Marcha de absorção de nutrientes e crescimento de mudas de caramboleira enxertada com a cultivar nota-10

The nutritional state of star fruit seedlings must be adequate for a successful field implementation. The objective of the present work was to study the growth and uptake of macro e micronutrients curves by star fruit plants budded with Nota 10 cultivar in nutrient solution conditions. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with four replications and six treatments, which were consisted by the times of collects during the 150 days of the experiment (each 25 days). In each collection, the plant growth was evaluated by the division of the plants in root, stem and leaves in order to obtain the height, diameter of the stem, leave area and the dry matter. The accumulation of dry matter followed sigmoidal adjustment, while the uptake of nutrients followed quadratic adjustment, except Mg, P, and Cu that followed sigmoidal adjustment. The accumulation of nutrients by star fruit seedlings 'nota 10' followed the sequence: N

Acúmulo e disponibilidade de cromo, cádmio e chumbo em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto por onze anos consecutivos

The sewage sludge used for agricultural purposes provides many benefits to soil, but it contain harmful elements to environment, that infers in a great attention on its use. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of successive applications of sewage sludge on heavy metals accumulation (cadmium, chromium and lead) in samples of soils and corn plants, as well as evaluate the chemicals extractants efficiency in estimate the phyto disponibility of those elements. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design in the 2007/08 season, with 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge) and 5 replicates. It was evaluated: the quantities available of Cd, Cr and Pb in soil by Melich-1, Melich-3 and DTPA extractants; the quantities extracted by corn plants; and the correlation between the disposition and quantities of those metals on whole plants, diagnosis leaves and corn grains. The application of sewage sludge for eleven consecutive years has not showed increase in total quantity nor availability of Cr, Cd and Pb in the evaluated soils. The extractor Melich-1 was the only one that showed significant correlation for availability of Cd, Cr and Pb in soil and corn plants. The correlation of metal availability in soil x leaf diagnosis was significant only for Pb with the Melich-3 and DTPA extractants

Abordaje práctico sobre cómo mejorar el bienestar en los bovinos

Current challenges of humanity require a new paradigm for animal production, and invest time and attention to the development of new production techniques that take into account the principles of sustainability and animal welfare science. To do this, we must be committed to promoting animal welfare and health, ensure environmental sustainability, consumer satisfaction and profitability for producers. To change our relationship with animals there is no need for changes in market conditions or large investments, it is enough to know better the needs of the animals we raise, the management system adapted to its characteristics. Even in the most favorable management conditions, on farms that have technological resources and trained personnel, there is much to change, especially in the daily management of the animals. Some of the risks more evident in the traditional systems of beef production are: problems during parturition, morbidity and mortality of calves, lack of shade in the pastures, improper handling of animals, risk of injury, inadequate infrastructure, poor management practices during routine processing (marking, castration, vaccination, dehorning), poor welfare during loading, transport, unloading and slaughter. To remedy this, you can adopt good management practices, which have been shown to reduce risk and improve the welfare of cattle in different stages of the production chain. The objective of this review is to show some of the risks that reduce the welfare of cattle and examples of how the adoption of best management practices impact on improving the productivity of these production systems. Finally, some indicators for assessing welfare in production systems are shown.

Produção de massa seca e nutrição de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condição de déficit hídrico e adubação silicatada

Although silicon has not been considered an essential element for plant growth and development, it has provided several benefits for the rice crop, especially under biotic and abiotic stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate macronutrient and silicon levels in upland rice cultivars cropped under water deficit and silicon fertilization. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse and the design was the completely randomized block, analyzed as a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial, which consisted of two cultivars, 'Maravilha' (modern group) and 'Caiapo' (traditional group), two silicon rates (0 and 350 kg ha(-1)) and two soil water tensions (-0.025 MPa and -0.050 MPa). Plant dry matter of the 'Maravilha' cultivar was higher compared to the other material. Higher soil water tensions decreased plant dry matter and macronutrient levels. Upland rice cultivars respond distinctively to soil water tensions and silicon rates.

