shape is contained in the image. This technical report considers the characteristic equations derived by Horn as a dynamical system. Certain image critical points generate dynamical system critical points. The stable and unstable manifolds of these critical points correspond to convex and concave solution surfaces, giving more general existence and uniqueness results. A new kind of highly parallel, robust shape from shading algorithm is suggested on neighborhoods of these critical points. The information at bounding contours in the image is also analyzed.

Large Decrease of Fluctuations for Supercooled Water in Hydrophobic Nanoconfinement

Using Monte Carlo simulations we study a coarse­grained model of a water layer confined in a fixed disordered matrix of hydrophobic nanoparticles at different particle concentrations c. For c = 0 we find a 1st order liquid­liquid phase transition (LLPT) ending in one critical point at low pressure P. For c > 0 our simulations are consistent with a LLPT line ending in two critical points at low and high pressure. For c = 25% at high P and low temperature T we find a dramatic decrease of compressibility, thermal expansion coefficient, and specific heat. Surprisingly, the effect is present also for c as low as 2.4%. We conclude that even a small presence of nanoscopic hydrophobes can drastically suppress thermodynamic fluctuations, making the detection of the LLPT more difficult.

Finite size effects in the presence of a chemical potential: A study in the classical nonlinear O(2) sigma model

In the presence of a chemical potential, the physics of level crossings leads to singularities at zero temperature, even when the spatial volume is finite. These singularities are smoothed out at a finite temperature but leave behind nontrivial finite size effects which must be understood in order to extract thermodynamic quantities using Monte Carlo methods, particularly close to critical points. We illustrate some of these issues using the classical nonlinear O(2) sigma model with a coupling β and chemical potential μ on a 2+1-dimensional Euclidean lattice. In the conventional formulation this model suffers from a sign problem at nonzero chemical potential and hence cannot be studied with the Wolff cluster algorithm. However, when formulated in terms of the worldline of particles, the sign problem is absent, and the model can be studied efficiently with the "worm algorithm." Using this method we study the finite size effects that arise due to the chemical potential and develop an effective quantum mechanical approach to capture the effects. As a side result we obtain energy levels of up to four particles as a function of the box size and uncover a part of the phase diagram in the (β,μ) plane. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Regularity of invariant densities for 1D systems with random switching

© 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd & London Mathematical Society.This is a detailed analysis of invariant measures for one-dimensional dynamical systems with random switching. In particular, we prove the smoothness of the invariant densities away from critical points and describe the asymptotics of the invariant densities at critical points.

Capturing mode-switching in postbuckling composite panels using a modified explicit procedure

A postbuckling blade-stiffened composite panel was loaded in uniaxial compression, until failure. During loading beyond initial buckling, this panel was observed to undergo a secondary instability characterised by a dynamic mode shape change. These abrupt changes cause considerable numerical difficulties using standard path-following quasi-static solution procedures in finite element analysis. Improved methods such as the arc-length-related procedures do better at traversing certain critical points along an equilibrium path but these procedures may also encounter difficulties in highly non-linear problems. This paper presents a robust, modified explicit dynamic analysis for the modelling of postbuckling structures. This method was shown to predict the mode-switch with good accuracy and is more efficient than standard explicit dynamic analysis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Global quantum correlations in finite-size spin chains

We perform an extensive study of the properties of global quantum correlations in finite-size one-dimensional quantum spin models at finite temperature. By adopting a recently proposed measure for global quantum correlations (Rulli and Sarandy 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 042109), called global discord, we show that critical points can be neatly detected even for many-body systems that are not in their ground state. We consider the transverse Ising model, the cluster-Ising model where three-body couplings compete with an Ising-like interaction, and the nearest-neighbor XX Hamiltonian in transverse magnetic field. These models embody our canonical examples showing the sensitivity of global quantum discord close to criticality. For the Ising model, we find a universal scaling of global discord with the critical exponents pertaining to the Ising universality class.

