759 resultados para Catégories -compactes closes
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RESUMO: Objectivos 1. Avaliar a morbilidade urinria e sexual secundria braquiterapia prosttica com implante de I125. 2. Avaliar a influncia da hormonoterapia neoadjuvante e adjuvante na morbilidade urinria e sexual secundria braquiterapia(I125). 3. Avaliar a influncia da associao da radioterapia externa na morbilidade urinria e sexual secundria braquiterapia(I125). 4. Avaliar a morbilidade urinria dos doentes com contra-indicao relativa (prstatas volumosas, IPSS elevado).Material e mtodos De Setembro de 2000 a Dezembro de 2004 foram recrutados 204 doentes com o diagnstico de carcinoma da prstata localizado (T1 e T2) ou localmente avanado (T3) e expectativa de vida superior a 10 anos. Foram submetidos a braquiterapia, com implante transperineal de Iodo 125 (I125) em monoterapia ou combinada com hormonoterapia e/ou radioterapia externa (tratamento trimodal). Definiram-se diversos sub-grupos de pacientes, consoante algumas caractersticas habitualmente referidas como factores de risco para a morbilidade do tratamento de braquiterapia prosttica, com o objectivo de analisar a sua influncia sobre a morbilidade urinria e sexual: Grupo 1: Braquiterapia em monoterapia (MONO) versus braquiterapia associada a radioterapia externa (BCOMB) Grupo 2: Prstatas volumosas (>50ml) versus prstatas no volumosas (<50ml)Grupo 3: Braquiterapia associada a hormonoterapia (HORM) versus braquiterapia sem hormonoterapia (NHORM)Grupo 4: IPSS elevado versus IPSS baixo Avaliou-se a evoluo do IPSS, QoL, taxa de RTU-P e reteno urinria ps implante, e evoluo do BSFI durante todo o perodo de seguimento. Resultados Grupo 1: Para o grupo MONO o IPSS iniciou-se com 7.1, sofreu agravamento para 16.1 e 15.9 ao primeiro e terceiro meses. Aos 12 meses, o IPSS desceu para 10.1 enquanto que, aos 18 e 24 meses, o IPSS foi de 7.3 e 5.8. O grupo BCOMB iniciou com IPSS de 9.4. Sofreu agravamento ligeiro e pouco acentuado at aos 6 meses (IPSS de 14). A evoluo do IPSS foi, ento, flutuante com IPSS de 5.9 aos 12 meses e 9.5 aos 18 meses. Aos 24 meses apresentava IPSS de 6.7. A taxa de reteno urinria (6.4% e 0%) e de RTU-P (2.0% e 0%) foram semelhantes nos grupos MONO e BCOMB, respectivamente (p=0.375 e p=1). A evoluo da qualidade das ereces foi semelhante nos dois grupos excepto aos 6 meses em que MONO apresentou o valor 6 e BCOMB 3.7 (p=0.029). A percentagem de doentes potentes foi significativamente inferior nos primeiros 6 meses aps a braquiterapia para o grupo BCOMB relativamente ao grupo MONO: 36%74%; 33%73%; 33%75%. Aps os 6 meses os grupos foram homogneos. Grupo 2: O IPSS evoluiu nas prstatas <50ml e >50ml de 79 para 15-19 ao primeiro ms e 15-18 ao 3. ms. Apenas ao primeiro ms que as diferenas no IPSS foram significativas (p=0.061). Aps o 3. ms os dois grupos foram semelhantes: IPSS de 8 e 12 ao 12. ms e 5.7 e 6 ao 24. ms. As taxas de reteno urinria e de RTU-P foram semelhantes (p=0.054 e p=0.286) Grupo 3: A evoluo do IPSS, taxas de reteno urinria e de RTU-P foram sobreponveis em ambos os grupos. A evoluo da lbido, ereces, percentagem de doentes potentes, ejaculao, incmodo e satisfao foi significativamente inferior no grupo HORM relativamente ao grupo N HORM apenas ao primeiro ms (valores de p<0.0001; <0.0001; < 0.0001; 0.009 e 0.002 respectivamente) Grupo 4: A evoluo do IPSS nos doentes com IPSS elevado foi a seguinte: 22.17(0M); 19.5(1M); 20.5(3M); 15.3(6M); 15.7(12M); 11(18M); 8(24M) A evoluo do IPSS nos doentes com IPSS baixo foi a seguinte: 5.9(0M); 15.3(1M); 14.9(3M); 12.2(6M); 8.9(12M); 7.2(18M), 5.5(24M) As taxas de RTU-P (2.8% e 0%) e reteno urinria (5.1% e 5.9%) foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos de doentes (p=1). Concluses 1. A radioterapia intersticial da prstata com implante transperineal e ecoguiado de Iodo 125 frequentemente acompanhada de morbilidade urinria transitria e de intensidade moderada. A Morbilidade consiste em sintomatologia do aparelho urinrio baixo (LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms) que, na maioria dos doentes, sofre um agravamento mximo do primeiro ao 3. ms. Segue-se uma melhoria ligeira at ao 6. ms que mais acentuada da em diante. Por volta do 12. e 18. ms, a maior parte dos doentes apresenta sintomatologia urinria muito semelhante que apresentava antes do tratamento. Aps o 18. ms, os doentes mantm uma melhoria da sintomatologia urinria para alm da que apresentavam previamente ao implante. As taxas de reteno urinria e de resseco transuretral prosttica aps o implante de braquiterapia so muito baixas, inferiores a 10%. 2. A associao da braquiterapia prosttica com radioterapia externa adjuvante influencia a evoluo da sintomatologia urinria: o aparecimento da sintomatologia urinria mais lento, demorando 6 meses a atingir o seu valor mximo que, por sua vez, de intensidade menos acentuada do que quando a braquiterapia utilizada em monoterapia. 3. O volume prosttico superior a 50 ml no influencia a morbilidade urinria. 4. A teraputica hormonal, neoadjuvante e adjuvante, no influencia a sintomatologia urinria. 5. Os doentes com sintomatologia urinria prvia muito acentuada no sofrem agravamento da referida sintomatologia. Pelo contrrio, apresentam uma melhoria de sintomas urinrios desde o primeiro ms, e que se mantm ao longo dos 24 meses de seguimento, apresentando, no final deste perodo, sintomatologia urinria ligeira e muito inferior que apresentavam antes do implante. As taxas de reteno urinria e RTU-P aps a braquiterapia so semelhantes s que ocorrem nos doentes assintomticos previamente ao implante. 