Caracterização física do solo e desempenho operacional de máquinas agrícolas na implantação da cultura do sorgo forrageiro

Forage sorghum can be grown in areas presenting dry and hot environmental situations where the yield of other grasses can often be uneconomical. The objective of this study was to analyze the operating performance of agricultural machines in the deployment of sorghum forage in four tillage systems, as follows: no-tillage system, disk harrow + seeding, disk harrow + two light disking + seeding, minimum tillage + seeding and four seeding different speeds, as follows: 3, 5, 6 and 9 km h(-1). The study was performed under field conditions in FCA/UNESP, Botucatu County, SP, Brazil. The data were subjected to variance analysis in a simple factorial 4 x 4, and a random block design with split plots. Operational performance of the agricultural machinery, physical characteristics the soil, its water content and the yield of dry matter and green sorghum were determined. The operational performance of agricultural machines in the deployment of sorghum forage is influenced by the sowing speed and the soil tillage system used. Chisel plow was the equipment that required the highest mean traction force, mean traction and slip, as well as the lowest mean speed for the studied tillage system. Forage sorghum showed higher yields in no-tillage systems at a seeding speed of 5 km h(-1).

Desempenho térmico de aviário de postura acondicionado naturalmente

The work aimed at presenting analyses and comparisons of the thermal performance of a laying hens housing in the region of Bastos, in the state of São Paulo, adapted from natural alternatives of acclimatization, having a not adapted housing as reference, that is, of a more common typology in the area, and another one, artificially acclimatized. The index evaluated was the temperature and humidity (THI), the black globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI) and the thermal radiation charge (TRC). It was calculated from the measurement of the temperature of dry bulb, temperature of wet bulb, temperature of black globe and air speed. The measurements were made both in the intern and the extern environment, at four times (5 a.m, 11 a.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. o'clock) and in two seasons (late spring and early summer), for ten days in a row. The results allow to conclude that the house naturally acclimatized (NA) has presented intermediate performance as compared with the others, making it to possible to control environment at adequate levels only during spring.

Gráficos de probabilidade normal para avaliação de mecanismos de distribuição de sementes em semeadoras

Currently great emphasis is given for seed metering that assist rigorous demands in relation to longitudinal distribution of seeds, as well as to the index of fails in spacing laws, breaks and double seeds. The evaluation of these variable demands much time and work of attainment of data and processing. The objective of this work went propose to use of graphs of normal probability, facilitating the treatment of the data and decreasing the time of processing. The evaluation methodology consists in the counting of broken seeds, fail spacing and double seeds through the measure of the spacing among seeds, preliminary experiments through combinations of treatments had been carried through whose factors of variation were the level of the reservoir of seeds, the leveling of the seed metering, the speed of displacement and dosage of seeds. The evaluation was carried through in two parts, first through preliminary experiments for elaboration of the graphs of normal probability and later in experiments with bigger sampling for evaluation of the influence of the factors most important. It was done the evaluation of seed metering of rotating internal ring, and the amount of necessary data for the evaluation was very decreased through of the graphs of normal probability that facilitated to prioritize only the significant factors. The dosage of seeds was factor that more important because factor (D) have greater significance.

Épocas de poda na sazonalidade, produção e qualidade dos frutos da goiabeira 'Paluma'

The purpose of the research was to evaluate the yield and quality of the 'Paluma' guava fruits submitted to the pruning in the June and July months/2007, in Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil. Number of fruits, fresh weight, longitudinal and transversal diameter, yield per plant, productivity, soluble solid (SS), acidity (AT), ratio (SS/AT), pH, content ascorbic acid, and total reducing sugars of the fruits were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of 3 treatments (2 times of pruning + control), with 12 replications for each treatment. It was observed that the guava trees which were not pruned showed, higher yield per plant (145.75 kg), yield (60.72 t ha(-1)) and, number of fruits per plant (1.163), when pruned in June and July. Regarding the quality of the fruit most of the variables were not affected by treatments, except for reducing sugars. The cycle between the pruning until early harvest concentrated fruit ranged from 197 to 234 days, and pruning in June had the smallest period.

