Determination of Microcystin-LR in waters in the subnanomolar range by sol–gel imprinted polymers on solid contact electrodes

The present work reports new sensors for the direct determination of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in environmental waters. Both selective membrane and solid contact were optimized to ensure suitable analytical features in potentiometric transduction. The sensing layer consisted of Imprinted Sol–Gel (ISG) materials capable of establishing surface interactions with MC-LR. Non-Imprinted Sol–Gel (NISG) membranes were used as negative control. The effects of an ionic lipophilic additive, time of sol–gel polymerization, time of extraction of MC-LR from the sensitive layer, and pH were also studied. The solid contact was made of carbon, aluminium, titanium, copper or nickel/chromium alloys (80 : 20 or 90 : 10). The best ISG sensor had a carbon solid contact and displayed average slopes of 211.3 mV per decade, with detection limits of 7.3 1010 M, corresponding to 0.75 mg L1 . It showed linear responses in the range of 7.7 1010 to 1.9 109 M of MC-LR (corresponding to 0.77–2.00 mg L1 ), thus including the limiting value for MC-LR in waters (1.0 mg L1 ). The potentiometric-selectivity coefficients were assessed by the matched potential method for ionic species regularly found in waters up to their limiting levels. Chloride (Cl) showed limited interference while aluminium (Al3+), ammonium (NH4 + ), magnesium (Mg2+), manganese (Mn2+), sodium (Na+ ), and sulfate (SO4 2) were unable to cause the required potential change. Spiked solutions were tested with the proposed sensor. The relative errors and standard deviation obtained confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method. It also offered the advantages of low cost, portability, easy operation and suitability for adaptation to flow methods.

Solid contact PVC membrane electrodes based on neutral or charged carriers for the selective reading of anionic sulfamethoxazole and their application to the analysis of aquaculture water

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is among the antibiotics employed in aquaculture for prophylactic and therapeutic reasons. Environmental and food spread may be prevented by controlling its levels in several stages of fish farming. The present work proposes for this purpose new SMX selective electrodes for the potentiometric determination of this sulphonamide in water. The selective membranes were made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with tetraphenylporphyrin manganese (III) chloride or cyclodextrin-based acting as ionophores. 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether was employed as plasticizer and tetraoctylammonium, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide or potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate was used as anionic or cationic additive. The best analytical performance was reported for ISEs of tetraphenylporphyrin manganese (III) chloride with 50% mol of potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate compared to ionophore. Nersntian behaviour was observed from 4.0 × 10−5 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L (10.0 to 2500 µg/mL), and the limit of detection was 1.2 × 10−5 mol/L (3.0 µg/mL). In general, the electrodes displayed steady potentials in the pH range of 6 to 9. Emf equilibrium was reached before 15 s in all concentration levels. The electrodes revealed good discriminating ability in environmental samples. The analytical application to contaminated waters showed recoveries from 96 to 106%.

Trimethoprim-selective electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers acting as ionophores and potentiometric transduction on graphite solid-contact

This work proposes a new biomimetic sensor material for trimethoprim. It is prepared by means of radical polymerization, having trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as cross-linker, benzoyl peroxide as radicalar iniciator, chloroform as porogenic solvent, and methacrylic acid and 2-vinyl pyridine as monomers. Different percentages of sensor in a range between 1 and 6% were studied. Their behavior was compared to that obtained with ion-exchanger quaternary ammonium salt (additive tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate or tetraphenylborate). The effect of an anionic additive in the sensing membrane was also tested. Trimethoprim sensors with 1% of imprinted particles from methacrylic acid monomers showed the best response in terms of slope (59.7 mV/decade) and detection limit (4.01 × 10− 7 mol/L). These electrodes displayed also a good selectivity towards nickel, manganese aluminium, ammonium, lead, potassium, sodium, iron, chromium, sulfadiazine, alanine, cysteine, tryptophan, valine and glycine. The sensors were not affected by pH changes from 2 to 6. They were successfully applied to the analysis of water from aquaculture.