6. A vida sexual est preservada, em mais de 70% dos casos, ao fim dos 24 meses de seguimento. No entanto, imediatamente aps o primeiro ms de seguimento, ocorre uma diminuio ligeira da qualidade das ereces que se mantm, sem melhoria ou agravamento, durante todo o perodo de seguimento. A hormonoterapia afecta todos os parmetros da vida sexual, embora de forma apenas temporria. Aps a suspenso da teraputica hormonal este grupo de doentes recupera a actividade sexual e apresenta-se idntico ao grupo de doentes que no foram sujeitos a essa teraputica.----------------ABSTRACT: Objectives 1. To assess urinary and sexual morbility after prostatic brachytherapy with the implant of I125 seeds. 2. To assess the influence of neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormone therapy in urinary and sexual morbility after prostatic brachytherapy with the implant of I125 seeds. 3. To assess the effects, on urinary and sexual morbility, of associating external radiotherapy after prostatic brachytherapy with the implant of I125 seeds. 4. To assess the urinary morbility in patients with relative contraindications (voluminous prostates, high IPSS). Material and Methods From September, 2000 to December, 2004 a total of 204 patients were recruited with a diagnosis of localized (T1 and T2) or locally advanced (T3) carcinoma of the prostate and a life expectancy in excess of 10 years. The patients underwent brachytherapy with transperineal seed implant of iodine (I125) as a monotherapy or in combination with hormone therapy and/or external radiotherapy (trimodal treatment). With the aim of evaluating the treatments influence on urinary and sexual morbility, a number of patient sub-groups were defined in accordance with certain characteristics normally mentioned as morbility risk factors for prostatic brachytherapy treatment: Group 1: Brachytherapy as monotherapy (MONO) versus brachytherapy in combination with external radiotherapy (BCOMB) Group 2: Voluminous prostates (>50ml) versus non- voluminous prostates (<50ml) Group 3: Brachytherapy in combination with hormone therapy (HORM) versus brachytherapy without hormone therapy (NHORM)Group 4: High IPSS versus a low IPSS. The evolution of the IPSS, QoL, TURP rate and post-implant urinary retention as well as the BSFI were assessed throughout the entire follow-up period. Results Group 1: For the MONO group the IPSS began at 7.1, and then rose to 16.1 and 15.9 in the first and third months, respectively. At month 12, the IPSS had dropped to 10.1 and at month 18 and 24 the IPSS was registered at 7.3 and 5.8, respectively. The BCOMB group started out with an IPSS of 9.4. It underwent a slight and little-significant rise until month 6 (IPSS at 14). The evolution of the IPSS then began to fluctuate from an IPSS of 5.9 at month 12 and 9.5 at month 18. At month 24 we registered an IPSS of 6.7. The urinary retention rate (6.4% and 0%) and TURP rate (2.0% e 0%) were similar to those of the MONO and BCOMB groups, respectively (p=0.375 and p=1). The evolution regarding the quality of erections was similar for the two groups except at 6 months when the MONO group displayed a value of 6 and the BCOMB group 3.7 (p=0.029). The percentage of sexually potent patients was significantly lower in the first six months after brachytherapy for the BCOMB group when compared with the MONO group: 36%74%; 33%73%; 33%75%. After six months, the results became more consistent. Group 2: IPSS results evolved in <50ml and >50ml prostates from 79 to 15-19 in the first month and from 15-18 after the third month. It was only in the first month that the differences in the IPSS were significant (p=0.061). After the third month, the two groups displayed similar outcomes: IPSS 8 and 12 at month 12 and 5.7 and 6 at month 24. Urinary retention and TURP rates were similar (p=0.054 e p=0.286). Group 3: IPSS evolution and rates of urinary retention and TURP were identical in both groups. Figures regarding libido, erections, percentage of sexually potent patients, ejaculation, discomfort and sexual satisfaction were always significantly lower for the HORM group, when compared to the NHORM group in the first month only (values of p<0.0001; <0.0001; <0.0001; 0.009 e 0.002, respectively). Group 4: IPSS evolution in patients with a high IPSS was as follows: 22.17(0M); 19.5(1M); 20.5(3M); 15.3(6M); 15.7(12M); 11(18M); 8(24M) IPSS evolution in patients with a low IPSS was as follows: 5.9(0M); 15.3(1M); 14.9(3M); 12.2(6M); 8.9(12M); 7.2(18M), 5.5(24M)TURP rates (2.8% e 0%) and those for urinary retention (5.1% e 5.9%) were similar in both patient groups (p=1). Conclusions 1. Interstitial radiotherapy of the prostate with transperineal, ultrasound-guided implant of Iodine-125 seeds is often followed by transitory urinary morbility of moderate intensity. The morbility involves symptoms of the lower urinary tract which, in most cases are at their worst from the first to the third months. There is a slight improvement up to the sixth month, at which point improvement becomes more accentuated. Around months 12 or 18, most patients display urinary symptoms that are very similar to those noted before treatment. After month 18, patients urinary symptoms continue to improve past the point they displayed prior to the implant. Urinary retention rates and those for transurethral resection of the prostate are very low (below 10%), after brachytherapy seed implant. 