Composto orgânico no potencial fisiológico de sementes de brócolis após o armazenamento

The study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the broccoli seeds (cultivar Ramoso Santana) germination and vigor from plants cultivated with different organic compost levels and after storage in dry chamber. At seed production stage, the experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design, with five treatments (0; 30; 60; 90 and 120 t ha(-1) of Biomix (R) organic compost) and four replications. Soon after harvesting and after 12 and 24 months of conservation in dry chamber room (20 degrees C and 40% relative humidity) it was evaluated germination, following seed analisys rules, and vigor (first count of germination and germination speed index - IVG). There were no differences in germination and vigor in seeds as soon as they were harvested and after 12 month of storage. After 24 months of storage, the lesser the organic compost rates, the lesser seed germination and IVG, with respective values, without compost, of 69% and 12,3. For another hand, the highest values for germination and IVG, 82% and 16,1, respectively, were obtained with the highest rate of organic compost (120 t ha(-1)).

Germinação de sementes de alface obtidas de plantas cultivadas com diferentes doses de fósforo

This study was carried out at Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, UNESP/FCA, in Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil, with the objective to evaluate the lettuce seeds (cultivar Veronica) germination from plants cultivated with different phosphorus levels at harvest, in three temperatures and after two conservation period in dry chamber. At seed production stage, the experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks, with five treatments (0; 200; 400; 600 and 800 kg ha(-1) of P(2)O(5)) and five replications. After harvesting, seed germination at 20 degrees C and under high temperatures (30 and 33 degrees C) was evaluated. After 15 and 25 months of conservation in dry chamber room it was evaluated germination at 20 degrees C. The P(2)O(5) levels evaluated did not affect seed germination soon after harvesting at the three temperatures evaluated, but, the higher the temperature, the lower the seed vigor. After 25 months of conservation, the lesser the P(2)O(5) rates, the lesser seed germination and germination speed index.

Teores nutricionais em folhas e frutos de figueira, submetida a épocas de poda e irrigação

The present study aimed to evaluating the nutritional content in leaves and fruits of the fig tree 'Roxo de Valinhos', pruned at different periods corresponding to the months of July, August, September and October in the years of 2004 and 2005, with and without the use of irrigation, in the county of Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. To achieve this objective, the adopted experimental design was in blocks with subdivided plots and 5 replications, in which plots corresponded to treatments with and without irrigation and subplots included prunings done in the above-mentioned four months. The levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn and Zn in leaves and fruits were evaluated in the two crop cycles. The results indicated no significant differences among macro and micronutrient levels in the leaves subjected to treatments with and without irrigation in the cycle 2004/05, except for cupper which showed higher level with the treatment including irrigation (6 mg kg(-1)). In the fruits, there was no difference, except for Zn, which also showed the highest levels (28 mg kg(-1)) with irrigation. In the crop cycle 2005/06, there were differences for N (40 g kg(-1)) and K (20 g kg(-1)) in the leaves, where the highest levels were observed with the treatment including irrigation. In the fruits, N had significant difference and its highest level was observed without irrigation (21 g kg(-1)). In relation to the pruning periods, significant differences were observed for Ca, Fe and Zn content in the leaves and Ca, K, Mg, S and Zn content in the fruits in the crop cycle 2004/05. In the cycle 2005/06, there were not differences among the levels of the evaluated nutrients in the leaves, and in the fruits there was difference for N, Ca and Cu.