Scaling of the entanglement spectrum near quantum phase transitions

The entanglement spectrum describing quantum correlations in many-body systems has been recently recognized as a key tool to characterize different quantum phases, including topological ones. Here we derive its analytically scaling properties in the vicinity of some integrable quantum phase transitions and extend our studies also to nonintegrable quantum phase transitions in one-dimensional spin models numerically. Our analysis shows that, in all studied cases, the scaling of the difference between the two largest nondegenerate Schmidt eigenvalues yields with good accuracy critical points and mass scaling exponents.

Some current problems in perovskite nano-ferroelectrics and multiferroics: kinetically-limited systems of finite lateral size

We describe some unsolved problems of current interest; these involve quantum critical points in
ferroelectrics and problems which are not amenable to the usual density functional theory, nor to
classical Landau free energy approaches (they are kinetically limited), nor even to the Landau–
Kittel relationship for domain size (they do not satisfy the assumption of infinite lateral diameter)
because they are dominated by finite aperiodic boundary conditions.

An approach to determine the local boundary of small disturbance voltage stability region in a cut-set power space:基于微扰的割集电压稳定域局部边界求解方法

A new approach to determine the local boundary of voltage stability region in a cut-set power space (CVSR) is presented. Power flow tracing is first used to determine the generator-load pair most sensitive to each branch in the interface. The generator-load pairs are then used to realize accurate small disturbances by controlling the branch power flow in increasing and decreasing directions to obtain new equilibrium points around the initial equilibrium point. And, continuous power flow is used starting from such new points to get the corresponding critical points around the initial critical point on the CVSR boundary. Then a hyperplane cross the initial critical point can be calculated by solving a set of linear algebraic equations. Finally, the presented method is validated by some systems, including New England 39-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system, and EPRI-1000 bus system. It can be revealed that the method is computationally more efficient and has less approximation error. It provides a useful approach for power system online voltage stability monitoring and assessment. This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50707019), Special Fund of the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2009CB219701), Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (No. 200439), Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Development Program (No. 09JCZDJC25000), National Major Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs of China During the 11th Five-year Plan Period (No. 2006BAJ03A06). ©2009 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Press.

O currículo das ciências físicas e naturais na perspetiva docente: saberes profissionais e possibilidades de ação

