Improved design of an overhead rail current conductor for application in underground lines

Overhead rail current collector systems for railway traction offer certain features, such as low installation height and reduced maintenance, which make them predominantly suitable for use in underground train infrastructures. Due to the increased demands of modern catenary systems and higher running speeds of new vehicles, a more capable design of the conductor rail is needed. A new overhead conductor rail has been developed and its design has been patented [13]. Modern simulation and modelling techniques were used in the development approach. The new conductor rail profile has a dynamic behaviour superior to that of the system currently in use. Its innovative design permits either an increase of catenary support spacing or a higher vehicle running speed. Both options ensure savings in installation or operating costs. The simulation model used to optimise the existing conductor rail profile included both a finite element model of the catenary and a three-dimensional multi-body system model of the pantograph. The contact force that appears between pantograph and catenary was obtained in simulation. A sensitivity analysis of the key parameters that influence in catenary dynamics was carried out, finally leading to the improved design.

Pantograph wear assesment in overhead conductor rail systems

Wear is the phenomenon that determines the lifetime of the collector strips. Since wear is an inevitable effect on pantograph-catenary systems, it is necessary to determine optimal operating conditions that can mitigate its effects. In this study we have performed a simulation model of the pantograph-overhead conductor rail system which allows the evaluation of the dynamic conditions of the system through the contact force. With these results we have made an evaluation of the quality of current collection, a calculation of the pantograph wear and a definition of the optimal operation conditions of the pantograph-overhead conductor rail system.

Simulation techniques for design of overhead conductor rail lines for speeds over 140 km/h

In overhead conductor rail lines, aluminium beams are usually mounted with support spacing between 8 and 12 meters, to limit the maximum vertical deflection in the center of the span. This small support spacing limits the use of overhead conductor rail to tunnels, therefore it has been used almost exclusively in metropolitan networks, with operation speeds below 110 km/h. Nevertheless, due to the lower cost of maintenance required for this electrification system, some railway administrations are beginning to install it in some tunnels on long-distance lines, requesting higher operation speeds [1]. Some examples are the Barcelona and Madrid suburban networks (Spain), and recent lines in Turkey and Malaysia. In order to adapt the design of the overhead conductor for higher speeds (V > 160 km/h), particular attention must be paid to the geometry of the conductor rail in critical zones as overlaps, crossings and, especially, transitions between conductor rail and conventional catenary, since the use of overhead conductor rail is limited to tunnels, as already mentioned. This paper describes simulation techniques developed in order to take into account these critical zones. Furthermore, some specific simulations results are presented that have been used to analyze and optimizes the geometry of this special zones to get a better current collection quality, in a real suburban network. This paper presents the work undertaken by the Railways Technology Research Centre (CITEF), having over 10 years of experience in railways research [1-4].

Caracterización de la impedancia de superficie para el cálculo del acoplo mutuo en un cilindro circular conductor cubierto por una dieléctrico multicapa

A novel formulation for the surface impedance characterization is introduced for the canonical problem of surface fields on a perfect electric conductor (PEC) circular cylinder with a dielectric coating due to a electric current source using the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) with an Impedance Boundary Condition (IBC). The approach is based on a TE/TM assumption of the surface fields from the original problem. Where this surface impedance fails, an optimization is performed to minimize the error in the SD Green's function between the original problem and the equivalent one with the IBC. This new approach requires small changes in the available UTD based solution with IBC to include the geodesic ray angle and length dependence in the surface impedance formulas. This asymptotic method, accurate for large separations between source and observer points, in combination with spectral domain (SD) Green's functions for multidielectric coatings leads to a new hybrid SD-UTD with IBC to calculate mutual coupling among microstrip patches on a multilayer dielectric-coated PEC circular cylinder. Results are compared with the eigenfunction solution in SD, where a very good agreement is met.

El factor de forma como hilo conductor en el entendimiento de la vivienda colectiva

Ponencia en congreso. Actas de congreso. La eficacia necesaria frente a factores económicos, energéticos, urbanísticos, tipológicos, funcionales, constructivos, etc, encorseta la defi nición formal de todo proyecto de viviendas que además debe albergar todos los tipos de vida de la sociedad a la que sirve. Este trabajo estudia el factor de forma en edifi cios de viviendas como responsable de los procesos que ayudan a entenderlos tanto en su espacialidad interior como en su comportamiento urbanístico. A través del análisis comparativo de edifi cios de viviendas paradigmáticos y bien conocidos del siglo XX se establecen algunas de las claves e hilos conductores que nos permiten profundizar de un modo sencillo en los procedimientos que defi nen la calidad en la vivienda moderna.

The Conductor and brakeman.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Motorman and conductor.

Vols. 19- include the Proceedings of the association's 12-27th annual conventions.

Traicté de la cure generale et particuliere des arcbusades : avec l'antidotaire spagirique pour preparer & composer les medicamens /

Mode of access: Internet.

Le secretaire des secretaire ou lethre sor de la plume francoise [sic] : contenant la Manierre de composer dicter toutes sortes de lestres Misiues Auec quelques lestres facetieuses.

Mode of access: Internet.

Chimie de gout et de l'odorat, ou Principes pour composer facilement, & à peu de frais, les liqueurs à boire, & les eaux de senteurs : avec figures.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nouvelle chymie du goût et de l'odorat ou L'art de composer facilement, & à peu de frais les liqueurs à boire & les eaux de senteurs ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Introduction a la syntaxe latine : pour appendre aisément a composer en latin ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Bach Institute Library holdings : J.S. Bach editions brought to press or prepared for publication during the composer's lifetime /

In container.