2. The combination of prostatic brachytherapy and adjuvant external radiotherapy affects the evolution of urinary symptoms: the appearance of urinary symptoms is much slower, taking six months to peak, and is less intense than when brachytherapy is employed as the only means of treatment. 3. The fact that the prostate displays a volume greater than 50 ml does not influence urinary morbility. 4. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormone therapy do not influence urinary symptomology. 5. Patients with severe, preexisting symptoms of the urinary tract do not experience a worsening of those symptoms. On the contrary, they exhibit an improvement in urinary symptoms as of the first month. This improvement continues for the 24 months, after which patients display symptoms of the urinary tract that are slight and a noticeable improvement over the urinary complaints registered before the implant. Urinary retention and TURP rates subsequent to brachytherapy are similar to those registered for asymptomatic patients. 6. The patients sexual performance is maintained in more than 70% of the cases, as noted after 24 months of follow-up. However, immediately after the first follow-up month there is a lessening in the quality of erections that continues, without improving or worsening, for the whole follow-up period. Hormone therapy affects all the parameters of sexual performance, albeit temporarily. After suspending hormone therapy, this group recovered with regard to sexual performance, and showed itself to be identical to the group of patients that had not undergone hormone therapy.-------------------RESUM:Objectives 1. valuer la morbilit urinaire et sexuelle aprs la realisation la curiethrapie de la prostate avec implant de I125. 2. valuer l influence de la thrapie hormonale noadjuvante et adjuvante en ce qui concerne la morbilit urinaire et sexuelle aprs la ralisation de la curiethrapie (I125). 3. valuer linfluence de lassociation de la radiothrapie externe dans la morbilit urinaire et sexuelle aprs la ralisation de la curiethrapie (I125). 4. valuer la morbilit urinaire des malades avec des contre indications relatives (prostates volumineuses, IPSS lev). Matriel et mthodologie De Septembre 2000 Dcembre 2004, on a recrut 204 patients ayant pour diagnostique un carcinome de la prostate localis (T1 et T2) ou localement avanc (T3) et dont lexpectative de vie tait de plus de 10 ans. Ils ont t soumis au traitement de la curiethrapie avec limplantation transprinal de liode 125 (I125) en monothrapie ou en traitement combin avec une thrapie hormonale et/ou radiothrapie externe (traitement trimodale). Il y a eu plusieurs sous-catégories de patients, et cela dpend de quelques caractristiques normalement considres comme des facteurs risque en ce qui concerne la morbilit du traitement de la curiethrapie de la prostate, et lobjective tant danalyser son influence sur la morbilit urinaire et sexuelle. Groupe 1: Curiethrapie en traitement unique (MONO) par rapport la curiethrapie associe au traitement externe (BCOMB). Groupe 2: Prostates volumineuses (>50ml) par rapport au prostates qui ne sont pas volumineuses (<50ml). Groupe 3: Curiethrapie associe au traitement hormonale (HORM) par rapport la curiethrapie sans traitement hormonale (NHORM). Groupe 4: IPSS lev par rapport au IPSS diminu. Nous avons valu levolution du IPSS, Qualit de vie, le taux de RTU-P et la retention de lurine aprs limplant, BSFI pendant toute la priode du traitement. Rsultats Groupe 1: Pour le groupe MONO lIPSS a commen avec un taux de 7.1, et les patients ont souffert dun empirement allant jusqu 16.1 et 15.9 pendant le premier et le troisime mois. 12 mois aprs lIPSS diminua jusqu 10.1 18 mois le taux ft de 7.3 et 24 mois il diminua encore jusqu atteindre 5.8. Le groupe BCOMB commena avec un taux dIPSS de 9.4. Ils souffrirent un empirement lgr et peu accentu jusquaux 6 premiers mois (IPSS de 14). Lvolution de lIPSS tait fluctuante allant de 5.9 12 mois et 9.5 18 mois. 24 mois, lIPSS tait de 6.7. Le taux de retention de lurine (6.4% et 0%) et de la RTU-P (2.0% et 0%) taient simmilaires dans les groupes MONO et BCOMB respectivement (p=0.375 et p=1). L volution de la qualit des rections ft semblable dans les 2 groupes except le groupe MONO qui prsenta une valeure de 6 6 mois et le groupe BCOMB qui prsenta une valeure de 3.7 (p=0.029). Le pourcentage des malades sexuellement puissants a t significativement infrieur pendant les 6 premiers mois depuis la curiethrapie pour le groupe BCOMB si on le compare au groupe MONO: 36%74%; 33%73%; 33%75%. Aprs cette priode, les groupes erent des rsultats homognes. Groupe 2: L IPSS a volu dans les prostates <50ml et >50ml de 79 jusqu 15-19 pendant le premier mois et jusqu 15-18 au 3me mois. Cest seulement pendant le premier mois que les diffrences de lIPSS ont t significatives (p=0.061). Aprs le 3me mois les deux groupes ont eu des rsultats semblables: IPSS 8 et 12 12. mois et 5.7 et 6 24. mois. Le taux de retention de lurine et de la RTU-P ont t simmilaires (p=0.054 e p=0.286). Groupe 3: Levolution de l IPSS, les taux de retention de lurine et de la RTU-P pourraient se surposer pour les deux groupes. Lvolution de la libido, des rections, le pourcentage des malades sexuellements puissants, lincommodit et la satisfaction ont t toujours significativement infriures dans le groupe HORM par rapport au groupe NHORM ds le premier mois (valeurs de p <0.0001; <0.0001; < 0.0001; 0.009 et 0.002 respectivement) Groupe 4: Lvolution de l IPSS pour les malades ayant un IPSS lev ft ainsi: 22.17(0M); 19.5(1M); 20.5(3M); 15.3(6M); 15.7(12M); 11(18M); 8(24M)Lvolution de l IPSS pour les malades ayant un IPSS diminu ft ainsi:5.9(0M); 