983 resultados para Carrillo


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The research reported in this paper introduces a knowledge-based urban development assessment framework, which is constructed in order to evaluate and assist in the (re)formulation of local and regional policy frameworks and applications necessary in knowledge city transformations. The paper also reports the findings of an application of this framework in a comparative study of Boston, Vancouver, Melbourne and Manchester. The paper with its assessment framework: demonstrates an innovative way of examining the knowledge-based development capacity of cities by scrutinising their economic, socio-cultural, enviro-urban and institutional development mechanisms and capabilities; presents some of the generic indicators used to evaluate knowledge-based development performance of cities; reveals how a city can benchmark its development level against that of other cities, and; provides insights for achieving a more sustainable and knowledge-based development.

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In the 21st century, it has become apparent that ‘knowledge’ is a major factor of postmodern production (Yigitcanlar et al., 2007). Beyond this, in today’s rapidly globalizing world, knowledge, along with the social and technological settings, is seen as a key to secure economic prosperity and quality of life (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008a). However, limiting the benefits of a ‘knowledge-based development’ to only economic gains—and to a degree to social ones—is quite a narrow sighted view (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008b). Thus, the concept of ‘knowledge-based urban development’ is coined to bring economic prosperity, environmental sustainability, a just socio-spatial order and good governance to cities, and as a result producing a purposefully designed city—i.e., ‘knowledge city’—generating positive environmental and governance outcomes as well as economic and societal ones (Yigitcanlar, 2011; Carrillo et al., 2014).

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This book underlines the growing importance of knowledge for the competitiveness of cities and their regions. Examining the role of knowledge - in its economic, socio-cultural, spatial and institutional forms - for urban and regional development, identifying the preconditions for innovative use of urban and regional knowledge assets and resources, and developing new methods to evaluate the performance and potential of knowledge-based urban and regional development, the book provides an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of knowledge-based development and its implications and prospects for cities and regions.

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We report the synthesis, structure and properties of [2]rotaxanes prepared by the assembly of benzylic amide macrocycles around a series of amide and sulfide-/sulfoxide-/sulfone-containing threads. The efficacy of rotaxane formation is related to the hydrogen bond accepting properties of the various sulfur-containing functional groups in the thread, with the highest yields (up to 63% with a rigid vinyl spacer in the template site) obtained for sulfoxide rotaxanes. X-Ray crystallography of a sulfoxide rotaxane, 5, shows that the macrocycle adopts a highly symmetrical chair-like conformation in the solid state, with short hydrogen bonds between the macrocycle isophthalamide NH-protons and the amide carbonyl and sulfoxide S-O of the thread. In contrast, in the X-ray crystal structures of the analogous sulfide (4) and sulfone (6) rotaxanes the macrocycle adopts boat-like conformations with long intercomponent NH…O=SO and NH…S hydrogen bonds (in addition to several intercomponent amide-amide hydrogen bonds). Taking advantage of the different hydrogen bonding modes of the sulfur-based functional groups, a switchable molecular shuttle was prepared in which the oxidation level of sulfur determines the position of the macrocycle on the thread.

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The changing and challenging conditions of the 21st century have been significantly impacting our economy, society and built and natural environments. Today generation of knowledge—mostly in the form of technology and innovation—is seen as a panacea for the adaptation to changes and management of challenges (Yigitcanlar, 2010a). Making space and place that concentrate on knowledge generation, thus, has become a priority for many nations (van Winden, 2010). Along with this movement, concepts like knowledge cities and knowledge precincts are coined as places where citizenship undertakes a deliberate and systematic initiative for founding its development on the identification and sustainable balance of its shared value system, and bases its ability to create wealth on its capacity to generate and leverage its knowledge capabilities (Carrillo, 2006; Yigitcanlar, 2008a). In recent years, the term knowledge precinct (Hu & Chang, 2005) in its most contemporary interpretation evolved into knowledge community precinct (KCP). KCP is a mixed-use post-modern urban setting—e.g., flexible, decontextualized, enclaved, fragmented—including a critical mass of knowledge enterprises and advanced networked infrastructures, developed with the aim of collecting the benefits of blurring the boundaries of living, shopping, recreation and working facilities of knowledge workers and their families. KCPs are the critical building blocks of knowledge cities, and thus, building successful KCPs significantly contributes to the formation of prosperous knowledge cities. In the literature this type of development—a place containing economic prosperity, environmental sustainability, just socio‐spatial order and good governance—is referred as knowledge-based urban development (KBUD). This chapter aims to provide a conceptual understanding on KBUD and its contribution to the building of KCPs that supports the formation of prosperous knowledge cities.