Avaliação e Otimização do Consumo de Água no Processo e do Sistema de Tratamento de Efluentes

O elevado consumo de água associado à escassez deste recurso contribuiu para que alternativas de reutilização/reciclagem de água fossem estudadas que permitam diminuir o seu consumo e minimizar a dependência das indústrias. Monitorizar e avaliar os consumos de água, a nível industrial, é imprescindível para assegurar uma gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos, sendo este o objetivo da presente dissertação. As alternativas encontradas na unidade industrial em estudo foram a substituição do equipamento sanitário e o aproveitamento do efluente tratado para operações de lavagem e/ou arrefecimento por contacto direto. A maioria do equipamento sanitário não é eficiente, tendo-se proposto a substituição desse sistema por um de menor consumo que permitirá uma poupança de 30 % no consumo de água, que corresponderá a 12 149,37 €/ano, sendo o retorno do investimento estimado em 3 meses. O efluente industrial na entrada da ETAR e nas diferentes etapas - tratamento primário de coagulação/floculação; tratamento secundário ou biológico em SBR; tratamento terciário de coagulação/floculação - foi caracterizado através da medição da temperatura, pH, oxigénio dissolvido e pela determinação da cor, turvação, sólidos suspensos totais (SST), azoto total, carência química de oxigénio (CQO), Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio ao fim de 5 dias (CBO5) e razão CBO5/CQO. Esta caracterização permitiu avaliar o efluente industrial bruto que se caracteriza por um pH alcalino (8,3 ± 1,7); condutividade baixa (451 ± 200,2 μS/cm); elevada turvação (11 255 ± 8812,8 FTU); cor aparente (63 670 ± 42293,4 PtCo) e cor verdadeira (33 621 ± 19547,9 PtCo) elevadas; teores elevados de CQO (24 753 ± 11806,7 mg/L O2) SST (5 164 ± 3845,5 mg/L) e azoto total (718 mg/L) e um índice de biodegradabilidade baixo (razão CBO5/CQO de 1,4). Este estudo permitiu verificar que a eficiência global do tratamento do efluente foi 82 % na remoção da turvação, 83 % na remoção da cor aparente, 96 % na remoção da cor verdadeira, 85 % na remoção da CQO e 30 % na remoção dos SST. Quanto às eficiências de remoção associadas ao tratamento primário no que diz respeito à turvação, cor aparente, CQO e SST, apresentam valores inferiores aos referidos na literatura para o mesmo tipo de tratamento em efluentes similares. As eficiências de remoção obtidas no tratamento secundário são inferiores às do tratamento primário: turvação, cor aparente, CQO e SST, pelo que procurou-se otimizar a primeira etapa do processo de tratamento Neste estudo de otimização estudou-se a influência de cinco coagulantes – Sulfato de Alumínio, PAX XL – 10, PAX 18, cloreto de ferro e a conjugação de PAX 18 com sulfato de ferro - e seis floculantes – Superfloc A 150, Superfloc A 130, PA 1020, Ambifloc 560, Ambifloc C58 e Rifloc 54 - no tratamento físico-químico do efluente. O PAX 18 e o Ambifloc 560 UUJ foram os que apresentaram as mais elevadas eficiências de remoção (99,85 % na cor, 99,87 % na turvação, 90,12 % na CQO e 99,87 % nos SST). O custo associado a este tratamento é de 1,03 €/m3. Pela comparação com os critérios de qualidade no guia técnico ERSAR, apenas o parâmetro da CQO excede o valor, contudo o valor obtido permite diminuir os custos associados a um tratamento posterior para remoção da CQO remanescente no efluente residual tratado.

An Update on Airborne Contact Dermatitis: 2001-2006

Reports on airborne dermatoses are mainly published in the context of occupational settings. Hence, in recent years, dermatologists and also occupational physicians have become increasingly aware of the airborne source of contact dermatitis, resulting mainly from exposure to irritants or allergens. However, their occurrence is still underestimated, because reports often omit the term 'airborne' in relation to dust or volatile allergens. For the present update, we screened the journals 'Contact Dermatitis' (July 2000 to December 2006); 'Dermatitis', formerly named 'American Journal of Contact Dermatitis'; 'La Lettre du Gerda' (January 2000 to December 2006); and also included relevant articles from other journals published during the same period. This resulted in an updated list of airborne dermatitis causes.