15.3(1M); 14.9(3M); 12.2(6M); 8.9(12M); 7.2(18M), 5.5(24M) Le taux de RTU-P (2.8% e 0%) et de retention de lurine (5.1% et 5.9%) ont t semblables dans les 2 groupes de malades (p=1). Conclusions 1. La radiothrapie interstitielle de la prostate avec implant transprinal de liode 125 est frquamment acompagne dune morbilit urinaire transitoire et dintensit modre. La morbilit consiste dune symptomatologie de lapparil urinaire infrieure qui, dans la plupart des malades, empire gravement du premier au troisime mois. La situation samliore lgrement jusquau 6me mois, lamlioration tant plus accentue partir de l. Autour du 12me jusquau 18me mois, la majorit des malades prsente une symptomatologie urinaire qui se ressemble beaucoup celle quils avaient avant le traitement. Aprs le 18me mois lamlioration de la symptomatologie urinaire est constante par rapport celle quils prsentaient avant limplant. Le taux de retention de lurine et de RTU-P aprs limplant de la curiethrapie sont trs basses, au dessus de 10%. 2. Lassociation de la curiethrapie de la prostate avec la radiothrapie externe adjuvante a une influence sur lvolution de la symptomatologie urinaire: lapparition des symptmes est plus lente, prenant jusqu 6 mois pour atteindre son niveau maximum, qui son tour, a une intensit moins accentue que lorsque la curiethrapie est utilise en monothrapie. 3. Le volume de la prostate suprieure 50 ml na pas dinfluence sur la morbilit urinaire. 4. La thrapie hormonale, noadjuvante et adjuvante, na pas dinfluence sur la symptomatologie urinaire. 5. Les malades ayant une symptomatologie urinaire pralable et trs accentue ne souffrent pas dempirement de leur situation. Au contraire, ils prsentent une amlioration des symptmes urinaires partir du premier mois et ceci se maintient tout au long des 24 mois que dure le traitement, ayant la fin de cette priode une symptomatologie urinaire lgre et beaucoup plus basse que celle quils prsentaient avant limplant. Le taux de retention de lurine et de la RTU-P aprs la curiethrapie est simmilaire celui que les malades qui nont pas de symptmes prsentent avant limplant. 6. La vie sexuelle est prserve dans plus du 70% des cas la fin de la priode de traitement (24 mois). Entretemps, immdiatement aprs le premier mois dtude, on note une lgre diminution de la qualit des rections qui se maintient sans amlioration ou empirement tout au long du traitement. Le traitement base dhormones affecte tous les paramtres de la vie sexuelle, mais de faon temporaire. Aprs la suspension de la thrapie hormonale ce groupe de malades rcupre lactivit sexuelle et se prsente de faon gale au groupe de malades qui nont pas t soumis ce traitement.
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Based on a poster submitted to CONCORD 2011 - Conference on Corporate R&D: The dynamics of Europe's industrial structure and the growth of innovative firms, Sevilla, IPTS, 6 Out. 2011, Seville, http://www.eventisimo.com/concord2011/recibido.html
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Three texts were prepared for delivery at the first honorary doctorate awarded simultaneously by three Lisbon universities on 27 February, 2012: an introduction, a lecture and a comment. The event included the award of member of the Lisbon Academy of Science (ACL) by Manuel Jacinto Nunes, dean of the economics and finance section of ACL who proposed his name and Olivier Blanchards on the 30th anniversary of James Tobin receiving an honorary doctorate from Nova University. On 24 February , Paul Krugman visited ACL and participated in a session of the project dubbed Letter to the lusofonia Queen. Since this project is promoted by Nova SBEs Center for Globalization and Governance and has been featured in some of the graduate courses, a short note on the meeting is included in annex. On 15 June, the three universities authorized an edition in Portuguese and donated the copyrights to a student award on Krugman economics, in a way still to be determined by the editor. The lecture and the comment will be translated as soon as a suitable publisher is found. Since a lot of the teaching at Nova SBE is in English, it seemed appropriate to reproduce the original texts in the order in which they were presented. A lively question and answer period was also recorded by Nova TV and should be made available in the book, together with highlights of the media coverage. Introduced as a militant economist, he speaks about a crisis his mind loves but does not let the heart forget the poor and the unemployed. The Nobel prize winner described as aprogressist pessimist of the world economy concludes with a severe indictment of the profession. In normal times, when things are going pretty well, the world can function reasonably well without professional economic advice. Its in times of crisis, when practical experience suddenly proves useless and events are beyond anyones normal experience, that we need professors with their models to light the path forward. And when the moment came, we failed. The comment, by the official responsible for Paul Krugmans mission to Portugal in 1976, contains an equally dire prediction: I would very much like to see in the near future the weakening of the influence not only of freshwater economists but also of their conservative European followers. But I fear that this will not happen until we find ourselves in a more calamitous situation than at present. Fortunately Silva Lopes closes in the hope that the ideas of Paul Krugman will soon have more influence in policy makers than at present seems to be the case.
