Does cigarette smoking modify the association between change in body mass index during young adulthood and risk of coronary mortality during middle-age in men? Twenty-five year follow-up results from the Chicago Western Electric Study

Many persons in the U.S. gain weight during young adulthood, and the prevalence of obesity has been increasing among young adults. Although obesity and physical inactivity are generally recognized as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), the magnitude of their effect on risk may have been seriously underestimated due to failure to adequately handle the problem of cigarette smoking. Since cigarette smoking causes weight loss, physically inactive cigarette smokers may remain relatively lean because they smoke cigarettes. We hypothesize cigarette smoking modifies the association between weight gain during young adulthood and risk of coronary heart disease during middle age, and that the true effect of weight gain during young adulthood on risk of CHD can be assessed only in persons who have not smoked cigarettes. Specifically, we hypothesize that weight gain during young adulthood is positively associated with risk of CHD during middle-age in nonsmokers but that the association is much smaller or absent entirely among cigarette smokers. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis. The population for analysis was comprised of 1,934 middle-aged, employed men whose average age at the baseline examination was 48.7 years. Information collected at the baseline examinations in 1958 and 1959 included recalled weight at age 20, present weight, height, smoking status, and other CHD risk factors. To decrease the effect of intraindividual variation, the mean values of the 1958 and 1959 baseline examinations were used in analyses. Change in body mass index ($\Delta$BMI) during young adulthood was the primary exposure variable and was measured as BMI at baseline (kg/m$\sp2)$ minus BMI at age 20 (kg/m$\sp2).$ Proportional hazards regression analysis was used to generate relative risks of CHD mortality by category of $\Delta$BMI and cigarette smoking status after adjustment for age, family history of CVD, major organ system disease, BMI at age 20, and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Adjustment was not performed for systolic blood pressure or total serum cholesterol as these were regarded as intervening variables. Vital status was known for all men on the 25th anniversary of their baseline examinations. 705 deaths (including 319 CHD deaths) occurred over 40,136 person-years of experience. $\Delta$BMI was positively associated with risk of CHD mortality in never-smokers, but not in ever-smokers (p for interaction = 0.067). For never-smokers with $\Delta$BMI of stable, low gain, moderate gain, and high gain, adjusted relative risks were 1.00, 1.62, 1.61, and 2.78, respectively (p for trend = 0.010). For ever-smokers, with $\Delta$BMI of stable, low gain, moderate gain, and high gain, adjusted relative risks were 1.00, 0.74, 1.07, and 1.06, respectively (p for trend = 0.422). These results support the research hypothesis that cigarette smoking modifies the association between weight gain and CHD mortality. Current estimates of the magnitude of effect of obesity and physical inactivity on risk of coronary mortality may have been seriously underestimated due to inadequate handling of cigarette smoking. ^

The beginnings of the Chicago Sinai congregation : a contribution to the inner history of American judaism

by B. Felsenthal

Henry Haynie [Illustration] : (Redakteur des "Chicago Herold")

Friedrich Beer

Mortgage Lending in Chicago and Los Angeles: A Paired Testing Study of the Pre-Application Process

This paper analyzes data from a recently completed study of discrimination against African-American and Hispanic homebuyers when they visit mortgage lending institutions in two major metropolitan markets to make pre-application inquiries. It represents the first application of paired testing to rigorously measure discrimination in the mortgage lending process. The paired tests isolated significant levels of differential treatment on the basis of race and ethnicity in Chicago with African Americans and Hispanics receiving less information and assistance than comparable whites. Adverse treatment of African-Americans and Hispanics is also observed in Los Angeles for specific treatments, but the overall pattern of treatment observed did not differ statistically from equal treatment. Multivariate analyses for Chicago indicate that large lenders treat minorities more favorably than small lenders and that lenders with substantial numbers of applications from African-Americans treat African Americans more favorably than lenders with predominantly white application pools.

Das unzerstörbare Meisterwerk : Aus: A thousand and one afternoons in Chicago [1922]

Ella Kronfeld

Tuberkulose-Sterblichkeit in Chicago

Hoppe

Richard O. Brooks – James Bernard Murphy (eds.), Augustine and Modern Law (Philosophers and Law), Farnham – Burlington, Ashgate, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7546- 2894-1, LIV-517 p.

Fil: Peretó Rivas, Rubén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

La lógica social del boxeo en el Chicago negro. Hacia una sociología del boxeo

Este artículo es dedicado a la memoria de Aaron, jovencito español y amigo del gimnasio, a quien el ring no lo salvó de los peligros de la calle. Este trabajo se benefició de las respuestas, los comentarios críticos y el aliento de una serie de colegas, entre los cuales se encuentran Pierre Bourdieu, Rogers Brubaker, Dan Chambliss, S. Lynn Chancer, Rick Fantasia, Harvey Molotch, Bill Wilson, y los miembros del Centro de Sociología Europea en París. También agradezco a mis colegas de la "la dulce ciencia", que me enseñaron mucho más que a lanzar gancho de izquierda, y a mi familia y amigos que me apoyaron moralmente durante este extenuante proyecto (con mención especial para Elizabeth Bonamour du Tartre, una importante asistente en el lugar). Esta investigación fue posible en parte por el apoyo financiero de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, un Lavoisier Fellowship del Gobierno Francés y la Fundación Milton de la Universidad de Harvard.

La lógica social del boxeo en el Chicago negro. Hacia una sociología del boxeo

Este artículo es dedicado a la memoria de Aaron, jovencito español y amigo del gimnasio, a quien el ring no lo salvó de los peligros de la calle. Este trabajo se benefició de las respuestas, los comentarios críticos y el aliento de una serie de colegas, entre los cuales se encuentran Pierre Bourdieu, Rogers Brubaker, Dan Chambliss, S. Lynn Chancer, Rick Fantasia, Harvey Molotch, Bill Wilson, y los miembros del Centro de Sociología Europea en París. También agradezco a mis colegas de la "la dulce ciencia", que me enseñaron mucho más que a lanzar gancho de izquierda, y a mi familia y amigos que me apoyaron moralmente durante este extenuante proyecto (con mención especial para Elizabeth Bonamour du Tartre, una importante asistente en el lugar). Esta investigación fue posible en parte por el apoyo financiero de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, un Lavoisier Fellowship del Gobierno Francés y la Fundación Milton de la Universidad de Harvard.

La lógica social del boxeo en el Chicago negro. Hacia una sociología del boxeo

Este artículo es dedicado a la memoria de Aaron, jovencito español y amigo del gimnasio, a quien el ring no lo salvó de los peligros de la calle. Este trabajo se benefició de las respuestas, los comentarios críticos y el aliento de una serie de colegas, entre los cuales se encuentran Pierre Bourdieu, Rogers Brubaker, Dan Chambliss, S. Lynn Chancer, Rick Fantasia, Harvey Molotch, Bill Wilson, y los miembros del Centro de Sociología Europea en París. También agradezco a mis colegas de la "la dulce ciencia", que me enseñaron mucho más que a lanzar gancho de izquierda, y a mi familia y amigos que me apoyaron moralmente durante este extenuante proyecto (con mención especial para Elizabeth Bonamour du Tartre, una importante asistente en el lugar). Esta investigación fue posible en parte por el apoyo financiero de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, un Lavoisier Fellowship del Gobierno Francés y la Fundación Milton de la Universidad de Harvard.