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Self-reported health status measures are generally used to analyse Social Security Disability Insurance's (SSDI) application and award decisions as well as the relationship between its generosity and labour force participation. Due to endogeneity and measurement error, the use of self-reported health and disability indicators as explanatory variables in economic models is problematic. We employ county-level aggregate data, instrumental variables and spatial econometric techniques to analyse the determinants of variation in SSDI rates and explicitly account for the endogeneity and measurement error of the self-reported disability measure. Two surprising results are found. First, it is shown that measurement error is the dominating source of the bias and that the main source of measurement error is sampling error. Second, results suggest that there may be synergies for applying for SSDI when the disabled population is larger. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

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Ambrosia beetle fungiculture represents one of the most ecologically and evolutionarily successful symbioses, as evidenced by the 11 independent origins and 3500 species of ambrosia beetles. Here we document the evolution of a clade within Fusarium associated with ambrosia beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) symbionts are unusual in that some are plant pathogens that cause significant damage in naive natural and cultivated ecosystems, and currently threaten avocado production in the United States, Israel and Australia. Most AFC fusaria produce unusual clavate macroconidia that serve as a putative food source for their insect mutualists. AFC symbionts were abundant in the heads of four Euwallacea spp., which suggests that they are transported within and from the natal gallery in mandibular mycangia. In a four-locus phylogenetic analysis, the AFC was resolved in a strongly supported monophyletic group within the previously described Cade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Divergence-time estimates place the origin of the AFC in the early Miocene similar to 21.2 Mya, which coincides with the hypothesized adaptive radiation of the Xyleborini. Two strongly supported clades within the AFC (Clades A and B) were identified that include nine species lineages associated with ambrosia beetles, eight with Euwallacea spp. and one reportedly with Xyleborus ferrugineus, and two lineages with no known beetle association. More derived lineages within the AFC showed fixation of the clavate (club-shaped) macroconidial trait, while basal lineages showed a mix of clavate and more typical fusiform macroconidia. AFC lineages consisted mostly of genetically identical individuals associated with specific insect hosts in defined geographic locations, with at least three interspecific hybridization events inferred based on discordant placement in individual gene genealogies and detection of recombinant loci. Overall, these data are consistent with a strong evolutionary trend toward obligate symbiosis coupled with secondary contact and interspecific hybridization. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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This issue marks the beginning of a new editorial cycle. In the seventh volume of the journal the editorial team will continue collating novel scientific and social developments in the broader field of ‘knowledge-based development’ to report to our readers. In this perspective, the first issue of the volume focuses on different dimensions of knowledge-based urban development. As Gabe et al. (2012, p.1179) indicate, “[i]t would be an understatement to suggest that knowledge plays a key role in today’s economy; for much of the developed world, it might be more accurate to assert that knowledge is today’s economy”. Thus, knowledge generation has been a priority for global city administrations, and there is a growing consensus amongst scholars, planners, politicians and industrialists in identifying knowledge-based urban development as a panacea to the burgeoning economic problems (Knight, 1995; Kunzmann, 2009; Yigitcanlar, 2010, 2011; Huggins and Strakova, 2012; Lönnqvist et al., 2014). Although, in the era of global knowledge economy, knowledge-based urban development is a critical factor for economic success (Pratt, 2000; Sheppard, 2002), it is not solely an economic policy. For many, knowledge-based urban development is a policy that targets building an urban setting to form perfect climates for business, people, and governance in an environmentally friendly atmosphere (Carrillo, 2006; Ergazakis et al., 2006; Angelidou et al., 2012). Each of these climates correspond to a dimension or domain of knowledge-based urban development – namely, economy, society, space, and governance (Carrillo et al., 2014). Each paper of this issue corresponds to at least one of these domains, or policy areas.

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Contenido: Emilio Sáez Sánchez (1917-1988) / María del Carmen Carlé – Los piratas castellanos en el Canal de la Mancha / María C. R. de Monteagudo – Mundo rural y delincuencia en la Castilla bajo-medieval / Isabel J. Las Heras – Rescate de cautivos-comercio de esclavos (Murcia siglos XIV-XV) / María de los Llanos Martínez Carrillo – Dos hombres nuevos / María del Carmen Carlé – Castilla en el siglo XV. Lujos urbanos / Miguel A. Barbero – Evolución del doblamiento en el reino de Toledo (siglos XIII a XVI) / María Cristina Longinotti – Las ordenanzas municipales de Montamarta / María del Carmen Pescador del Hoyo – Un difusor de la “Escuela Nueva” durante la España de la restauración / Teresa María Dabusti – Traducciones: Comercio y navegación en el Cantábrico en el siglo XIV. Dos documentos de interés, por María Cristina Longinotti – Reseñas bibliográficas -- Breves