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This thesis explores how multinational corporations of different sizes create barriers to imitation and therefore sustain competitive advantage in rural and informal Base of the Pyramid economies. These markets require close cooperation with local partners in a dynamic environment that lacks imposable property rights and follows a different rationale than developed markets. In order to explore how competitive advantage is sustained by different sized multinational corporations at the Base of the Pyramid, the natural-resource-based view and the dynamic capabilities perspective are integrated. Based on this integration the natural-resource-based view is extended by identifying critical dynamic capabilities that are assumed to be sources of competitive advantage at the Base of the Pyramid. Further, a contrasting case study explores how the identified dynamic capabilities are protected and their competitive advantage is sustained by isolating mechanisms that create barriers to imitation for a small to medium sized and a large multinational corporation. The case study results give grounds to assume that most resource-based isolating mechanisms create barriers to imitation that are fairly high for large and established multinational corporations that operate at the rural Base of the Pyramid and have a high product and business model complexity. On the contrary, barriers to imitation were found to be lower for young and small to medium sized multinational corporations with low product and business model complexity that according to some authors represent the majority of rural Base of the Pyramid companies. Particularly for small to medium sized multinational corporations the case study finds a relationship- and transaction-based unwillingness of local partners to act opportunistically rather than a resource-based inability to imitate. By offering an explanation of sustained competitive advantage for small to medium sized multinational corporations at the rural Base of the Pyramid this thesis closes an important research gap and recommends to include institutional and transaction-based research perspectives.
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Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) has been of the most important natural fishing resources of the Amazon region. Due to its economic importance, and the necessity to preserve the species hand, field research concerning the habits and behavior of the pirarucu has been increasing for the last 20 years. The aim of this paper is to present a mathematical model for the pirarucu population dynamics considering the species peculiarities, particularly the male parental care over the offspring. The solution of the dynamical systems indicates three possible equilibrium points for the population. The first corresponds to extinction; the third corresponds to a stable population close to the environmental carrying capacity. The second corresponds to an unstable equilibrium located between extinction and full use of the carrying capacity. It is shown that lack of males’ parental care closes the gap between the point corresponding to the unstable equilibrium and the point of stable non-trivial equilibrium. If guarding failure reaches a critical point the two points coincide and the population tends irreversibly to extinction. If some event tends to destabilize the population equilibrium, as for instance inadequate parental care, the model responds in such a way as to restore the trajectory towards the stable equilibrium point avoiding the route to extinction. The parameters introduced to solve the system of equations are partially derived from limited but reliable field data collected at the Mamirau Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR) in the Brazilian Amazonian Region.
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Neste artigo desejamos entender como as secas peridicas e seu produto social, o retirante, tornaram-se a representao mais poderosa das paisagens e gentes do Nordeste brasileiro, principalmente quando observamos duas importantes fontes: a imprensa ilustrada do final do sculo XIX e os manuais escolares. Percebe-se nesses documentos que em ambos a imagem ratifica o discurso civilizatrio que fechava os olhos para os problemas sociais. Aps anlise documental, consideramos a cobertura da seca de 1877-1879 como um marco do nascimento do fotojornalismo no Brasil e do surgimento de uma imprensa que desejava denunciar a calamidade da seca.
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Relatrio de estgio de mestrado em Cincias da Comunicao (rea de especializao em Publicidade e Relaes Pblicas)
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The Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory permits to evaluate attachment in close relationships during adulthood based on two dimensions able to be present in this kind of relationships: the avoidance of proximity and the anxiety related with to abandonment. It is a self-report 7- points likert scale composed by 36 items. The Portuguese version was administered to a sample of 551 university students (60% female), the majority with ages between 19 and 24 years old (88%) in a dating relationship (86%). The principal components analysis with oblimin rotation was performed. The total scale has good internal consistency (=.86), as also has the 2 sub-scales: anxiety (=.86) and avoidance (=.88). The two dimensions evaluated are significantly correlated with socio-demographics, relational characteristics (jealousy, relationship distress, and compromise), wishes (enmeshment versus differentiation) and fears (abandonment versus control) related to attitudes in significant relationships, which testify the construct validity of the instrument. The results obtained are coherent with the original version and other ECRs adaptations. Practitioners and researchers in the context of clinical psychology and related areas have now at their disposal the Portuguese version of the ECR inventory, which has shown its very high usefulness in the study of close relationships, and specifically attachment in adulthood.