Structural adhesives modified with thermally expandable particles

In this study, the behaviour of two structural adhesives modified with thermally expandable particles (TEPs) was investigated as a preliminary study for further investigations on the potential of TEPs in adhesive joints. Tensile bulk tests were performed to get the tensile properties of the adhesives and TEPs-modified adhesives. In order to determine the expansion temperature of the particles while encapsulated in these particular adhesive systems, the variation of the volume of adhesive samples modified with different TEPs concentration as a function of temperature was measured. Further, the possibility of any chemical interactions between TEPs and adhesives matrix in the TEPs-modified specimens was verified by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the unmodified and TEPs-modified specimens, as well as the dispersion and the morphology of the particles, were examined by a scanning electron microscopy analysis. It was found that the stiffness of the TEPs-modified adhesives is not affected by incorporation of TEPs in the adhesives matrix, while the tensile yield strength decreased by increasing the wt% TEPs content. In applications of such particular materials (TEPs-modified adhesives), the temperature should be controlled to stay between 90°C and 120°C in order to obtain the highest expansion ratio. At a lower temperature, not all the particles will expand, and above, the TEPs will deteriorate and as a result the TEPs-modified adhesives will deteriorate.

A Study on Microstructure Characteristics of TEPs-modified Adhesives

Thermally expandable particles (TEPs) were developed by Dow Chemical Co in the early 1970´s [1] and were further developed by others [2, 3]. They are particles made up of a thermoplastic shell filled with liquid hydrocarbon. On heating them, two transformations will occur. One is the softening of shell material and the other is the gasification of the hydrocarbon liquid inside it. As a consequence, the shell will expand as the gas inside it will push the softened shell from inside out causing it to grow in size [4]. When fully expanded, the growth in volume of the particle can be from 50 to 100 times [3]. Owing to this unique behaviour, TEPs are used by the industry in a wide variety of applications mainly for weight reduction and appearance improvement for thermoplastics, inks, and coatings. In adhesive bonding, TEPs have been used for recycling purposes. Moreover, TEPs might be used to modify structural adhesives for other new purposes, such as: to increase the joint strength by creating an adhesive functionally modified along the overlap of the joint by gradual heating and/or to heal the adhesive in case of damage.

Necrosis of a Guinea Pig Stomach after Contact with Povidone-Iodine: a Case Report

Rodents are the most frequently used animals in surgical experimentation. It is estimated that guinea pigs in particular are the third most commonly used species in this context. To disinfect guinea pigs’ skin, either alcohol or surgical iodine are most often used. In the context of an animal research project, a Nissen operation was performed in an adult male guinea pig. Because of accidental contamination of the operative field, a 10% povidone-iodine cutaneous solution was applied to the serosa of the anterior wall of the stomach and to the gastric fundus. The guinea pig died 12 hours after surgery due to an acute necrotizing hemorrhagic gastritis. Although there have been a few reports of povidone-iodine toxicity in the guinea pig, as far as the authors could determine, this is the first time that such a serious abdominal complication is reported. The authors believe that the possibility of a similar event should be taken into consideration when planning, executing and interpreting experiments in the guinea pig.

Improving contact center cost efficiency and customer experience in a retail company

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Increasing sales volume in mass business through inbound contact center

Field lab: Consulting lab

Skin lesions simulating blue toe syndrome caused by prolonged contact with a millipede

Venomous animals are those that, by means of a hunting and defense mechanism, are able to inject their prey with a toxic substance produced in their bodies, directly from specialized glands (e.g., tooth, sting, spur) through which the poison passes. Millipedes are poisonous animals; they can be harmful to humans, and their effects usually manifest as erythematous, purpuric, and cyanotic lesions; local pain; and paresthesia. Here, we report a case of skin contact with a millipede for 6h resulting in skin lesions similar to blue toe syndrome.

How different generations contact and search for brands on social media? Comparing gen X and Y

This research intends to examine if there were significant differences on the brand engagement and on the electronic word of mouth (e-WOM)1 referral intention through Facebook between Generation X and Generation Y (also called millennials). Also, this study intends to examine if there are differences in the motivations that drive these generations to interact with brands through Facebook. Results indicated that Generation Y members consumed more content on Facebook brands’ pages than Generation X. Also, they were more likely to have an e-WOM referral intention as well as being more driven by brand affiliation and opportunity seeking. Finally, currently employed individuals were found to contribute with more content than students. This study fills the gap in the literature by addressing how marketing professionals should market their brand and interact and engage with their customers, based on customers’ generational cohort.

How to reduce the causes of call center contact by implementing web self-service at Sonae MC?

This project aims to provide feasible solutions to improve customer´s Help Area at Continente Online. The goal is to increase satisfaction and loyalty by reducing the main causes that lead customers to appeal to Call Center or abandon the website. The pursued solution is the implementation of Web Self-Service and the vision taken is focused not only on providing customers basic help tools but also innovate with international best practices to sustain Sonae MC´s present and future market leader position. Customer´s feedback, costs and impact are taken in consideration to find the best fit for the company.