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El presente estudio se desarrolló en la finca “el plantel “Managua, en el periodo comprendido del 22 de agosto 3 de diciembre de 1987. Los factores estudiados fueron tres niveles de nitrógeno (42.60, 72.29, 101.98 kg/ha) y cuatro dosis de siembra (7.74, 11.61, 15.49, 19.36 kg/ha de semilla). Se planteó como objetivo conocer el efecto de los niveles de nitrógeno y las dosis de siembra sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo del sorgo, determinar el nivel de nitrógeno y la dosis de siembra que propicien los mayores rendimiento, además determinar el grado de interacción de estos factores y su efecto sobre el rendimiento. El diseño empleado fue el de parcela dividida, colocando los niveles de nitrógeno en la parcela principal y las dosis de siembra en la sub-parcela. Los niveles de nitrógeno en la parcela principal y las dosis de siembra en la sub-parcela. Los niveles de nitrógeno estudiados no mostraron diferencias significativas sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo, sin embargo, los rendimientos aumentaron a medida que aumento el nitrógeno. Para las dosis de siembra evaluadas se obtuvieron diferencias significativa s sobre el rendimiento: los mayores rendimiento se obtuvieron con las dosis de 15.49 kg/ha de semilla, aunque esta dosis de siembra estadísticamente es igual a la dosis de 11.61 y 19.36 kg/ha, diferenciándose únicamente de la dosis de 7.74 kg/ha con la cual se obtuvo el menor rendimiento. Igualmente este factor afecto el crecimiento y desarrollo del sorgo. Los mejores resultados sobre el rendimiento se obtuvieron con la interacción de 72.29 kg/ha de nitrógeno y la dosis de siembra de 15.49 kg/ha de semilla.

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La industria de aserrado de trozas es la principal industria maderera del país. En el presente trabajo se estudian los aspectos de funcionamiento y estado actual de los aserraderos del departamento de Managua. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1). Conocer la secuencia de actividades desde la explotación de trozas en el bosque, hasta la obtención de madera aserrada. 2). Descripción de los aserraderos de la ciudad de Managua. 3). Determinar los principales problemas que aquejan a la industria del aserrado en el departamento de Managua. En este estudio que es un censo de las industrias de aserrado en el departamento de Managua, las técnicas usadas para obtener información fueron; entrevistas, visitas y un cuestionario confeccionado para este efecto. La recolección de datos se efectuaran durante los meses de Abril, mayo y Junio de 1972. Se tomaron datos en los nueve aserraderos existentes y en los principales bosques de los que se abastece de madera el departamento de Managua. Las labores en los bosques son deficientes aunque hay cierta tendencia a mecanizar y mejorarlas, esto se explica por el ejemplo que los madereros tomaron de compañías extranjeras que explotan los bosques del país. La explotación de los bosques nicaragüenses se hace careciendo técnicas silviculturales que garanticen un abastecimiento constante de materia prima. Al faltar técnicas para la explotación se están destruyendo los bosques y se obtienen cada vez rendimientos mas bajos. La localización de los aserraderos de Managua no es adecuada y es una de las principales causas para que los costos de producción suban y que el margen de utilidad sea estrecho. En siete de los nueve aserraderos venden solo servicios y la única seguridad de financiamiento constituye la afluencia de madereros que necesitan aserrar sus trozas para vender la madera aserrada en los puestos de ventas que mantienen. Existen dos plantas (C.M.O., y MOLDEX) que tienen asegurada la continuidad de sus operaciones, porque han acaparado casi todo el mercado del departamento y también exportan sus productos. En general los aserraderos de Managua carecen de equipos y técnicas para una labor eficiente. Los aserraderos trabajan con equipo relativamente nuevos, pero están muy deteriorados para los pocos años de funcionamiento, esto se explica por falta de planes de mantenimiento. El tipo de fuerza motriz mas utilizado es suministrada por motores Diésel (once motores de trece existentes). En la mayoría de los casos proporcionan energía insuficiente. La unidad de volumen utilizada es el flete para la materia prima y la pulgada cuadrada para madera aserrada en todo este departamento. El volumen anual aserrado alcanza 42,826 fletes, indicando que estos aserraderos no trabajan a capacidad completa. Los principales problemas comunes a estos aserraderos son: escasez de madera, aumento de los costos de producción, bajo precio pagado por sus servicios y productos, baja actual en la demanda de madera, dificultad de hallar repuestos para reparación de maquinaria y motores en forma oportuna.