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The present work deal t wi th an experiment under field conditions and a laboratory test of soil incubation the objectives were as follows: a. to study effects on soybean grain product ion and leaf composition of increasing doses of potassium chloride applied into the soil through two methods of distribution; b. to observe chemical modifications in the soils incubated with increasing doses of potassium chloride; and, c. to correlate field effects with chemical alterations observed in the incubation test, The field experiment was carried out in a Red Latosol (Haplustox) with soybean cultivar UFV - 1. Potassium chloride was distributed through two methods: banded (5 cm below and 5 cm aside of the seed line) and broadcasted and plowed-down. Doses used were: 0; 50; 100 and 200 kg/ha of K2O. Foliar samples were taken at flowering stage. Incubation test were made in plastic bags with 2 kg of air dried fine soil, taken from the arable layer of the field experiment, with the following doses of KC1 p,a. : 0; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800; 1,600; 3.200; 6,400 and 12,800 kg/ha of K(2)0. In the conditions observed during the present work, results allowed the following conclusions: A response by soybean grain production for doses of potassium chloride, applied in both ways, banded or broadcasted, was not observed. Leaf analysis did not show treatment influence over the leaf contents for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and CI, Potassium chloride salinity effects in both methods of distribution for all the tested closes were not observed.
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Marxs conclusions about the falling rate of profit have been analysed exhaustively. Usually this has been done by building models which broadly conform to Marxs views and then showing that his conclusions are either correct or, more frequently, that they can not be sustained. By contrast, this paper examines, both descriptively and analytically, Marxs arguments from the Hodgskin section of Theories of Surplus Value, the General Law section of the recently published Volume 33 of the Collected Works and Chapter 3 of Volume III of Capital. It also gives a new interpretation of Part III of this last work. The main conclusions are first, that Marx had an intrinsic explanation of the falling rate of profit but was unable to give it a satisfactory demonstration and second, that he had a number of subsidiary explanations of which the most important was resource scarcity. The paper closes with an assessment of the pedigree of various currents of Marxian thought on this issue.
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Marxs conclusions about the falling rate of profit have been analysed exhaustively. Usually this has been done by building models which broadly conform to Marxs views and then showing that his conclusions are either correct or, more frequently, that they can not be sustained. By contrast, this paper examines, both descriptively and analytically, Marxs arguments from the Hodgskin section of Theories of Surplus Value, the General Law section of the recently published Volume 33 of the Collected Works and Chapter 3 of Volume III of Capital. It also gives a new interpretation of Part III of this last work. The main conclusions are first, that Marx had an intrinsic explanation of the falling rate of profit but was unable to give it a satisfactory demonstration and second, that he had a number of subsidiary explanations of which the most important was resource scarcity. The paper closes with an assessment of the pedigree of various currents of Marxian thought on this issue.
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Ce travail traite de la catgorie du hros et s'articule autour d'une comparaison entre les rcits de la Grce antique, principalement la posie pique, et le Proche-Orient ancien, essentiellement les textes vtrotestamentaires - une tude dont l'objet est ds lors principalement textuel. Partant du constat, si simple mais lourd de consquence, que le mot franais hros vient du substantif grec rjpco, le texte dbute par un travail de dcentrement face aux rfrents contemporains lis l'emploi du terme dans nos langues modernes : le hros n'est pas forcment le rjpco. Riche de cette analyse, la deuxime partie du travail se tourne vers l'Antiquit grecque, et plus prcisment vers les posies homrique et hsiodique. L'analyse de l'emploi du vocabulaire hroque au sein de ces rcits permet de cerner plus prcisment les diverses figures appeles rjpco - figures qui semblent si diffrentes les unes des autres alors qu'elles partagent un qualificatif commun. Fort de cet apport quant la comprhension du rjpco pique grec, une troisime partie questionne la prsence de la catgorie du hros dans la Bible hbraque mais aussi dans ses traductions en langues modernes. Constatant que le mot hros n 'apparat jamais dans les langues anciennes que sont le grec de la LXX ou le latin de la Vulgate, les figures vtrotestamentaires sont repenses dans leur contexte proche- oriental, les voyant sous la lumire du Levant - lumire qui est la leur - et ce grce au vocabulaire somme toute fort prcis de la langue hbraque. Finalement, une partie conclusive tente de mettre en exergue ce que la comparaison des rcits grecs piques et vtrotestamentaires a permis de soulever quant leurs catégories hroques respectives. L'enjeu est galement de penser de manire critique ce que les cultures occidentales contemporaines nomment hros , s'appuyant si souvent sur un double hritage grco-romain et judo-chrtien.
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Les auteurs ont soumis 6 semaines d'anhydrobiose 1200 Biomphalaria adultes, saines, ou parasites par 8 2 miracidiums de Schistosoma mansoni depois 3 ou 12 jours, ou mettant des cercaires. Les planorbes taient places individuellement sur, ou dans de la terre humide, dans des botes closes ou ares. La survie a t nulle chez les planorbes saines, infestes, ou dj positives, places dans les botes closes. Chez les mollusques placs dans les botes ares, elle a t de 44% chez les tmoins sains, et de 40,6% pour l'emsemble des infestes depuis 3 et 12 jours, avec chez ces derniers une meilleure survie lorsqu'ils taient en surface. N n'est pas apparu de diffrence entre les infestations de 3 jours et de 12 jours. La mortalit et la production cercarienne sont infriures celles de planorbes infestes et gardes en eau. L'analyse des missions montre une production des cercaires mles siginificativement infrieure celle des cercaires femelles ou mles et femelles. Chez toutes les B. glabrata positives, les auteurs ont observ des variations priodiques dans la production des cercaires, quel que soit le sexe de celles-ci. De plus, chez les mollusques pralablement soumis dessiccation, il existe de nombreus arrts ou pauses dans l'mission des larves.
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Recientemente ha surgido un nuevo campo de investigacin en el rea del electromagnetismo aplicado y de la ingeniera de microondas, basado en el control de las propiedades electromagnticas de estructuras artificiales, conocidas como metamateriales. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es el estudio y control del comportamiento de estas estructuras artificiales, y su posterior aplicacin para la sntesis de dispositivos compactos de microondas. En el primer captulo se hace una introduccin a los metamateriales en la que se exponen sus principales propiedades electromagnticas, para finalmente presentar las lneas de transmisin zurdas que se suelen utilizar en el diseo de metamateriales. En el segundo captulo se realiza un estudio de las propiedades y del funcionamiento de una celda metamaterial. Finalmente en el tercer captulo se exponen diferentes dispositivos diseados mediante la utilizacin de este tipo de celdas.
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The geodynamic forces acting in the Earth's interior manifest themselves in a variety of ways. Volcanoes are amongst the most impressive examples in this respect, but like with an iceberg, they only represent the tip of a more extensive system hidden underground. This system consists of a source region where melt forms and accumulates, feeder connections in which magma is transported towards the surface, and different reservoirs where it is stored before it eventually erupts to form a volcano. A magma represents a mixture of melt and crystals. The latter can be extracted from the source region, or form anywhere along the path towards their final crystallization place. They will retain information of the overall plumbing system. The host rocks of an intrusion, in contrast, provide information at the emplacement level. They record the effects of thermal and mechanical forces imposed by the magma. For a better understanding of the system, both parts - magmatic and metamorphic petrology - have to be integrated. I will demonstrate in my thesis that information from both is complementary. It is an iterative process, using constraints from one field to better constrain the other. Reading the history of the host rocks is not always straightforward. This is shown in chapter two, where a model for the formation of clustered garnets observed in the contact aureole is proposed. Fragments of garnets, older than the intrusive rocks are overgrown by garnet crystallizing due to the reheating during emplacement of the adjacent pluton. The formation of the clusters is therefore not a single event as generally assumed but the result of a two-stage process, namely the alteration of the old grains and the overgrowth and amalgamation of new garnet rims. This makes an important difference when applying petrological methods such as thermobarometry, geochronology or grain size distributions. The thermal conditions in the aureole are a strong function of the emplacement style of the pluton. therefore it is necessary to understand the pluton before drawing conclusions about its aureole. A study investigating the intrusive rocks by means of field, geochemical, geochronologi- cal and structural methods is presented in chapter three. This provided important information about the assembly of the intrusion, but also new insights on the nature of large, homogeneous plutons and the structure of the plumbing system in general. The incremental nature of the emplacement of the Western Adamello tonalit is documented, and the existence of an intermediate reservoir beneath homogeneous plutons is proposed. In chapter four it is demonstrated that information extracted from the host rock provides further constraints on the emplacement process of the intrusion. The temperatures obtain by combining field observations with phase petrology modeling are used together with thermal models to constrain the magmatic activity in the immediate intrusion. Instead of using the thermal models to control the petrology result, the inverse is done. The model parameters were changed until a match with the aureole temperatures was obtained. It is shown, that only a few combinations give a positive match and that temperature estimates from the aureole can constrain the frequency of ancient magmatic systems. In the fifth chapter, the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of intrusive rocks is compared to 3D tomography. The obtained signal is a function of the shape and distribution of ferromagnetic grains, and is often used to infer flow directions of magma. It turns out that the signal is dominated by the shape of the magnetic crystals, and where they form tight clusters, also by their distribution. This is in good agreement with the predictions made in the theoretical and experimental literature. In the sixth chapter arguments for partial melting of host rock carbonates are presented. While at first very surprising, this is to be expected when considering the prior results from the intrusive study and experiments from the literature. Partial melting is documented by compelling microstructures, geochemical and structural data. The necessary conditions are far from extreme and this process might be more frequent than previously thought. The carbonate melt is highly mobile and can move along grain boundaries, infiltrating other rocks and ultimately alter the existing mineral assemblage. Finally, a mineralogical curiosity is presented in chapter seven. The mineral assemblage magnesite and calcite is in apparent equilibrium. It is well known that these two carbonates are not stable together in the system Ca0-Mg0-Fe0-C02. Indeed, magnesite and calcite should react to dolomite during metamorphism. The presented explanation for this '"forbidden" assemblage is, that a calcite melt infiltrated the magnesite bearing rock along grain boundaries and caused the peculiar microstructure. This is supported by isotopie disequilibrium between calcite and magnesite. A further implication of partially molten carbonates is, that the host rock drastically looses its strength so that its physical properties may be comparable to the ones of the intrusive rocks. This contrasting behavior of the host rock may ease the emplacement of the intrusion. We see that the circle closes and the iterative process of better constraining the emplacement could start again. - La Terre est en perptuel mouvement et les forces tectoniques