Analysis of Ant Communities Comparing Two Methods for Sampling Ants in an Urban Park in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed to analyze the species composition and functional groups of the ant community and to assess the efficiency of two sampling methods, pitfall and leaf litter sampling, in an urban park. A total of 1,401 ants were collected, which belonged to six subfamilies and 36 species. The predominant species was Wasmannia auropunctata (present in 45.36% of the samples), while the functional group of opportunistic ants were the most frequent (present in 83.75% of the samples) and abundant (95.29% of the total collected specimens) functional group. The Jaccard Similarity Index showed a low similarity between the two sampling methods, as the difference of the number of individuals for each species between these two methods was not significant in only one case (Linepithema sp. 1, p = 0.4561). The fungus-growing and cryptic ants were more collected in leaflitter samples (p<0.0001; p = 0.0348 respectively). Although there was no significant difference (p = 0.6397) between the two sampling methods for the total individuals of opportunistic ants, more species of this group were collected in pitfall traps. This difference was not significant because of the high presence of W. auropunctata, an opportunistic ant, in samples of leaf litter. Due to the predominance of tramp ants in the studied area, this article illustrates the importance of green urban areas in ant control strategies, since these sites could be used as a source of new colonization for these ants. Furthermore, the combination of the two sampling methods seems to be complementary for obtaining a more complete picture of the ant community.

Construction of a Sustainable City Park in Ruddle, WV: A Model for Sustainable Park Design in Humid Climates

Three sustainable projects were studied under a sustainable park model for humid climates to determine where their costs lie in terms of installation, maintenance or both. These projects included the use of solar lighting to replace every configuration of conventional lighting, inclusion of a water garden/bog filter and Riparian Buffer System for the purposes of filtering sediments and nutrients out of runoff to prevent contaminated runoff from reaching the river that was adjacent to the park model location and construction of a LEED-inspired building to serve as the concession stand/restrooms building. The aggregate cost savings of instituting all three projects over ten years was $74,120 and the entire project paid itself off in approximately four years.

Monroe Ave. from City Hall Town, Detroit, Mich.

Includes Hull Brothers Grocers; Chas. H. Werner Crockery and Glassware; Staplin Florist; American Music Company, Michell's. Stamped on verso: Alvord & Co., 55 Rowland St., Detroit, Mich.

Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association : August 12-16, 1991, Park City, Utah /

"February, 1992."

Report on the city of Kalamazoo, Mich. (superseding previous reports)

Includes February 1957 supplement (5 p.).

Report on the city of Adrian, Mich.

"January, 1912."

General orders of the Board of supervisors providing regulations for the government of the city and county of San Francisco. Also, ordinances of Park commissioners.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ordinances and contracts under which the Mahoning Valley Railway Company, the Youngstown & Sharon Street Railway Company, the Youngstown Park & Falls Street Railway Company, the Youngstown Consolidated Gas & Electric Company are operating within the City of Youngstown, Ohio.

Mode of access: Internet.

Annual report of the park commissioners of the city of Milwaukee.

Report year irregular.

Wild birds in city parks; being hints on identifying 200 birds, prepared primarily for the spring migration in Lincoln park, Chicago, but adapted to other localities,

Mode of access: Internet.

Public health assessment, 150 Fulton Avenue/Garden City Park industrial area, Garden City Park, Nassau County, New York /

"July 8, 2002; CERCLIS No. NYD000110247."

Review of the City of Lake Forest, final report for the 1994 Beach and Nearshore Monitoring Program, Forest Park Beach, Lake Forest, Illinois /

"Final Report for IDOT Project No.: WR-09118/SRA-190"

Pictorial history of the city of Richmond, Indiana : containing a brief sketch of Richmond, views of public buildings, school houses, churches, business houses, manufactories, private residences, street, park, and river views ; 1806-1906.

Includes index.

The unveiling of the Lewis-Clark statue at Midway Park in the City of Charlottesville, Virginia, November twenty-one, nineteen hundred nineteen ... being a record of the exercises attending the unveiling;

"The Lewis and Clark expedition: an historical discourse," by A. C. Gordon: p. 13-36.