Teores de nutrientes da folha bandeira e grãos de aveia-preta em função da adubação fosfatada e postássica

The black oat (Avena strigosa Schreber) has been commonly used as green manure, in crop rotation systems under no-tillage, fall-winter crop, and for cattle grazing, hay, and silage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrient concentrations in the flag leaf and grains of black-oat affect by phosphate and potassium fertilization. The experiment was carried Out under field conditions on a Rhodic Nitosol, in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Three doses of single superphosphate (0, 40 and 80 kg.ha(-1) of P(2)O(5)) and three of potassium chloride (0, 20 and 40 kg ha(-1) of K(2)O) were tested as a factorial (3 x 3), in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The fertilizers were applied in the sowing row. Ammonium sulphate was supplied for all plots (20 kg ha(-1) of N applied at sowing and 30 kg.ha(-1) after tillering stage). The concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the flag leaf and the P and K concentrations in the grain were increased by phosphate fertilizer application. The potassic fertilization had no effect on the concentrations of nutrients in the flag leaf and grains of black-oat.

Fontes de potássio na adubação de cobertura do algodoeiro I – Produtividade, qualidade de fibras e análise econômica

A field experiment was conducted in Sapezal, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in 2007/2008, with the purpose of determining the effect of potassium sources on yield components, yield, fiber quality and economical aspects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A randomized complete block experimental design was used, with five replications. The treatments consisted of application in covering, via soil, at rate of 100 kg ha(-1) of K(2)O, in two split applications, of the sources KCl, K(2)SO(4), KNO(3) and K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4). The number of nodes, height, number of bolls in the superior third and the weight of boll in the medium third was higher with K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4) than with KNO(3) source. The potassium fertilizers did not influence the fiber revenue, but the fertilizing with K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4) source had higher cotton seed yield and lint yield, although the uniformity ratio of fibber and profitability were smaller in relation to K(2)SO(4). The fibber agio index was higher with KNO(3) source. The production cost was higher with K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4) source and in function of the smallest production cost, KCl source presented superior liquid revenue than other treatments.

Fontes de potássio na adubação de cobertura do algodoeiro II - Avaliação do estado nutricional da cultura

A field experiment was conducted in Sapezal, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in the 2007/2008 agricultural season, with the aim of determining the effect of potassium sources on cotton nutritional status. The treatments consisted of application in covering, via soil, at rate of 100 kg ha(-1) of K(2)O. in two split applications, with KCl, K(2)SO(4), KNO(3) and K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4) sources. Nutrients concentration in leaf tissues at bloom stage was evaluated, being interpreted by the critical level and the DRIS methods. S content in cotton leaves and the S index was higher when used K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4) fertilizer. The Nutritional Balance Index (NB!) values were coherent with cotton yield, being the highest yields obtained with the smallest NBI in the covering fertilization with K(2)SO(4).2MgSO(4).

Índices biométricos e fisiológicos em feijoeiro sob diferentes doses de adubação fosfatada

The study had the objective of evaluate the growth of bean cultivar Carioca early cultivated during the rainy season under different doses of phosphorus applied to soil. We adopted the experimental design at random blocks, evaluating six doses of phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg P(2)O(5) ha(-1)), relying in the form of superphosphate triple, with five replicates. Biometric indices were evaluated leaf area (cm(2) plant(-1)) and dry matter (g seedling(-1)). Physiological indices of crop growth rate (CGR, g m(-2) day(-1)), relative growth rate (RGR, g g(-1) day(-1)), net assimilation rate (NAR, g m(-2) day(-1)), leaf area ratio (LAR, cm(2) g(-1)) and specific leaf area (SLA, cm(2) g(-1)) were obtained through analysis of functional growth. The data from the biometric indices were submitted to analysis of variance, with subsequent construction of regression models. The dry matter and leaf area of bean Carioca Early increase linearly with increasing doses of applied phosphorus in the soil. The dry matter has increased constantly throughout the cycle, and the leaf area indices reach its maximum at 52 days after emergence (DAE). The restriction of phosphorus reduces the Relative Growth Rate at the beginning of the development and lengthen the physiological cycle of bean cultivar Carioca early.