associes ces mouvements se manifestent sous diffrentes formes. Les volcans en sont l'un des exemples les plus impressionnants, mais comme les icebergs, les laves mises en surfaces ne reprsentent que la pointe d'un vaste systme cach dans les profondeurs. Ce systme est constitu d'une rgion source, rgion o la roche source fond et produit le magma ; ce magma peut s'accumuler dans cette rgion source ou tre transport travers diffrents conduits dans des rservoirs o le magma est stock. Ce magma peut cristalliser in situ et produire des roches plutoniques ou alors tre mis en surface. Un magma reprsente un mlange entre un liquide et des cristaux. Ces cristaux peuvent tre extraits de la source ou se former tout au long du chemin jusqu' l'endroit final de cristallisation. L'tude de ces cristaux peut ainsi donner des informations sur l'ensemble du systme magmatique. Au contraire, les roches encaissantes fournissent des informations sur le niveau d'emplacement de l'intrusion. En effet ces roches enregistrent les effets thermiques et mcaniques imposs par le magma. Pour une meilleure comprhension du systme, les deux parties, magmatique et mtamorphique, doivent tre intgres. Cette thse a pour but de montrer que les informations issues de l'tude des roches magmatiques et des roches encaissantes sont complmentaires. C'est un processus itratif qui utilise les contraintes d'un domaine pour amliorer la comprhension de l'autre. Comprendre l'histoire des roches encaissantes n'est pas toujours ais. Ceci est dmontr dans le chapitre deux, o un modle de formation des grenats observs sous forme d'agrgats dans l'aurole de contact est propos. Des fragments de grenats plus vieux que les roches intru- sives montrent une zone de surcroissance gnre par l'apport thermique produit par la mise en place du pluton adjacent. La formation des agrgats de grenats n'est donc pas le rsultat d'un seul vnement, comme on le dcrit habituellement, mais d'un processus en deux phases, soit l'altration de vieux grains engendrant une fracturation de ces grenats, puis la formation de zone de surcroissance autour de ces diffrents fragments expliquant la texture en agrgats observe. Cette interprtation en deux phases est importante, car elle engendre des diffrences notables lorsque l'on applique des mthodes ptrologiques comme la thermobaromtrie, la gochronologie ou encore lorsque l'on tudie la distribution relative de la taille des grains. Les conditions thermales dans l'aurole de contact dpendent fortement du mode d'emplacement de l'intrusion et c'est pourquoi il est ncessaire de d'abord comprendre le pluton avant de faire des conclusions sur son aurole de contact. Une tude de terrain des roches intrusives ainsi qu'une tude gochimique, gochronologique et structurale est prsente dans le troisime chapitre. Cette tude apporte des informations importantes sur la formation de l'intrusion mais galement de nouvelles connaissances sur la nature de grands plutons homognes et la structure de systme magmatique en gnral. L'emplacement incrmental est mis en vidence et l'existence d'un rservoir intermdiaire en-dessous des plutons homognes est propos. Le quatrime chapitre de cette thse illustre comment utiliser l'information extraite des roches encaissantes pour expliquer la mise en place de l'intrusion. Les tempratures obtenues par la combinaison des observations de terrain et l'assemblage mtamorphique sont utilises avec des modles thermiques pour contraindre l'activit magmatique au contact directe de cette aurole. Au lieu d'utiliser le modle thermique pour vrifier le rsultat ptrologique, une approche inverse a t choisie. Les paramtres du modle ont t changs jusqu' ce qu'on obtienne une correspondance avec les tempratures observes dans l'aurole de contact. Ceci montre qu'il y a peu de combinaison qui peuvent expliquer les tempratures et qu'on peut contraindre la frquence de l'activit magmatique d'un ancien systme magmatique de cette manire. Dans le cinquime chapitre, les processus contrlant l'anisotropie de la susceptibilit magntique des roches intrusives sont expliqus l'aide d'images de la distribution des minraux dans les roches obtenues par tomographie 3D. Le signal associ l'anisotropie de la susceptibilit magntique est une fonction de la forme et de la distribution des grains ferromagntiques. Ce signal est frquemment utilis pour dterminer la direction de mouvement d'un magma. En accord avec d'autres tudes de la littrature, les rsultats montrent que le signal est domin par la forme des cristaux magntiques, ainsi que par la distribution des agglomrats de ces minraux dans la roche. Dans le sixime chapitre, une tude associe la fusion partielle de carbonates dans les roches encaissantes est prsente. Si la prsence de liquides carbonats dans les auroles de contact a t propose sur la base d'expriences de laboratoire, notre tude dmontre clairement leur existence dans la nature. La fusion partielle est documente par des microstructures caractristiques pour la prsence de liquides ainsi que par des donnes gochimiques et structurales. Les conditions ncessaires sont loin d'tre extrmes et ce processus pourrait tre plus frquent qu'attendu. Les liquides carbonats sont trs mobiles et peuvent circuler le long des limites de grain avant d'infiltrer d'autres roches en produisant une modification de leurs assemblages minralogiques. Finalement, une curiosit minralogique est prsente dans le chapitre sept. L'assemblage de minraux de magnsite et de calcite en quilibre apparent est observ. Il est bien connu que ces deux carbonates ne sont pas stables ensemble dans le systme CaO-MgO-FeO-CO.,. En effet, la magnsite et la calcite devraient ragir et produire de la dolomite pendant le mtamorphisme. L'explication prsente pour cet assemblage priori interdit est que un liquide carbonat provenant des roches adjacentes infiltre cette roche et est responsable pour cette microstructure. Une autre implication associe la prsence de carbonates fondus est que la roche encaissante montre une diminution drastique de sa rsistance et que les proprits physiques de cette roche deviennent comparables celles de la roche intrusive. Cette modification des proprits rhologiques des roches encaissantes peut faciliter la mise en place des roches intrusives. Ces diffrentes tudes dmontrent bien le processus itratif utilis et l'intrt d'tudier aussi bien les roches intrusives que les roches encaissantes pour la comprhension des mcanismes de mise en place des magmas au sein de la crote terrestre.