O atual contexto social de aceleração exponencial, resultante de alterações políticas, económicas e do acesso imediato a um extenso conjunto de informações e a um manancial de desenvolvimentos científicos e tecnológicos, cujas implicações são imprevisíveis e transversais a diferentes setores, está em dissonância com as características do modelo escolar dominante e a naturalizada ‘gramática da escola’ (Formosinho & Machado, 2008; Nóvoa, 2009a; Tyack & Tobin, 1994). Este desfasamento, amplificado em países com sistemas de ensino de matriz centralizada, resvala entre uma ação docente acrítica e executora e, em oposição, uma ação docente de natureza profissional, caracterizada por um alinhamento entre o desenvolvimento profissional e a afirmação da especificidade do conhecimento profissional docente, enquanto saber que se constrói na interação com os outros, com o próprio, nos e sobre os contextos de prática. A implementação do processo de reorganização curricular do ensino básico (Decreto-Lei n.º 6/2001, de 18 de janeiro) redefiniu o currículo nacional segundo duas perspetivas: a nacional e a local, veiculando uma conceção curricular flexível e emancipatória, isto é, uma proposta curricular que confere aos professores autonomia no desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo, instigando-os à realização de práticas curriculares com intencionalidade pedagógica estratégica. Neste sentido, a pretensão desta investigação situou-se ao nível da problematização de saberes profissionais e da concetualização de algumas possibilidades de ação tangenciais à capacidade de autotransformação de cada profissional docente e da escola. As opções metodológicas consideradas visaram, sobretudo, compreender quais os possíveis conhecimentos profissionais mobilizados por professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais, em particular ao nível do desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo desta área curricular. Assim, perspetivado sob a forma de questão enquadradora, o problema que esteve na génese desta investigação assume a seguinte formulação: Que conhecimento mobilizam professores do ensino básico no desenvolvimento e na gestão do currículo das Ciências Físicas e Naturais? De que forma e com que ações poderá ser potenciado esse conhecimento nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem? O estudo empírico que sustentou este projeto de investigação organizou-se em dois momentos distintos. O primeiro, de natureza predominantemente quantitativa e dimensão de análise extensiva, envolveu a administração de um inquérito por questionário a professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais que, no ano letivo de 2006/2007, se encontravam a lecionar em escolas públicas com 2.º e 3.º ciclos afetas à Direção Regional de Educação do Norte e ao, anteriormente, designado Centro de Área Educativa de Aveiro. Com um enfoque preponderantemente qualitativo, o segundo momento do estudo decorreu ao longo do ano letivo de 2007/2008 num agrupamento de escolas da região norte do país e consistiu na realização de entrevistas a oito professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais, à coordenadora do departamento de Matemática e Ciências Experimentais e aos presidentes do Conselho Pedagógico e do Conselho Executivo. Ao longo do ano letivo, os professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais desenvolveram, igualmente, um percurso formativo cuja ênfase se situava ao nível da adequação do desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo desta área disciplinar. As técnicas de tratamento de dados privilegiadas foram a análise estatística e a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a prevalência de uma ação docente desprovida de intencionalidades pedagógica e curricular ou de integração na construção do corpo geral do saber, designadamente ao nível dos processos de desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo. Não obstante alguma familiarização com conceitos inerentes à dimensão do conhecimento do currículo, os indicadores de reapropriação ao nível da ação docente foram escassos, denunciando a presença de constrangimentos no domínio teórico das orientações curriculares nacionais e locais, bem como no desenvolvimento de práticas curriculares articuladas e estrategicamente definidas. Por outro lado, o predomínio de uma ação docente tendencialmente acrítica, de matriz executora, associada ao cumprimento de normativos legais e de rotinas e burocracias instituídas, indiciou fragilidades ao nível do conhecimento profissional configurado como mobilização complexa, organizada e coerente de conhecimentos científicos, curriculares, pedagógicos e metodológicos, em função da especificidade de cada situação educativa e cuja finalidade é a otimização da aprendizagem do aluno. O percurso formativo afigurou-se como um espaço de partilha e de reflexão colegial, propício ao desenvolvimento de ações que se inserem numa perspetiva de ‘action learning’, possibilitando a reflexão e a aprendizagem através de ações empreendidas em função de práticas educativas. As possibilidades de ação remetem para a integração da formação contínua em contexto, com intencionalidades pedagógicas e curriculares estrategicamente definidas, e a problematização da formação inicial e contínua dos professores, envolvendo as perspetivas de diferentes atores educativos e de investigadores educacionais.

Equipamento de produção de água gelada para melhorar a eficácia do combate a incêndios florestais

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Replica management in real-time Ada 95 applications

In this paper, we present some of the fault tolerance management mechanisms being implemented in the Multi-μ architecture, namely its support for replica non-determinism. In this architecture, fault tolerance is achieved by node active replication, with software based replica management and fault tolerance transparent algorithms. A software layer implemented between the application and the real-time kernel, the Fault Tolerance Manager (FTManager), is the responsible for the transparent incorporation of the fault tolerance mechanisms The active replication model can be implemented either imposing replica determinism or keeping replica consistency at critical points, by means of interactive agreement mechanisms. One of the Multi-μ architecture goals is to identify such critical points, relieving the underlying system from performing the interactive agreement in every Ada dispatching point.

Caracterização do desempenho das redes rodoviárias com base em modelos de afetação de tráfego: aplicação à Rede Rodoviária Nacional

Relatório de estágio para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes